1、Chapter One,Unit 2 Classification of Translation,1. In terms of languages: (1) Native languages into foreign languages (2) Foreign languages into native languages,2. In terms of language signs: In his seminal paper, On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, Jakobson makes a very important distinction be
2、tween three types of written translation.(1)语内翻译（intralingual translation)(2)语际翻译 (interlingual translation)(3)符际翻译(intersemiotic translation),Intralingual translation 语内翻译: translation within the same language, which can involve rewording or paraphrase ;an interpretation of verbal signs by means of
3、 other signs in the same language;,(2) Interlingual translation语际翻译：Translation from one language to another; an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages.,(3) Intersemiotic translation符际翻译：translation of the verbal sign by a non-verbal sign, for example music or image; an inte
4、rpretation of verbal signs by means of nonverbal sign system or vice versa.,E.g.(1) 子张问仁于孔子。孔子曰：能行五者于天下，为仁矣。请问之。 曰：恭、宽、信、敏、惠。恭则不侮，宽则得众，信则人任焉，敏则有功，惠则足以使人。,E.g.(1) 子张问仁于孔子。孔子曰：能行五者于天下，为仁矣。 请问之。 曰：恭、宽、信、敏、惠。恭则不侮，宽则得众，信则人任焉，敏则有功，惠则足以使人。语内翻译：子张问孔子什么是仁。孔子说：能走遍天下做到以下五点的就是仁者。“能否请您说明一下？”孔子说：“恭敬、宽厚、诚信、敏捷、恩惠。对
5、人恭敬就不会受侮辱，待人宽厚就会得民心，言行一致就会受信任，做事敏捷就会有成效，施行恩惠就可以差使人。”,译文：Zhuansun Shi(颛孙师), who styled himself Zizhang, asked the Master about ren. The Master said: “A person who is able to observe the following five maxims anywhere he goes is ren.” “Could you please elaborate?” The Master said: “The five maxims are
6、: be humble, be tolerant, be reliable, be prompt, and be generous. If you are humble, you will not be humiliated; if you are tolerant, you will win over the populace; if you are reliable, people will trust you; if you are prompt, you will be efficient; if you are generous, that will be enough to mak
7、e people work willingly for you. ”,e.g. (2)原文：子曰：“学而时习之，不亦乐乎!有朋友自远方来，不亦乐乎!人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎!” 语内翻译:孔子说：“学了知识并且经常复习，不也是令人愉快的事吗？有志同道合的人从远方来，不也是值得高兴的事吗？别人不了解自己，但自己不恼怒，这不也是君子的风度吗？”,语际翻译：,译文1: 理雅各译:The Master said: “Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application?” Is it not pleasant
8、to have friends coming from distant quarters? Is it not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him? (Translated by James Legge ),译文2： Arthur Waley(英国汉学家亚瑟 威利)译:The Master said，“To learn and at due times to repeat what one has learnt，Is that not after all a
9、 pleasure? That friends should come to one from afar, Is this not after all delightful? To remain unsoured even though ones merits are unrecognized by others, Is that not after all what is expected of a gentleman?,译文3：王福林译：Confucius said: “Isnt it a pleasure for one to learn and then constantly revi
10、ew and practise what he has already learned? Isnt it a pleasure for one to have like-minded people coming from faraway places? If others dont know him, he doesnt feel displeased. Isnt it a superior persons bearing?”,译文4：赖波、夏玉和译： Confucius said, “Is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time
11、 what one has learnt? Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar？Is it not a gentleman after all who will not take offence when others fail to appreciate him?”,译文5：潘富恩、温少霞译：The Master said, “Is it not pleasant to learn and to review constantly what one has learned? Is it not deligh
12、tful to have friends coming afar? Is he not a superior man, who feels no discontent though others do not know him?”,译文6： 丁往道译： Confucius said, “Is it not a pleasure to learn and practise from time to time what is learned? Is it not a joy to see a friend who has come from a faraway place? Is it not g
13、entlemanly to have no resentment when one is not properly understood?”,E.g.(3) 子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。” 语内翻译：孔子说：“三个人同行，其中便一定有值得我学习的人。我选取他的优点而学习，用他的那些缺点而反躬自问，如果自己有同样的缺点就改正。”,这是论语“述而篇第七”中的第二十一篇。此篇表明，孔子谦虚好学，不放过任何机会向别人学习。本篇中的关键词是“师”、“择”、“善者”、“从之”、“改之”。在对原文的理解上，一般不会有大的出入。只是在对“善者”的诠释上稍有深浅之分，有人理解为“
14、优点”merits; 有人理解为“善的品德”、“长处”good qualities，本质上没有大的区别。,（1）. “三人行”：三人同行；三人在一起走路walk along with two others; three are walking together。也有人理解为“几个人在一起走路”walking in the company of other men。,（2）. “必有我师焉”，“师”：老师teacher。“焉”：是兼词，相当于“于之”，意即“在那里”，即“他们”。全句理解为“其中一定有我值得学习的人”。有人译为I am sure to find teachers among th
15、em; 有人译为I can always be certain of learning from those I am with。,（3）. “择其善者而从之”，“择”：选择；选取：找出来select; pick out; find out。“善者”：优点；长处；善的品德good qualities; merits。“而”：此篇中的两个“而”都是连词，所连接的后一部分（“从之”和“改之”），是前一部分（“择其善者”和“择其不善者”）的目的，相当于“以便”。“从”：学习；效仿follow; learn from; for imitation。“之”：此篇中的两个“之”都是代词，第一个“之”指“善
16、者”，第二个“之”指“不善者”。全句译为I will find out their merits so as to follow them. 或I will select their good qualities and follow them。,（4）. “其不善者而改之”，“不善者”：缺点，有人译为bad qualities或faults,与good qualities相对应；有人译为demerits或shortcomings,与merits相对应。“改”：改正；避免。译法有correct, overcome和 avoid，全句可译作Ill select their demerits so
17、 as to avoid them。,六种译文：,1. 理雅各（James Legge）译：The Master said, “When I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them.”,2. Arthur Waley(英国汉学家亚瑟 威利)译：The Master said, Even when walking in a party of
18、no more than three I can always be certain of learning from those I am with. There will be good qualities that I can select for imitation and bad ones that will teach me what requires correction in myself.,3.王福林译：Confucius said, “When I walk together with two others, they can surely serve as my teac
19、hers. Ill find out their merits so as to follow them and their demerits so as to avoid them.”,4.赖波、夏玉和译：Confucius said, “When walking in the company of other men, there must be one I can learn something from. I shall pick out his merits to follow and his shortcomings for reference to overcome my own
20、.”,5.潘富恩、温少霞译：The Master said, “When three are walking together, I am sure to find teachers among them. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them.”,6.丁往道译：Confucius said, “Whenever I walk with two other men, I can always find teachers in them. I can lean
21、from their good qualities, and correct those faults in me which are like theirs.”,E.g.(4) 原文：A: What does your watch say? B: It says “five past three”.,点评 在这一对话中，B实际上是在迸行一种翻译，这种翻译叫做符际翻译(intersemiotic translation)，即语言同非语言符号之间的代码转换。当A询问B几点钟的时候，B只能看钟或者看手表，而钟或者手表并不能说话，B只能根据钟表的时针和分针来确定具体儿点钟了。而B所言实际上是言语传达
22、一个非言语信息 (non-linguistic message)。将非言语信息用言语传达出来是翻译的一种方式，这不是从一种语言到另一种语言的转换过程，而是从非语言交际系统到语言交际系统的过程。非语言交际系统和语言交际系统的共同特征是两者都属于“符号系统“(即用于交际的系统)。,Jakobson将这种由非语言交际系统到语言交际系统的转换过程称为符际翻译是恰当的。其实，我们每个人每一天、每一刻都在迸行着符际翻译而不自知也。从这个意义上说，我们每个人都是某种意义上的译者。,3. In terms of the mode: (1) Oral interpretation (2) Written tra
23、nslation (3) Machine translation,4. In terms of materials: (1) Scientific materials (2) Translation of literary works (3) Translation of political essays (4) Translation of practical writing,政论文：用词严谨，有理有据，条理清楚，同时注意修辞特点。 文艺作品：文字修养细腻、优美、手法灵活。 科技文章：简明、术语性强。 应用文：格式比较固定，有自己的常用句型和用词方法，它的原则精神是注重“7C”。即： completeness（完整） clearness （清楚） concreteness（具体） conciseness （简洁） courtesy （礼貌） correctness （正确） consideration（体谅）,5. In terms of disposal: (1) full-text translation (2) abridged translation (3) adapted translation,
