1、第二讲 短语和搭配的翻译,Contents,1. 词汇短语句子2. 短语搭配 3. 定语结构的转换4. 状语结构的转换,1. 词汇短语句子,亚洲是一个有着悠久历史和重要地位的大洲，她是人类文明的摇篮之一，对文类文明的进步和科学的发展作过辉煌的贡献。短语： 一个有着悠久历史和重要地位的大洲 人类文明的摇篮之一 文类文明的进步 科学的发展 做出辉煌的贡献,1. 词汇短语句子,亚洲是一个有着悠久历史和重要地位的大洲，她是人类文明的摇篮之一，对人类文明的进步和科学的发展作过辉煌的贡献。a vast continent with long history and important status (si
2、gnificant position) in the worldone of the cradles of human civilization, splendid (prominent, brilliant, great, grand) contributionprogress（advancement） of human civilization development of science;,1. 词汇短语句子,亚洲是一个有着悠久历史和重要地位的大洲，她是人类文明的摇篮之一，对人类文明的进步和科学的发展作过辉煌的贡献。Asia， a vast continent with long his
3、tory and important status，is one of the cradles of human civilization and has made splendid contributions to the progress of human civilization and development of science.,越来越多的研究者认为，词汇在语言使用中往往不是独立存在的，而是以语块(chunk)的形式出现的。最早对语块进行研究的Becker (1975) 发现，语言的记忆和存储、输出和使用不是以单个词为单位，而那些固定或半固定模式化的板块结构才是人类交际的最小单位。
4、Lewis (1997) 认为，语言不是由传统的语法与词汇组成，而是由多词的预制语块组成的。近年来由于计算机技术和语料库的飞速发展，语块在语言中存在的普遍性及重要性得到进一步证实，板块性被认为是真实语言的一大特点。 Sinclair (1991) 通过语料库研究证实英语词汇在使用中呈现一定的模式。他认为，那些出现频率高、不同程度词化的语块是英语中的基本语言单位,Pawley & Syder (1983) 对心理语言学进行研究后发现，二语语言使用者的大脑每次最多只能处理810个单词，而母语使用者往往能流利地说出含有更多单词的复杂句子。这表明母语使用者大脑中储存了大量比单词大的板块，每个语块均作为
5、整体记忆，这样既不会增加记忆的负担，使用时又可直接提取。对于二语教学的启示 对于翻译和口译的启示,语块（chunk),语块是指由连续或非连续的两个以上的词组成的，作为一个整体来储存与使用的结构。语块不仅指“in the end”这样的连续性短语结构；也包括不连续的句子框架，如 “not only.but also”，还包括一些完整的句子，如 “How do you do ”。Sinclair (1991) 指出，自由选择原则 (the open-choice principle) 和熟语原则 (the idiom principle)在语言中同时起作用。前者指按语法规则进行选择；后者则强调说话
6、者构造语言时，拥有大量提前预制好的语块。语块是英语的基本语言单位，也是英语学习的基本单位和理想单位。语块教学是提高学习者语言地道性和流利性的关键所在。,2. 短语搭配,汉英两种语言搭配模式差异较大，汉译英时往往不能直接翻译，否则就会出现翻译中的搭配错误。根据我们的观察，汉译英中常见的搭配错误主要包括:主谓搭配错误;动宾搭配错误;定中搭配错误。,1.主谓搭配错误英汉语存在语言类型学上的差异:汉语是话题突出语言(Topic-Prominent Language)，英语是主语突出语言(Subject-Prominent Language)(Li曹逢甫，1979 )。实际上，汉语中的主语有许多情况下是
7、话题，而不是主语，因此和谓语动词的关系较为松散，语义、语法限制较少。但英语中话题句较少，主语和谓语的关系紧密，语义、语法限制较为严格。例如:(1)我们国家的建设事业不仅仅需要的是工程师和科学家，同样需要各行各业的能工巧匠。*The building cause of our country needs not only engineers and scientists, but talents of various kinds. Our country in her development needs not only engineers and scientists, but talents
8、 of various kinds.,(2)这个战略思想现在已经有了实施的机遇。*The strategy now has an opportunity to implement.We now have an opportunity to implement the strategy.上述两句在英语中的“need”和“has”都需要有灵主语，而汉语则无此要求。因此，不懂得这种主谓搭配限制，就会在汉译英时出错,或译出中式英语。动词的语义特征决定了主语的语义类别和特征 主题与动词的关系较为松散,2.动宾搭配错误(1)我想我们不能同意这样的要求。 *Im afraid it is impossibl
9、e for us to agree with such requests.Im afraid it is impossible for us to grant such requests.(2) 国民党的统治，造成了社会经济的不正常状态，造成了广大的失业群。Long years of Kuomintang rule left the economy in a chaotic state and caused widespread unemployment. “cause”一般表示造成某种结果，不能表示状态，所以“造成状态”就需换为left“,3.定中搭配错误(1)我是超市的老顾客，所以也不抱怨
10、什么。 *As an old customer of the supermarket, I did not make a complaint. As a regular customer of the supermarket, I did not make a complaint.(2)他家经济情况不好 。 *The economic situation of his family is not good. His family is in poor fiancial standing.,3. 定语结构的转换,1）毛入学率 2）中央地方财政预算 3）支持东北老区振兴的政策 4）关于发展九年义务
11、教育的政策,5）科教兴国战略 6）国有资产管理、监督和运营机制 7）高新技术产业化示范工程 8) 科技成果市场化、产业化 9) 处理合同争议所适用的法律,1)毛入学率 the gross enrollment rate 2）中央地方财政预算 the central and local budgets 3）支持东北老区振兴的政策 Policies rejuvenating the old industrial basis of Northeast China 4）关于发展九年义务教育的政策policies for the development of the nine-year compulso
12、ry education; （后置） the nine-year compulsory education development policies（前置）,5）科教兴国战略 the strategy of developing the country by promoting science and education;6）国有资产管理、监督和运营机制 the mechanism for management, supervision and operation of state-owned assets; (两个都后置） the mechanism for state-owned asse
13、ts management, supervision and operation; （一前一后） the state assets management, supervision and operation mechanism （两个都前置）,7）高新技术产业化示范工程 hi-tech industrialization model projects （前置，直译）high-tech model projects to demonstrate their commercial liability;（后置，解释性） 8)科技成果市场化、产业化commercialization and indus
14、trialization of scientific and technological achievements9) 处理合同争议所适用的法律Law applicable to the settlement of contract disputes,10）邓一反几千年来官方对长城以外世界的敌视态度，坦率地说：“闭关自守把中国搞得贫穷落后，愚昧无知。”难点： 几千年来官方对长城以外世界的敌视态度闭关自守贫穷落后愚昧无知,10）邓一反几千年来官方对长城以外世界的敌视态度，坦率地说：“闭关自守把中国搞得贫穷落后，愚昧无知。” Reversing thousands of years of offi
15、cial hostility to the world outside the Great Wall, Deng said simply: “Isolation landed China in poverty, backwardness and ignorance.”,11) 全世界的科学家都在寻找净化空气、防止空气受到各种有害工业废气污染的有效方法。 12) 这所大学是中国著名的高等学府，是中国培养高级科学技术人才和发展科学技术的重要基地之一。,11) 全世界的科学家都在寻找净化空气、防止空气受到各种有害工业废气污染的有效方法。 12) 这所大学是中国著名的高等学府，是中国培养高级科学技术人
16、才和发展科学技术的重要基地之一。12) Scientists everywhere in the world are looking for the efficient methods to make the air clean and protect it from pollution by all kinds of industrial harmful waste gases. (不定式) 13) This university is one of the renowned higher learning institutions in China，and it is also an im
17、portant base both for bringing up senior professionals of science and technology and for promoting the progress of science and technology in China. (分词短语),13) 天津滨海新区已经成为目前中国经济最活跃、利用国际资本最多的地区之一，也是中国投资回报率最高的地区之一。,13) 天津滨海新区已经成为目前中国经济最活跃、利用国际资本最多的地区之一，也是中国投资回报率最高的地区之一。Tianjin Binhai New Area (TBNA) has
18、 become one of the most economically dynamic areas in China. It is also one of the largest foreign capital absorbing and best investment-rewarded areas. 1.修饰语前置更好 2. 前置对措词能力要求更高。,定语结构往往是汉译英难点所在,孟母三迁 孟子是一位智慧、善良、不与邪恶势力妥协的人。小时候他住在墓地附近，常把自己看到的送丧和埋葬的礼仪学来作为嬉戏。孟母说：“这里不是教养我儿子的地方。” 后来他们迁居街市，孟子便学起商贩做买卖的样子来。孟母
19、说：“这里也不是教养我儿子的地方。”结果他们搬到学校旁边住，孟子耳濡目染，自然而然地学起学生礼让、读书的举止。孟母看在眼里，开心地说：“这才是我儿子应该住的地方呀！” Mencius is a wise, kind-hearted man who would never compromise with the evil. Living next to a graveyard (cemetery) when he was a kid, he often imitated the rituals that he observed in the funeral and burial services
20、 for amusement. Mother Meng said, “This is not the place to bring up my son.” Thus they moved to live in a marketplace and Mencius immediately began to mimic the peddlers crying wares . Mother Meng said, “This is not the place to bring up my son, either.” In the end they settled down next to a schoo
21、l. Inspired by what he saw and heard, Mencius naturally started to learn from the reading and studying manners of the students. 标示出修饰语结构： 定语结构 状语结构,Mencius was a wise and kind person who by no means would compromise with evil. Living close to a cemetery when he was a kid, Mencius often staged the ri
22、tes which he observed in funeral processions or burial services for amusement. Mother Meng said, “This is not the place I would like to raise my son.” So they moved to live next to a marketplace. Then Mencius began to imitate peddlers hawking（crying）wares. “This is not the place I would like to rais
23、e my son, either” said his mother. In the end they settled down near a school. Inspired by what he saw and heard, Mencius naturally started to imitate the courtesy behavior and studying habits of the students. Observing this, Mother Meng joyfully said, “This is the place where my son should live.”,状
24、语的翻译,他从窄窄的走道出来，拱手上前，笑盈盈地用传统的中国方式向我们问好。 他将中国人民最钟爱的古典小说以通俗易懂的方式引荐给西方读者，为中国和英国人民架起一座文化的桥梁，他的贡献将永为世人铭记。 如果预测天气恶化，预报员必须能够在该机飞行范围内指定另一个天气适合降落的机场。 亚洲人往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方,他从窄窄的走道出来，拱手上前，笑盈盈地用传统的中国方式向我们问好。 他将中国人民最钟爱的古典小说以通俗易懂的方式引荐给西方读者，为中国和英国人民架起一座文化的桥梁，他的贡献将永为世人铭记。 Walking out of the narrow passagewa
25、y, he greeted us in the traditional Chinese way with all smiles and his hands held up to his chest . He introduced and built, which will be remembered He will be remembered for introducing the most beloved Chinese classical novel to the western readers in an understandable way and thus building a .,
26、如果预测天气恶化，预报员必须能够在该机飞行范围内指定另一个天气适合降落的机场。 亚洲人往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方. If bad weather is predicted, the broadcaster must be able to suggest another airport where the weather is suitable for landing within its flight range. The Asians would, with both hands and all respect, present their cards to the
27、 other party before they exchange any words,状语的翻译,他从窄窄的走道出来，拱手上前，笑盈盈地用传统的中国方式向我们问好。Coming out of a narrow passageway, with both hands held together to his chest and all smiles, he greeted us in the traditional Chinese way.Coming out of a narrow passageway, he greeted us in the traditional Chinese wa
28、y: both hands held together to his chest and all smiles.,状语的翻译,他将中国人民最钟爱的古典小说以通俗易懂的方式引荐给西方读者，为中国和英国人民架起一座文化的桥梁，他的贡献将永为世人铭记。He will always be remembered for bringing the Chinese peoples favourite classical novel closer to western readers, making it readable and understandable, and for building a cult
29、ural bridge between the Chinese and British people.,状语的翻译,亚洲人往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方 Asians will, very respectfully and with both hands, （位置）present calling cards to their interlocutors before any conversation starts.如果预测天气恶化，预报员必须能够在该机飞行范围内指定另一个天气适合降落的机场。 If bad weather is expected, the forecast
30、er must be able to suggest another airport within the range of the aircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing.,Exercises 词和短语的翻译,上海银舟大厦位于上海浦东陆家嘴金贸区，东临主干线源深路，西濒该地区的集中绿地双子广场，占地5037平方米，楼面面积37700平方米，高100米，28层，为商贸结合的高级办公楼。 Shanghai Silver Boat Mansion Lujiazui Financial Centre in Pudong Yuan
31、shen Road one of the citys main thoroughfares （主干线） Shuangzi Square, green zone a site area of 5,037 sq.meters a gross floor area of 37,700 sq.meters a deluxe commercial & office building,译文1. Located in Lujiazui Financial Centre in Pudong, Shanghai Silver Boat Mansion borders on the east Yuanshen R
32、oad, one of the citys main thoroughfares, and on the west Shuangzi Square, one of the citys leading green zones. /The 100 meter-high, 28-storeyed tower covers a site area of 5,037 sq. meters and a gross floor area of 37,700 sq. meters, priding itself a deluxe commercial & office building.,上海银舟大厦位于上海
33、浦东陆家嘴金贸区，东临主干线源深路，西濒该地区的集中绿地双子广场，占地5037平方米，楼面面积37700平方米，高100米，28层，为商贸结合的高级办公楼。译文2：Shanghai Silver Boat Mansion is a deluxe commercial & office building. Located in Lujiazui Financial Centre in Pudong, it borders on the east Yuanshen Road, one of the citys main thoroughfares, and on the west Shuangzi Square, one of the citys leading green zones. The 100 meter-high, 28-storeyed tower covers a site area of 5,037 sq. meters and a gross floor area of 37,700 sq. meters.,
