1、 严复的“信、达、雅”三字诀(Triple Principle of Translation)信(faithfulness) ：忠实准确达(expressiveness) ：通顺流畅雅(elegance)：文字古雅 林语堂先生的“忠实(faithfulness)，通顺(smoothness) ，美(beautifulness) 说” ； 傅雷先生的“神似” （resemblance in spirit/spiritual conformity ） ； 朱生豪先生的“传神达意说； 钱钟书先生的“化境” （reaching the acme of perfection/ sublimed adap
2、tation ）Alexander Fraser Tytler：Three Principles of Translation The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work(译作应该完全传达原作的思想) ； The style and manner of writing in the translation should be of the same character with that of the original (译作的风格与笔调应当与原作保持一致)； The t
3、ranslation should have all the ease of the original composition(译作应当和原作一样流畅)Translation Strategies Literal translation Free translation Foreignization Domestication Literal Translation crocodile tears ( 鳄鱼的眼泪); be armed to the teeth (武装到牙齿); chain reaction (连锁反应); gentlemens agreement ( 君子协定) “三教九流”
4、( the three religions and the nine schools of thought); “四书五经”(the Four Books and the Five Classics); “纸老虎”(paper tiger) ; “一国两制”(one country，two systems) Free Translation Adams apple At sixes and sevens It rains cats and dogs Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. Do you see any green in my eye?
5、 Theres no pot so ugly it cant find a lid Little fish does not eat big fish What the tongue says，the neck pays for. A gift is the key to open the door closed against you I love tiger cat, . British movies on public television, fluffy blouses, the nuclear family, . ( Helen Snow, My China Years )Forei
6、gnizing Translation(异化译法受到译入语文化价值观的民族偏离主义压力，注意到外语文本的语言和文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，体验外国人的阅读感受)to kill two birds with one stone All roads lead to Rome像 汉 语 里 的 “妯 娌” 和 “连 襟” ， 就 难 以 直 译 成 英 语， 只 能 意 译 成 women who are married to brothers 以 及 men who are married to sisters。她 们 是 妯 娌。They are married to brothers 他 们
7、 是 连 襟。They are married to sisters王 军 是 我 的 连 襟。 Wang Jun is my brother-in-law. Wang Jun and I are married to sisters. 著 名 动 画 片 狮 子 王 （The Lion King） the lions share（最 大 或 最 好 的 一 份） beard the lion in his den（ 入 狮 穴 捋 狮 须； 太 岁 头 上 动 土） a lion in the way（ 拦 路 虎）the lions mouth （虎 口， 虎 穴） 槁木死灰 wither
8、ed wood / cold ashes 骨瘦如柴 be lean as a rake 对牛弹琴 cast pearls before swine 滚石不生苔 A rolling stone gathers no moss. 众人拾柴火焰高 Many hands make light work.竹篮打水一场空 Drawing water in a bamboo basket means drawing nothing 好风快扬帆。 Hoist your sail when the wind is fair. 小洞不堵要沉大船。 A small leak will sink a great sh
9、ip. 没有目标的生活，如同没有罗盘的航行。 Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 要识好海员，须凭坏天气。 The good seaman is known in bad weather. 平静的大海练不出好水手。A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner 胆小如鼠 as timid as a rabbit 吹牛 to talk horse 如鱼得水 like a duck to water 烂醉如泥 drunk as a sailor 一箭之遥 at a stones th
10、row 水中捞月 to fish in the air 如履薄冰 to tread upon eggs 天长地久 as long as the hills 多如牛毛 as plentiful as blackberries 石沉大海 remain a dead letter 挥金如土 spend money like water 掌上明珠 the apple of ones eye 冷若冰霜 as cool as a cucumber 挂羊头卖狗肉 to cry up wine and sell vinegar 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。 In the land of the blind, th
11、e one-eyed man is king. Man proposes, God disposes. God help those who help themselves. He that serves God for money will serve the devil for better wages. 跑了和尚跑不了庙。 佛靠金装，人靠衣裳。 放下屠刀，立地成佛。 泥菩萨过河，自身难保。 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。 蜀中无大将，廖化作先锋。 鹬蚌相争，鱼翁得利。 塞翁失马，焉知非福。 狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心。 A sword of Damocles The Gordian Knot Ju
12、dass kissPandoras box 地肥 rich land 水肥 highly-productive water 肥缺 a well paid job 日服三次，每次一片 To be taken three times a day, one tablet each time. 你说得有道理，我服了。 What you said is reasonable. Im convinced. 他不服指导。 He refused to obey directions. 我在那里只住了三天，因为不服水土，又回来了。 I stayed there for only three days befor
13、e I returned home, because I was not accustomed to the climate there. 服兵役是每个青年的义务。 Its the duty of every young man to serve in the army. 那位拳击手还在服刑。 That boxer is still serving a sentence. Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war. 在那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千万无辜的平民。 Three men were killed
14、in the accident. 有三个男子在事故中丧生。 The engine was killed by the flood. 汽车的引擎由于大水而熄了火。 Your joke nearly killed me. 你的笑话真是笑死人。 Im reading this book just to kill time. 我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。中国人重整体、偏重综合性思维，英美人重个体、偏重分析性思维 搞得我心乱如麻。 It made me upset. 热得我们满身大汗。 The heat makes us sweat. 黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。 Pitch dark. I dont kn
15、ow whether it is day or night. 接到你的来信，十分高兴。 I am very glad to receive your letter. 是我们错了。 It is us who are wrong. 气得他说不出话来。He was so angry that he couldnt speak.中国人重直觉，英美人重实证 他因感情冲动而误入歧途。 他一阵发怒之后，既不难过，也不后悔。 他一想到回去就害怕。 我突然想起一个主意。 我看到这孩子就会想起他的父母。 我没有想到你会反对。 His passion carried him astray. Neither sorr
16、ow nor regret followed his passionate outburst. The thought of going back filled him with fear. An idea suddenly struck me. The sight of the boy always reminds me of his parents. It didnt occur to me that you would object.中国人重形象思维，英美人重逻辑思维 花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。 他等她等得像热锅上的蚂蚁。 他三天打
17、鱼，两天晒网，因而没有成功。 只有教育才能使中国立于世界之林。 每天晚上我都要躺在床上把白天所学的一切在脑海里过一遍电影。 让世界了解中国，让中国走向世界。 The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent. He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation. He failed for lack of perseverance. Nothing bu
18、t education can make China rank among the advanced countries in the world. Every night before going to sleep I will recall what I have learned during the day. Let the other people of the rest of the world know China. Let China make close contact with the rest of the world. 准确和模糊 我买了十只圆珠笔， （这十只圆珠笔）一共
19、二十元， （我）拿回家一看，都是用过的了。 不坚持，就会失败。 他来了，我走。 谁都知道那儿是艰苦些。 要提倡顾全大局。 不解决这些人的生活问题，社会就不会稳定。 1）I bought ten ball-point pens which cost me twenty yuan. When I took them back home, I found they were second-hand. 2）One will fail unless one preserves. Keep on, or well fail. If you dont hold on, you will fail. 3）If
20、 he comes, I will go. Since he comes, I will go. When he comes, I will go. 4) Every one knows life there was rather hard. 5） We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into account. 6）There will be no social stability unless they can find enough food and clothes.1975 年，我进入北京工业学院（现在是
21、北京理工大学）时，实际文化程度才是初中一年级，困难是很大的。我必须用三年的时间走完如今一个大学生将近九年的路。 Ref version one: In 1975 when I had just entered Beijing Industry College (now Beijing Science and Engineering University), culturally as a matter of fact I was merely with the first year of junior middle school, encountering tremendous difficu
22、lties, having to accomplish within three years what it takes an ordinary university student to in nine. Ref version 2: In 1975 when I had just entered Beijing Industry College (now Beijing Science and Engineering University), as a matter of fact I merely had an education of the first year of junior
23、middle school (/my educational level was in fact merely equaled to that of the first year of junior middle school). Therefore I encountered tremendous difficulties as I had to accomplish within three years what it took an ordinary university student to in nine.头一年，在班上我的成绩是中等偏下，我唯一的资本是自己的毅力。 In the f
24、irst year my study record was merely fair to middling. My single asset was perseverance, though. Fair: quite good, large, etc.; reasonable.e.g. His knowledge of the language is fair.Her written work is excellent, but her practical work is only fair-to-middling我想了这样一个道理：什么叫大学？大学是一种优势，国家是用成千上万的投资维持和创造
25、这种优势的。 I fell to meditating about the reason for the existence of a university. To my mind it was a kind of social superiority created and supported by the country with umpteen financial investment. Superiority: the quality of being better, more skillful, more powerful. Privilege: a special advantag
26、e limited to a particular person or group. e.g. Education is a privilege, not a right in many countries.这种优势也许会给别人，但现在给了我。要把这种优势化作自己的优势，关键在于刻苦学习。 Ref: This superiority was given to me as to others. Now I had this share, how hard I must try to turn it to the best possible account, the linchpin lying
27、in my leaning over backwards! lean over backwards: to make every possible effort to do something1978 年 , 我以当时比较好的成绩考上了研究生，同年又考上了出国研究生。 Ref: In 1978 I passed the examination with comparatively good results and (according to the requirements of the time) was admitted as a postgraduate student. Later i
28、n the same year I succeeded in another examination for going abroad for further studies.1979 年 10 月去英国，第一次看到国外的情况, 对比自己的国家，我心里比较难受。我觉得有责任为建设自己的国家出一分力。 Ref: In October, 1979, I went to England. There I came to see conditions quite new to me; comparing them with those in my own country I could not hel
29、p feeling disheartened and that I had the absolute responsibility to make some contribution towards our countrys construction.我是一个“工农兵”大学生，对能否做出一篇博士论文心里没有底。 Ref: Having been from the worker-peasant-soldier category of students, I had little self-confidence as to whether I could write a doctorate dis
30、sertation. dissertation: a long usu. written treatment of a subject, esp. one written for higher university degree有了研究方向，我便一头扎进图书馆，一呆就是两个月，收集有关的学习文献资料。我吃饭和休息尽可能简化，每天实际工作十四五个小时。 Ref: Nevertheless, once given the direction of research work, I plunged myself into it and frequented the library for two m
31、onths nonstop, browsing books and collecting reference materials. I allowed myself only snacks in order to save time for study and cut the time for rest down to the minimum.有一年圣诞节前夜，导师格雷教授路过学校看到实验室还亮着灯，第二天对我说：你连昨晚都在工作，使我们深感惭愧。 Ref: One year, on Christmas Eve my tutor Prof. Gray, happening to pass by
32、 the laboratory, saw the lights inside still on. The next morning he said to me: “Even last night you did not stop working! I must say that compared with you we feel ashamed of ourselves, indeed!”在英国，我多次参加国际学术会议，我的博士论文被校方评为 1982-1983 年度最佳物理学博士论文。 Ref: During my sojourn in England I attended several
33、symposiums on academic subjects. My doctorate dissertation was appraised by the authorities and considered as the best among others on physics for the year 1982-1983.1983 年底我回国后，感到现在是该我出力的时候了。 Ref: By the end of 1983 I came back to my home country. Now the time had come for me to work as best as I c
34、ould.1984 年，我申请了中国科学院科学基金，从事热自燃理论研究。1987 年，我开始独立指导研究生。我编出了两本专著、三本教材，有些论文代表了国际上本领域的先进水平。 Ref: In 1984 I applied for and was awarded a fund from the China Academy of Sciences Foundation, which enabled me to get started with the research into spontaneous ignition. In 1987 I began to teach postgraduate
35、students on my own while making use of my spare time in compiling two books on specialized subjects and also three textbooks. Some of my theses reflected advanced stages known internationally in the particular area. 这回我可亲眼看见啦! This time Ive actually seen it for myself 打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降。 Unable t
36、o fight on or to escape，the enemy was forced to surrender 你啊，老这样下去可不行! Look! You cant go on like this 这也不能怪他，头一回嘛。 Hes not to blameAfter all，it was the first time hed done itWithin doors there was Lady Catherine, books, and a billiard table, but gentlemen cannot be always within doors. 呆在家里 虽说可以与凯瑟琳
37、夫人漫谈，看看书，打打弹子，可男人们不能一直呆在家里不出来。 战士们冒着刺骨的寒风前进。 我们都赞成他的建议。 他们不顾一切困难，挫折，坚持工作。 “来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。 The soldiers walked on against the piercing wind. We are all in favor of his suggestion. They kept on working in spite of all difficulties and setbacks. “Im coming!” Away she skimmed over t
38、he lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 男女老少都参加了战斗。 他不来，我不走。 姐姐在等我，我得走了。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle. I shall not go until he comes. My sister is expec
39、ting me, so I must be off now. 文章翻译完了。 全市到处在兴建新工厂。 现在正下着毛毛雨。 累得我站不起来了。 他有个女儿，( )在北京工作， ( )已经打电话去了， ( )听说明天就能回来。 The article has been translated New factories are being built all over the city Its drizzling at the moment Im so exhausted that I cant stand up He has a daughter，who works in BeijingSomeo
40、ne has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow 天高云淡。 他出国留学去了。 我介绍他加入协会。 这项合同经理要签名。 The sky is high and the clouds are pale He has gone abroad for further studies I recommended him for membership of the association， This contract should be signed by the manager 晒衣服 to sun ones clothe
41、s 救国 to save the nation 晒太阳 to bask in the sun 救火 to fight a fire 补充人力 to replenish manpower 补充缺额 to fill a vacancy 恢复健康 to recover ones health 恢复疲劳 to get refreshed 打扫房间 to clean a room 打扫卫生 to do some cleaning 吃苹果 to eat an apple 吃大碗 to eat with a big bowl 接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这么
42、一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产的计划。(马南邮：燕山夜话) He went on indulging in wishful thinking，Chickens would breed more chickens. Selling them would bring him moneyWith this he could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for himWith the money，he could become a money lenderSuch a succ
43、ession of steps for getting rich，of course， had nothing at all to do with production 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。 为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。 本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。 All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very
44、 day the little copper ball fell When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect， it seems to me that there are two causes，of which one goes much deeper than the other Change of information，if any，concerning the contents of this section wil
45、l be found in the appendix at the end of this book. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 说是说了，没有结果。 抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。 他不来，我不去。 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 有饭大家吃。 不到黄河心不死。 不进则退。物极必反。 We will not attack unless we are attacked Ive made proposals，but they proved futile Once the principal contradiction is grasped，all problems can be readily so
46、lved If he wont come here，Ill not go there Smart as a rule，but this time a fool Let everybody share the food If there is any Until all is over，ambition never dies He who does not advance falls backwardMove forward，or youll fall behind Once a certain limit is reached，a change in the opposite directio
47、n is inevitableIn the door way lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colorsThere are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me? If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the Ci
48、ty Church last Sunday evening does not wish to get into trouble，he will return the umbrella to No10 Broad StreetHe is well known. 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。 我访问了一些地方，也遇到了一些人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着哩。 我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗? 上星期日傍晚，有人曾见某君在市教堂取走雨伞一把。取伞者如不愿卷入纠纷，还是将伞送至布劳德街十号为妙。此君为谁，尽人皆知。以其人之道，还治其人之身。不经一事，不长一智。优先发展科技教育。要促进人和自然的协调与和谐。如果从水中除去足够的热量，就可以把水变成冰。没有共产党就没有新中国，没有新中国就没有我们今天的幸福生活。地下埋藏着大量的金银铜铅锌。 Deal with the m
