1、.页眉.页脚把目光投向中国Turning Your Eyes to China校长先生，女士们，先生们：Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen,衷心感谢萨莫斯校长的盛情邀请。I would like to begin by sincerely thanking President Summers for his kind invitation.哈佛是世界著名的高等学府，精英荟萃，人才辈出。建校 367 年来，曾出过 7 位总统，40 多位诺贝尔奖获得者。这是你们的光荣。Harvard is a world-famous institution of higher
2、 learning, attracting the best minds and bringing them up generation after generation. In its 367 years of history, Harvard has produced seven American presidents and more than 40 Nobel laureates. You have reason to be proud of your school.今天，我很高兴站在哈佛讲台上同你们面对面交流。我是一个普通的中国人。我出生在一个教师家庭，有过苦难的童年，曾长期工作在中
3、国艰苦地区。中国有 2500 个县（区），我去过 1800 个。我深爱着我的祖国和人民。It is my great pleasure today to stand on your rostrum and have this face-to-face exchange with you. I am an ordinary Chinese, the son of a school teacher. I experienced hardships in my childhood and for long years worked in areas under harsh conditions in
4、 China. I have been to 1,800 Chinese counties out of a total of 2,500. I deeply love my country and my people.我今天演讲的题目是把目光投向中国。The title of my speech today is “Turning Your Eyes to China“.中美两国相隔遥远，经济水平和文化背景差异很大。但愿我的这篇讲演，能增进我们之间的相互了解。China and the United States are far apart, and they differ greatly
5、in the level of economic development and cultural background. I hope my speech will help increase our mutual understanding.要了解一个真实的、发展变化着的、充满希望的中国，就有必要了解中国的昨天、今天和明天。In order to understand the true China- a changing society full of promises - it is necessary to get to know her yesterday, her today an
6、d her tomorrow.昨天的中国，是一个古老并创造了灿烂文明的大国。China yesterday was a big ancient country that created a splendid civilization.大家知道，在人类发展史上，曾经出现过西亚两河流域的巴比伦文明，北非尼罗河流域的古埃及文明，地中海北岸的古希腊罗马文明，南亚印度河流域的古文明，发源于黄河长江流域的中华文明，等等。由于地震、洪水、瘟疫、灾荒，由于异族入侵和内部动乱，这些古文明，有的衰落了，有的消亡了，有的融入了其它文明。而中华文明，以其顽强的凝聚力和隽永的魅力，历经沧桑而完整地延续了下来。拥有 50
7、00 年的文明史，这是我们中国人的骄傲。As we all know, in the history of mankind, there appeared the Mesopotamian civilization in West Asia, the ancient Egyptian civilization along the Nile in North Africa, the ancient Greek-Roman civilization along the northern bank of the Mediterranean, the ancient Indian civilizati
8、on in the Indus River Valley in South Asia, and the Chinese civilization originating in the Yellow and Yangtze river valleys. Owing to earthquake, flood, plague or famine, or to alien invasion or internal turmoil, some of these ancient civilizations withered away, some were destroyed and others beca
9、me assimilated into other civilizations. Only the Chinese civilization, thanks to its strong cohesive power and inexhaustible appeal, has survived many vicissitudes intact. The 5,000-year-long civilization is the source of pride of every Chinese.中华民族的传统文化博大精深、源远流长。早在 2000 多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的
10、道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的许多珍贵品，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱，强调群体，强调和而不同，强调天下为公。特别是“天下兴亡、匹夫有责” 的爱国情操，“民为邦本”“民贵君轻”的民本思想，“己所不欲，勿施于人”的待人之道，吃苦耐劳、勤俭持家、尊师重教的传统美德，世代相传。所有这些，对家庭、国家和社会起到了巨大的维系与调节作用。.页眉.页脚The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back
11、 and runs a long, long course. More than 2,000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the f
12、amous term “the masters hundred schools”. From Confucius to Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas and qualities, which are essentially populist and democratic. For example, they lay stress on the importance of kindness and love in human relations, on the inter
13、est of the community, on seeking harmony without uniformity and on the idea that the world is for all. Especially, patriotism as embodied in the saying “Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country“; the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country“ and that “people
14、are more important than the monarch“; the code of conduct of “Dont do to others what you dont want others to do to you“; and the traditional virtues taught from generation to generation: long suffering and hard working, diligence and frugality in household management, and respecting teachers and val
15、uing education. All these have played a great role in binding and regulating the family, the country and the society.今年 9 月 10 日中国教师节，我专程到医院看望北京大学老教授季羡林。他已经 92 岁高龄，学贯中西，专攻东方学。我很喜欢读他的散文。我们在促膝交谈中，谈到近代有过“西学东渐” ，也有过“ 东学西渐”。17 、18 世纪，当外国传教士把中国的文化典籍翻译成西文传到欧洲时，曾引起西方一批著名学者和启蒙思想家的极大兴趣。笛卡尔、莱伯尼兹、孟德斯鸠、伏尔泰、歌德、康德
16、等，都对中国传统文化有过研究。On this years Teachers Day which fell on 10th of September, I went to see Professor Ji Xianlin of Peking University in his hospital ward. Professor Ji, 92, is a great scholar in both Chinese and western learning, specializing in oriental studies. I enjoy reading his prose. In our tte-
17、tte we talked about the movement of “Eastern learning spreading to the West“ and “Western learning spreading to the East“. In the 17th and 18th centuries foreign missionaries translated Chinese classics into European languages and introduced them to Europe, and this aroused great interest in some em
18、inent scholars and enlightenment thinkers there. Descartes, Leibniz, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Goethe and Kant all studied the traditional Chinese culture.我年轻时读过伏尔泰的著作。他说过，作为思想家来研究这个星球的历史时，首先要把目光投向包括中国在内的东方。In my younger days I read Voltaires writings. He said that a thinker who wanted to study the his
19、tory of this planet must first turn his eyes to the East, China included.非常有意思的是，一个半世纪前，贵国著名的哲学家、杰出的哈佛人爱默生先生，也对中国的传统文化情有独钟。他在文章中摘引孔孟的言论很多。他还把孔子和苏格拉底、耶稣相提并论，认为儒家道德学说，“ 虽然是针对一个与我们完全不同的社会，但我们今天读来仍受益不浅。” Interestingly, one and a half century ago, R.W. Emerson, famous American philosopher and outstanding
20、 Harvard graduate, also fell for the traditional Chinese culture. He quoted profusely from Confucius and Mencius in his essays. He placed Confucius on a par with Socrates and Jesus Christ, saying that we read the moral teachings of the Confucian school with profit today, though they were “addressed
21、to a state of society unlike ours“.今天重温伏尔泰和爱默生这些名言，不禁为他们的睿智和远见所折服。Rereading these words of Voltaire and Emerson today, I cannot but admire their wisdom and farsight.今天的中国，是一个改革开放与和平崛起的大国。China today is a country in reform and opening-up and a rising power dedicated to peace.费正清先生关于中国人多地少有过这样的描述：美国一户
22、农庄所拥有的土地，到了中国却居住着整整一个拥有数百人的村落。他还说，美国人尽管在历史上也曾以务农为本，但体会不到人口稠密的压力。The late Dr. John King Fairbank used the following words to describe Chinas over population and land scarcity. On the land owned by one farmer in the US, there might live hundreds of people forming a village in China. He went on to say
23、that although the Americans were mostly farmers in the past, they never felt such pressure of population density.页眉.页脚人多，不发达，这是中国的两大国情。中国有 13 亿人口，不管多么小的问题，只要乘以 13 亿，那就成为很大很大的问题；不管多么可观的财力、物力，只要除以 13 亿，那就成为很低很低的人均水平。这是中国领导人任何时候都必须牢牢记住的。A large population and underdevelopment are the two facts China ha
24、s to face. Since China has 1.3 billion people, any small individual shortage, multiplied by 1.3 billion, becomes a big, big problem. And any considerable amount of financial and material resources, divided by 1.3 billion, becomes a very low per capita level. This is a reality the Chinese leaders hav
25、e to keep firmly in mind at all times.解决 13 亿人的问题，不能靠别人，只能靠自己。中华人民共和国成立以来，我们的建设取得了很大成就，同时也走了一些弯路，失去了一些机遇。从 1978 年开始改革开放，我们终于找到了一条发展自己的正确道路。这就是：中国人民独立自主地建设中国特色的社会主义。We can rely on no one except ourselves to resolve the problems facing our 1.3 billion people. Since the founding of the Peoples Republic
26、, we have achieved much in our national reconstruction; at the same time we have made a few detours and missed some opportunities. By 1978, with the adoption of the reform and opening-up policies, we had ultimately found the right path of development - the Chinese peoples path of independently build
27、ing socialism with Chinese characteristics.这条道路的精髓，就是调动一切积极因素，解放和发展生产力，尊重和保障中国人民追求幸福的自由。The essence of this path is to mobilize all positive factors, emancipate and develop the productive forces, and respect and protect the freedom of the Chinese people to pursue happiness.中国的改革开放，从农村到城市，从经济领域到政治、文化
28、、社会领域。它的每一步深入，说到底，都是为了放手让一切劳动、知识、技术、管理和资本的活力竞相迸发，让一切创造社会财富的源泉充分涌流。Chinas reform and opening-up have spread from rural areas to the cities, from the economic field to the political, cultural and social arenas. Each and every step forward is designed, in the final analysis, to release the gushing vita
29、lity of labor, knowledge, technology, managerial expertise and capital, and allow all sources of social wealth to flow to the fullest extent.中国在相当长时间内曾实行高度集中的计划经济体制。随着社会主义市场经济体制改革的深入和民主政治建设的推进，过去人们在择业、迁徙、致富、投资、资讯、旅游、信仰和选择生活方式等方面有形无形的不合理限制，被逐步解除。这就带来了前所未有的、广泛而深刻的变化。一方面，广大城乡劳动者的积极性得以释放，特别是数以亿计的农民得以走出传
30、统村落，进入城市特别是沿海地区，数以千万计的知识分子聪明才智得到充分发挥；另一方面，规模庞大的国有资产得以盘活，数万亿元的民间资本得以形成，5000 亿美元的境外资本得以流入。这种资本和劳动的结合，就在中国 960 万平方公里的国土上，演进着人类历史上规模极为宏大的工业化和城市化。过去 25 年间，中国经济之所以按平均 9.4%的速度迅速增长，其奥秘就在于此。For quite some time in the past, China had a structure of highly-centralized planned economy. With deepening restructur
31、ing toward the socialist market economy and progress in the development of democratic politics, there was gradual lifting of the former improper restrictions, visible and invisible, on peoples freedom in choice of occupation, mobility, enterprise, investment, information, travel, faith and lifestyle
32、s. This has brought extensive and profound changes never seen before in Chinas history. On the one hand, the enthusiasm of the work force in both city and countryside has been set free. In particular, hundreds of millions of farmers are now able to leave their old villages and move into towns and ci
33、ties, especially in the coastal areas, and tens of millions of intellectuals are now able to bring their talent and creativity into full play. On the other hand, the massive assets owned by the state can now be revitalized, the private capital pool in the amount of trillions of Yuan can take shape,
34、and more than 500 billion US dollars worth of overseas capital can flow in. This combination of capital and labor results in a drama of industrialization and urbanization of a size unprecedented in human history being staged on the 9.6 million square kilometers of land called China. Here lies the se
35、cret of the 9.4% annual growth rate that Chinas economy has been able to attain in the past 25 years.页眉.页脚25 年间中国创造的巨大财富，不仅使 13 亿中国人基本解决了温饱，基本实现了小康，而且为世界发展作出了贡献。中国所有这些进步，都得益于改革开放，归根到底来自于中国人民基于自由的创造。The tremendous wealth created by China in the past quarter of a century has not only enabled our 1.3 b
36、illion countrymen to meet their basic needs for food, clothing and shelter, and basically realize a well-off standard of living, but also contributed to world development. China owes all this progress to the policy of reform and opening-up and, in the final analysis, to the freedom-inspired creativi
37、ty of the Chinese people.我清醒地认识到，在中国现阶段，相对于有限的资源和短缺的资本，劳动力的供应是十分充裕的。不切实保护广大劳动者特别是进城农民工的基本权利，他们就有可能陷于像狄更斯、德莱塞小说所描写的那种痛苦境地。不切实保护公民的财产权利，就难以积累和吸引宝贵的资本。It has become so clear to me that at the current stage China has an abundant supply of labor in proportion to her limited natural resources and short ca
38、pital. If no effective measures are taken to protect the fundamental rights of our massive labor force, and in particular the farmer-workers coming to the cities, they may end up in a miserable plight as described in the novels by Charles Dickens and Theodore Dreiser. Without effective protection of
39、 the citizens right to property, it will be difficult to attract and accumulate valuable capital.因此，中国政府致力于两个保护：一个是保护劳动者的基本权利；一个是保护财产权利，既要保护公有财产，又要保护私人财产。关于这一点，中国的法律已经作出明确规定，并付诸实施。Therefore, the Chinese Government is committed to protecting (1) the fundamental rights of all workers and (2) the right
40、 to property, both public and private. This has been explicitly provided for in Chinas law and put into practice.中国的改革开放正是为了推动中国的人权进步，两者是相互依存、相互促进的。改革开放为人权进步创造了条件，人权进步为改革开放增添了动力。如果把两者割裂开来，以为中国只注意发展经济而忽视人权保护，这种看法不符合实际。正如贵国前总统罗斯福曾指出的“真正的个人自由，在没有经济安全和独立的情况下，是不存在的”，“ 贫者无自由 ”。 Chinas reform and opening-u
41、p aims at promoting human rights in China. The two are mutually dependent and reinforcing. Reform and opening-up creates conditions for the advancement of human rights, and the latter invigorates the former. If one separates the two and thinks that China only goes after economic growth and ignores t
42、he protection of human rights, such a view does not square with the facts. Just as your former President Franklin Roosevelt said, “True individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence,“ and “Necessitous men are not free men.“我并不认为，今天中国的人权状况是尽善尽美的。对人权方面存在的这样那样的弊端和消极现象，中国政府一
43、直认真努力加以克服。在中国，把发展、改革和稳定三者结合起来，具有极端的重要性和艰巨性。百闻不如一见。只要朋友们到中国实地看一看，对改革开放以来中国的人权进步和中国政府为保障人权所作的艰苦努力，就会有客观的理解和认识。I am not suggesting that Chinas human rights situation is impeccable. The Chinese Government has all along been making earnest efforts to correct the malpractices and negative factors of one k
44、ind or another in the human rights field. It is extremely important and difficult in China to combine development, reform and stability. Seeing is believing. If our friends come to China and see for themselves, they will be able to judge objectively and appreciate the progress made there in human ri
45、ghts and the Chinese Governments hard work in upholding human rights since the beginning of reform and opening-up.中国是个发展中的大国。我们的发展，不应当也不可能依赖外国，必须也只能把事情放在自己力量的基点上。这就是说，我们要在扩大对外开放的同时，更加充分和自觉地依靠自身的体制创新，依靠开发越来越大的国内市场，依靠把庞大的居民储蓄转化为投资，依靠国民素质的提高和科技进步来解决资源和环境问题。中国和平崛起发展道路的要义就在于此。China is a large developing
46、country. It is neither proper nor possible for us to rely on foreign countries for development. We must, and we can only, rely on our own efforts. In other words, while opening still wider to the outside world, we must more fully and more consciously depend on our own structural innovation, on const
47、antly expanding the domestic market, on converting the huge savings of the citizens into investment, and .页眉.页脚on improving the quality of the population and scientific and technological progress to solve the problems of resources and the environment. Here lies the essence of Chinas road of peaceful
48、 rise and development.当然，中国仍然是一个发展中国家。城市和农村、东部和西部存在着明显发展差距。如果你们到中国东南沿海城市旅行，就会看到高楼林立、车流如织、灯火辉煌的现代景观。但是，在我国农村特别是中国西部农村还有不少落后的地方。在那些贫穷的偏僻山村，人们还在使用人力和畜力耕作，居住的是土坯房，大旱之年人畜饮水十分困难。古诗云：“衙斋卧听萧萧竹，疑是民间疾苦声” 。作为中国的总理，每念及还有 3000 万农民同胞没有解决温饱，还有 2300 万领取最低生活保障金的城镇人口，还有 6000 万需要社会帮助的残疾人，我忧心如焚、寝食难安。中国要达到发达国家水平，还需要几代人、
49、十几代人甚至几十代人的长期艰苦奋斗。Of course, China is still a developing country. There is an obvious gap between its urban and rural areas and between its eastern and western regions. If you travel to the coastal cities in Chinas southeast, you will see modern sights of skyscrapers, busy traffic and brightly-lit streets. But in rural China, especially in the central and western rural parts, there are still many backward places. In the poor and remote mountain villages, folks still use manual labor and animals to till the land. They live in houses made of sun-dried mud bric
