1、,第二章翻译的基本概念,1，翻译的性质（定义） 1.1 人们对翻译性质的认识：由现象到本质；由低级到高级。 1.1.1 盖翻译者，谓翻梵天之语，转成汉地之言。 音虽似别，意则大同。-宋僧法云翻译名义集 1.1.2 译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。-唐贾公彦 义疏 1.1.3 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整的重新表达出来的语言活动。 -张培基,1.1.4 Translation consists in reproducing the receptor language the closet natural equivalent of the source language,
2、 first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. A, 再现原文信息，而不是保留原文的结构形式； B, 原文与译文之间是对等，而非同一关系； C，对等是贴切，自然的； D, 意义是优先考虑的因素； E, 文体成分也很重要。,1.1.4.1 equivalence Formal equivalence: 偏重于原语的表达形式 Dynamic equivalence: 最贴近原语信息的自然对等。 Functional equivalence: 译文的功能于原文的功能基本一致。,1.2.1 Word-for-word Transla
3、tionThe culture shared by people speaking the receptor language is often very different from the culture of people speaking the source language. This will automatically make them difficult to find lexical equivalents. The lexicons of the two languages sometimes do not match. This mismatch will make
4、it necessary for the translators to deal with many adjustments in the process of translation. This causes a one-for-one equivalence of lexical terms impossible. Mistakes will occurs if we fail to recognize this difference.,Example 4.9中山纪念堂是广东省重点文化保护单位。 （广州中山纪念堂简介） The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall is a
5、protected site of key importance as a cultural unit by the order of Guangdong Provincial Government.,In this context, to render“重点文化保护单位” into “a protected site of key importance as a cultural unit” is an instance of “word-for-word” translation, although the individual English words are fairly consi
6、stent with the Chinese words(in the original work) in their word order and their “part of speech.”,In this example “a cultural unit” means “一个文化单元” in Chinese, and is not what the Chinese people called “文化单位,” which should correctly be translated into “a historical site.”,When people render “单位” int
7、o English, they are accustomed to connect “单位”in Chinese to“unit” in English, but actually no word in English can really match the word “单位”in Chinese. Thus the limit of lexical equivalence appears, which requires us to make the translation specific.,Example 5.7 水映山容，使山容益添秀美，山青水秀，使水能更显柔情。有诗云：岸上湖中各有奇
8、，山觞水酌两相宜。只言游舫浑如画，身在画中原不知。The hills overshadow the lake, and the lake reflects the hills. They are in perfect harmony and more beautiful than a picture.（中译英技巧文集，1992）,In the source language text, the first sentence is formed by four-character expressions(水映山容 and山青水秀), which serves to make sentences
9、balanced and sound with emphasis on meaning. Owing to this feature, it is enough to translate the two four-characters by blending to avoid redundancy.,The whole poem shouldnt be omitted, because here, hills and lakes set each other off and form an internal whole, and the poem is just describing this
10、 scenery. Using blending to interpret the poem not only retains the original but also obtains the equivalence between Chinese and English.Abridged from The English translation of Chinese Tourism Texts form the Perspective of Cultranslation,2, 翻译的分类； 2.1 翻译手段：口译、笔译、机器翻译 2.2 翻译语言： 2.2.1 言内翻译：,信息发出者,信息
11、,信息接受者,2.2.2 言际翻译：,SL信息发出者,译者,TL信息接受者,SL原文,翻译过程,TL译文,编码,解码,重新编码,解码,2.2.3 符号翻译 2.3 翻译题材： 政论文、应用文、科技文、文学,3, 翻译的标准 语际的意义转换不能是任意的，它必须遵循一定的规范，才能使翻译成为有意义的社会行为。翻译的标准，就是语际意义转换的规范性制约条件。-刘宓庆：1990现代翻译理论,3.1泰勒的三标准： (1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. (2) The st
12、yle and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. (3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.,3.2 直译和意译（free/paraphrasing translation) 直译：人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题，即如何在保持原语形式的同时，不让其意义失真； 意译：人们认为语言有不同的文化内涵和表达形式，当形式成为翻译的障碍时，就要采取意译。,直意之争： “凡是翻译，必须兼顾两
13、面，一当然力求其易解，一则保持原作的丰姿。”鲁迅且介亭杂文二集 “题未定草” 神似论(godlikeness)：以效果而论，翻译应当象临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。傅雷高老头译序 化境论(fairy)：把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于化境。 钱钟书 林纾的翻译,化境论(fairy)：把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于化境。 钱钟书 林纾的翻译,The whole sky spangled gay twinkling stars,
14、and the Milky Way is as distinct as though it had been washed and rubbed with snow for holiday.-英著名俄罗斯古典文学家翻译家加内特夫人（Garnet Constance) 译契科夫樊凯,整个天空点缀着繁星，快活地扎眼。天河那么清楚地显现出来，就好像有人在过节以前用雪把它擦洗过似的。 天上闪耀着光明的亮星，牛奶路很白，好像是礼拜日用雪擦洗过的一样。-赵景深译,3.3 异化（dissimilation) 和归化（domestication) 异化：转达原文意思的时候，是译文的表达形式和句法结构尽量同原文
15、一致起来，能完全对等的就完全对等，不能完全对等的也要大致对等。 优点：保留的原文的文化意象，目的是使译文保持原文的语言风格，向译文读者介绍源语文化，并丰富译入语及文化。-Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The translators Invisibility. London: Routledge.,例: crocodile tear honey mooncowboy Pandoras box golden age forbidden fruit to cry wolf soap opera 铁饭碗 dark horse 半边天 hotdog 官倒 sour grape 纸老虎,
16、A wolf in sheeps clothing Kill two birds with one stone Armed to the teeth An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth All roads lead to Romeborn with a silver spoon in ones moutha storm in a tea cup,笑里藏刀 天下乌鸦一般黑 路遥知马力，事久见人心 初生牛犊不怕虎 巧妇难为无米之炊,归化：人类文化具有共同的范畴，因此，两种语言在表达上出现意象相同的内容，有的意象不同，意义基本一致，翻译时用译入语的文化意象来
17、取代原文里的文化意象，或用译入语现有的词汇来翻译。 特点：归化翻译采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本夫和义务语言的文化价值，把原作者带入译入语文化。 Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The translators Invisibility. London: Routledge.,例： To shed crocodile tears Lions mouth As poor as a church mouse Drink like a fish Where there is a will, there is a way Make key while the sun shines T
18、here is no smoke without fire Look for a needle in a bundle of hay,Hold a wolf by the ears Teach fish to swim Two heads are better than one A wolf in sheeps clothing An ass in a lions skin Speak of the devil and he comes Go through fire and water Great minds think alike Burn ones boat,作业：1, 用异化译法翻译下
19、列习语： （1）All that glitters is not gold. (2) Barking dogs do not bite. (3) A rolling stone gathers no moss. (4) Necessity is the mother of invention. (5) Out of sight, out of mind. (6) The Trojan horse (7) Show ones cards,(8) shuttle diplomacy (9) God helps those who help themselves. (10) Money is the
20、 root of all evil. (11) You may take a horse to the water, but you cant make it drink. (12) have one foot in the grave (13) A live dog is better than a dead lion.,2, 用异化译法翻译下列汉语习语 （1）远水救不了近火 （2）大海捞针( 3) 大智若愚 （4）德高望重(5) 唱对台戏 （6）怨有头，债有主。 （7）易如反掌 （8）学如逆水行舟，不进则退。,异化翻译译文： （1）Distant water wont put out a
21、fire close at hand. (2) fish for a needle in the ocean (3) A man of great wisdom often appear slow-witted. (4) be of noble character and high prestige (5) put on a rival show,(6) Every injustice has its perpetrator, every debt has its debtor. (7) as easy as turning ones hand over. (8) Learning is li
22、ke rowing upstream, not to advance is to drop back. Learning is like rowing against the current; if one does not advance, one will retreat.,3, 用归化译法翻译下列英语习语 （1）No man can serve two masters. (2) Like father, like son. (3）Man proposes, God disposes. (4) Constant dropping wears the stone. （5）Bitter pil
23、ls may have blessed effects. (6) There is truth in wine. (7) Walls have ears. (8) Pride comes before a fall.,4, 用归化译法翻译下列汉语 （1）我担心我当画家的成功只是昙花一现。 （2）理查德不能去图书馆，那么要写这份报告无疑于要他做无米之炊。 （3）老人安慰道：“得了，生死由命呀。” （4）他非常想得到那份工作，因此他会不择手段地去得到它。 （5）头头还没有批准他的计划，所以他决定去拍拍马屁。,（6）既然他干得那么好，他干吗要整天自吹自擂呢？ （7）望着一片人山人海的听众，杨先生发表
24、了一片动人的演说。 （8）他说他的老师很赞赏他的作文，但我要听他的老师亲口说。我看他是王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸。,归化译文： （1）Im afraid that my success as a painter was just a flash in the pan(written in the water) .(2) Richard could not go to a library and writing the report was a job of making bricks without straw. (3) “well,” the old man remarked consolingly
25、, “every bullet has its billet”. (4) He wants that job very much, and hell swear black is white to get it.( by hook or by crook ),(5)The chief hadnt accepted his plan yet, so he decided to go in and polish the apple a bit(bootlick). (6) If hes so successful, why does he have to keep blowing his own
26、trumpet? (7) Looking out upon the sea of faces, Mr. Yang delivered a touching speech. (8) He said that his teacher considered his essay brilliant, but I would rather hear it from his teachers own mouth. Every potter praises his own pot.,严复的三字标准：信达雅 天演论 译例言,信（faithfulness): “易曰：修辞立诚。诚者无他，真实无妄之知是也。” 理
27、解：从语义层面上如实地表达原文： A,理解组成原文句子的词和词组的意思。 Traffic over there is always heavy on holidays as well as weekdays.,B, 准确把握原文的语法结构来理解句意。 I appreciate this oil painting much more now that you have explained it to me. 达（expressiveness): 译者将全文神理融会于心，则下笔抒词，自然互备，至原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前后引衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达，为达既所以为信也。,理解：从语法层面
28、上遵循表达的原则， “语言的互译关系，即两种语言的不同的表现法，必然会影响到译文的质量。” 陈原文学翻译的理论和实践-翻译对话录 A, 懂全文，求得融会贯通。 B, 不是逐字逐句地译，而主张采取灵活的方式。 C, 要求表达出来的意思，不超出原文的范围。 D, 达和信是有机结合，达也是为信。,The man whom I saw yesterday, who is extraordinarily fat, and in whom everybody would be interested, is a foreigner. 原译：我昨天看到的、胖得出格、个个人都会注意的那个人是个外国人。 改译：,
29、雅（elegance): “言之无文，行之不远”，因为雅与文字有密切的关系，因此他主张用汉以前的文字， “实则精理微言，用汉以前句法则为达易，用近世俗利文字则求达难。” 理解：从语用层面上看“雅”的原则：译者处理语言在特定语境中的语用含义，达到语用层面上的“雅”，使译文语言对译文读者产生相应的“语用效果”。,“语境在所有翻译中都是最重要的因素，其重要性要大于任何法规、任何理论、任何基本词义”-纽马克（Newmark),1982 “Approaches to Translation” “非以飨学童而望受益也。吾译正以待多读中国古书之人。” 严复 “他的译文，又很雅顺，给那时候的学者，都很读得下去
30、。” 王佐良,The native grasses and weeds, the scattered patches of gorse, contended with one another for the possession of the scanty surface soil; they fought against the draughts of summer, the frosts of winter, and the furious gales which swept with unbroken force, now from the Atlantic, and now from
31、the North Sea, at all times of the year.,而灌木丛林，蒙萁山麓，未经删治如今日者，则无疑也。怒生之草，交加之藤，势如争长相雄，各据一抔壤土，夏与危日争，冬与严霜争，四时之内，飘风怒吹，或西发西洋，或东起北海，旁午交扇，无时而息。,On one of those sober and rather melancholy days in the latte part of autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a gloom over
32、the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abbey.,There was something congenial to the season in the mournful magnificence of the old pile; and I passed its threshold, it seemed like stepping back into the regions of antiquity, and losing myself among the shades of
33、 former ages.,在秋天的后期，在一个萧瑟而又非常非常忧郁的日子里，当早晨和晚上的阴影几乎混合在一起的时候，并且把它的阴郁投向了这一年的最后的日子，我在西敏寺周围的散步中度过了几小时。在这幢悲伤而宏伟的古屋中，似乎有某种与这个季节相似的东西。当我跨进它的门槛时， 我的感觉就像是进入了一个远古领地，在以往岁月的阴影中，我把自己都遗失了。,时方晚秋，气象肃穆，略带忧郁，早晨的阴影和黄昏的阴影，几乎连接一起，不可分别，岁云将暮，终日昏暗，我就在这么一天，到西敏寺去散步了几个钟头。古寺巍巍，森森然似有鬼气，和阴沉沉的气候正好调和；我跨进大门，觉得自己已经置身远古，相忘于古人的鬼影之中了。 -
34、夏济安译,翻译标准多元互补论,1, 翻译标准是多元（语音，语法，语义）的而非一元的。 2，翻译标准既是多元的，又是一个有机的然而变动不居的标准系统。 在这个系统中，最高标准是最佳近似度。这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有实际意义的是一大群具体标准。 3， 具体标准中又有主标准和次标准的区别。4，多元翻译标准是互补的。 辜正坤中西诗比较鉴赏与翻译理论,Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚，人以群分；同毛鸟，飞一道。 Laugh off ones head 笑掉大牙；笑掉脑袋 At sixes and sevens 乱七八糟；六颠七倒 Neither fish nor fowls 非驴非马；既非鱼，又非禽,NightMax Webber Fainter, dimmer, stiller each moment, Now night.,夜麦克司 威伯 作郭沫若 译愈近黄昏，暗愈暗，静愈静，每时每分， 以入夜境。,夜麦克司 威伯 作辜正坤 译 一刻比一刻缥缈，晦暗，安宁， 夜，来了。,See you later,
