1、1基于语料库对用法进行研究A Corpus-based Study on the Uses of Have基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究i目录目录 i摘要 1关键词 1Abstract1Key Words.11.论文概述 11.1引言 .11.2研究方法 .21.2.1语料收集 .21.2.2语料整理 .22.文献回顾 42.1Have研究回顾 .42.2Have定义 .42.3Have分类 .63.Have分析与对比 63.1 Have 用作助动词构成完成时或虚拟语气 .63.2 Have (got) + to.93.3 Have用作实义动词后跟名词做宾语 .113.4 Have用作使役动
2、词构成have+名词+verb-form 143.5 Have/has/had + n. + adj./adv./pp.结构 163.6特殊用法had better, have something(nothing) to do with以及had rather.184.结语 .205.参考文献 .20基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究1摘要：不管是在口语表达还是书面表达中，Have都是一个高频词汇。 Have既可以用作助动词也可以用作动词，有多种搭配，这使Have很容易用错。通过语料库分析，我们发现中国英语学习者对于Have的理解与使用并不尽如人意。中国英语学习者对Have的使用有些单调，也有一
3、些错误。本文基于北京工商大学05届07届10届英语专业，艺术与传媒专业，机械专业等学生的语料录音以及外交部网站新闻样本汇集成的语料库进行分析探索。我们将Have用法进行了细分，并且分别列举了学习者和外交部发言人使用Have的例句。对于Have在表达中的用法和一些错误进行了深入的分析。关键词：语料库 Have用法 错误 对比分析 Abstract: HAVE is always a high-frequency word no matter in oral or written English. HAVE can be used as auxiliary verbs and verbs. Due
4、 to its flexible collocations, HAVE is always used in a wrong way. Through corpus analysis, we find that Chinese English learners do not understand and use HAVE well. Chinese English learners make mistakes and have limited expressions when using HAVE. This research is based on two corpuses of record
5、ings and transcriptions. One is provided by students majoring in English, art, media, and mechanism, who graduated in 2009, 2011, and will graduate in 2014 from Beijing Technology and Business University. The other is formed by the spokesmans speech scripts on the Foreign Ministry website. After arr
6、anging, analyzing, and comparing the two corpuses, we concluded and detailed the usage of HAVE and individually gave examples. Then we had an in-depth analysis of the mistakes and usage of HAVE in oral and written scripts. Key Words：Corpus, The Uses of Have, Mistakes, Contrastive Analysis1. 论文概述1.1引
7、言在英语中，当我们要表达“拥有”，“取得”或“进行”时，我们经常会用到have这个词，但是我们并不一定完全理解have这个词的用法与具体意义。在本研究中，我们对have历史研究进行简单回顾，根据权威词典给出定义，基于定义参考其它学术研究上对have用法的分类归纳出其具体用法，最后依据语料库进行对比分析。Have作为高频词汇之一，它是我们书面表达以及口语表达中出现的常客，在我们收集的语料库中，我们将会对have不同用法的使用频率进行统计，并通过比较中国英语学习者和外交部发言人在使用频率上的差异找出中国英语学习者使基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究2用上的不足，进而帮助中国英语学习者提高使用正确率，
8、缩小差距。对于have在句子不同位置，不同的语义环境所表达的意义，我们将把语料库中的资料进行分类汇总，并做出具体阐述。1.2研究方法1.2.1语料收集采用语料库语言学的方法，语料来源于北京工商大学05届07届10届英语专业,艺术与传媒专业,材料与机械工程专业等学生在同声传译课上完成的录音，每份时间为3-4分钟，共 221 份音频，约663-884分钟，经过转写得到221份文本，学生样本中单词总数为61319。同时，选取中国人民共和国外交部网站 2010,2011,2012 年所有新闻为参照样本，总单词量为287225。并对我校学生与外交部发言人对动词Have的使用情况进行对比分析。1.2.2语
9、料整理处理过程含：语料搜索，语料转换，语料核查，语料整理，语料标注。研究所运用的语料库分析工具主要为Tree Tagger2.0自动为文本标记词性，AntConc.3.2.1频数统计，提取have的搭配Collocates,搭配短语 Clusters。表1 动词频数前三位动词频数前三位(学生)排名 百分比1. Is 8 16%2. Have 18 0.75%3. Will 22 0.63%动词频数前三位(外交部)排名 百分比1. Is 8 1.14%2. Will 12 0.89%3. Have 20 0.52%基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究3根据表1，可知动词频数前三位依次是Is, Hav
10、e, Will，频率分别为16%，0.75%，0.63%；外交部数据中,动词频数前三位依次是Is, Will, Have. 频率分别为1.14%，0.89%,0.52%。由此可见Have的使用频率是较高的。表2Cluster(学生)频数 赋码1. Have_ VHP 36.6% verb have, pres non-3rd per2. PP have 23.26% personal pronoun3. Have_VH 10.82% verb have, base form4. NNS have 4.22% noun plural5. To have 3.68% to have6. MD ha
11、ve 3.14% modal7. NN have 3% noun, singular or mass8. RB have 2.6% adverb9. NP have 1.95% proper noun, singular10.CC have 1.41% coordinating conjunctionCluster（外交部） 频数 赋码1. Have_ VHP 41% verb have, pres non-3rd per2. PP have 18.79% personal pronoun3. NNS have 11.66% noun plural4. Have VH 8.79% verb h
12、ave, base form5. NP have 5.5% proper noun, singular6. MD have 4.56% modal基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究47. RB have 2.25% adverb8. TO have 1.66% to have9. CC have 1.53% coordinating conjunction10.NN have 1.30% noun, singular or mass在表2中，可以得出Have_ VHP的使用频数是最高的。根据Antconc 分别统计出学生语料和外交部语料have的cluster 排序，频数，及相应赋码代表，其中学
13、生语料的Cluster Types共有50，Tokens有924；外交部语料的Cluster Types有32，Tokens共3073.2.文献回顾2.1Have研究回顾语言使用中功能语类包括情态动词，助动词，限定词等自由语素和名词、动词性词缀等黏着性语素（Comsky,1991;Ouhalla,1991;zoble Bailey etal.,1974;Larsen-Freeman, 1976等)。研究者通过实证研究发现,被调查语素的使用正确率呈相当稳定的顺序排列。这些研究只考查了英语的8至11个语素,没有用语言学理论对结果进行深层次探讨,研究结果很难具有普遍意义。Have作为其中一个功能语类
14、时表达“体”范畴，同时自身形态变化兼具“时”的表达。因此本研究将从这两个范畴对have的用法展开研究。2.2Have定义Have在牛津高阶字典中的定义共33个，本小组截取其常用的15种：Definition Example1 (also have got) VN (not used in the progressive tenses) to own, hold or POSSESS sth.He had a new car and a boat.Have you got a job yet?2 (also have got) VN (not used in the progressive te
15、nses) be made up ofIn 1999 the party had10,000 members.3 (also have got) (not used in the progressive tenses) to show a quality or featureVN The ham had a smoky flavor.VN-ADJ Hes got a front tooth missing.基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究54 (also have got) VN to inf (not used in the progressive tenses) to show a par
16、ticular quality by your actionsSurely she didnt have the nerve to say that to him?5 (also have got) VN (not used in the progressive tenses) used to show a particular relationshipDo you have a client named Peters?Hes got three children.6 (also have got) VN (not used in the progressive tenses) to be a
17、ble to make use of sth. because it is availableHave you got time to call him?We have no choice in the matter.7 (also have got) VN (not used in the progressive tenses) to be in a position where you ought to do sth.We have a duty to care for the refugees.8 (also have got) (not used in the progressive
18、tenses) to be in a position of needing to do sth.VN Ive got a lot of homework tonight.VN to inf I must go-I have a bus to catch.9 (also have got) VN +adv. /prep. (not used in the progressive tenses) to hold sb./sth.in the way mentionedShed got him by the collar.He had his head in his hands.10 (also
19、have got) VN +adv./prep. (Not used in the progressive tenses) to place or keep sth. in a particular positionMary had her back to me. I soon had the fish in a net.11 (also have got) VN (not used in the progressive tenses) to let a feeling or thought come into your mindHe had the strong impression tha
20、t someone was watching him.(spoken) Ive got it! Well call it Word Magic.12 (also have got) VN (not used in the progressive tenses) to suffer from an illness or a diseaseIve got a headache.13 to experience sth I went to a few parties and had a good time. Shell have an accident one day.14 to organize
21、or hold an event Lets have a party.15 to eat, drink or smoke sth: have breakfast / lunch / dinnerIll have the salmon (for example, in a restaurant). I had a cigarette while I was waiting.基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究62.3Have分类为了对have的用法作进一步的研究，本文将其主要用法归为以下六类：A. Have 用作助动词或情态动词构成的完成时或虚拟语气B. Have（got）+to C. Have用作
22、实义动词后跟名词做宾语D. Have用作使役动词构成have+名词+verb-form E. Have/has/had + n. + adj./adv./pp.结构F. 特殊用法had better, have something(nothing) to do with以及had rather3.Have分析与对比3.1 Have 用作助动词构成完成时或虚拟语气（1）Have 用作助动词构成完成时A. 由have或has与过去分词构成现在完成时态这种用法在同学语料库和外交部发言人语料库使用较多。这是完成时的基本形态，当我们要表达表示动作发生在过去，但与现在的情况有联系或表示从过去某一时间开始一
23、直延续到现在并还可能继续延续下去的动作时，我们会用这种结构。 同学使用的例句： Corporations have started their businesses in China. Recently, China, US and the parties concerned all make efforts and have conducted fruitful cooperation on the peaceful settlement of the Korean nuclear issue. The whole world has seen Chinas change, esp. sha
24、nghai. China has made remarkable achievements in its reform and opening-up program and China has undergone historic transformation.外交部发言人使用的例句：基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究7 We have taken note of the situation you mentioned. We have witnessed intensified strategic mutual-trust, enhanced mutually-beneficial and p
25、ragmatic cooperation and closer cooperation and coordination in international affairs. We have completed various cooperative projects in the fields of economy, trade, culture, and education. According to Japanese media, China has forbidden “North Korean defectors“ to leave China since last April.B.
26、由had与过去分词构成过去完成时态这种用法较由have和has与过去分词构成现在完成时态要少一些。但同学与外交部使用次数没有明显差别。当我们要表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态时，我们会用这种用法。同学使用 外交部发言人使用由had与过去分词构成过去完成时态10次 10次同学使用的例句： The reason why China had managed to avoid the impact of the Asian financial crisis last year was that it already experienced such a kind of fina
27、ncial crisis in l993. The service and middle and western district percent had been increased.外交部发言人使用的例句： In his speech this morning, US Ambassador Huntsman mentioned that President Obama had invited President Hu Jintao to visit the US. President YarAdua had made major contributions to the national
28、construction of Nigeria and China-Nigeria relations.C. 由have，has，had与been后跟现在分词构成各种完成进行时态如果单独看进行时，它表示某个时间内动作正在进行，而完成进行时则侧重于长时间的持续状态。如果简单地说，完成进行时实际上是一种强调动作持续发生的进行时，并且含有动作反复进行的意思。如果再从时间的角度来看，它又基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究8可以分为过去完成进行时、现在完成进行时、将来完成进行时以及其它的一些时态。这种用法使在语料库中用较少。同学语使用的例句： The world has showed a great in
29、terest in witnessing the exchange on which is which china and shanghai has been undergoing. We have been trying our best to achieve the ultimate reunification peacefully.外交部发言人使用的例句： According to the Philippine media, Philippine Foreign Secretary claimed that some countries had been helping the coun
30、try to build a minimum credible defense posture, including the provision of patrol ships and warplanes, which complements its diplomatic capacity in dealing with its territorial disputes with China. We have been promoting friendship and cooperation in various fields with India in the spirit of equal
31、ity, mutual-benefit and friendly cooperation. Regarding the Nuclear Security Summit, China has been participating in the preparation and has no information to release now. （2）Have 用作助动词构成虚拟语气A助动词had + 过去分词，用于一切人称和数这种用法在语料库中很少使用，并没有得到相应例句。B助动词should + have +过去分词，用于一切人称和数同学使用 外交部发言人使用should + have +过去
32、分词0次 7次从以上表中，我们可以得出should + have +过去分词构成虚拟语气使用次数较少，同学没有使用该结构。外交部发言人使用的例句： US Secretary of State Clinton also said that Special Envoy Annas mediation should have made progress by July.基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究9 This year marks the 40th anniversary of normalization of China-Japan diplomatic ties and should hav
33、e been a year of opportunity for the two sides to push forward bilateral relations.C. 助动词should（第一人称）和would（第二、三人称）+ have +过去分词同学使用 外交部发言人使用should（第一人称）和would（第二、三人称）+ have +过去分词0次 0次从统计中，我们知道同学和外交部发言人没有使用该结构。但我们也发现，外交部发言人使用过与该结构类似的结构：助动词should（第一人称）和would（第二、三人称）+ have +名词，表示“应该”。例句如下： Analysts and
34、 US officials are concerned that China and the US would have frictions over trade, Taiwan and Tibet-related issues this year. He said that Palestine would have direct talks with Israel if the latter stopped construction of Jewish settlements. Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff Mullen said that
35、 the US and ROK would have more joint military exercises and welcomed Japan to take part.3.2 Have (got) + to同学使用 外交部发言人使用Have（got）+ to 12次 14次根据以上表格，我们可以看出在have (got) + to的使用频率上，同学与外交部发言人几乎没有差距, 这表明在表达“不得不做某事”时，我们都习惯用have (got) + to来表达。固定短语have to 具有情态意义，也可以看作是情态动词。它由have + to 构成，因此具有have的各种时式。have
36、to与一般情态动词的相同点：一般的情态动词不能单独作谓语，后面必须接动词原形一起构成谓语，have to 基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究10也是这样。否定句和疑问句的构成方式不同：一般的情态动词直接在后面加not构成否定句，把这些情态动词提到句首就构成一般疑问句。而have to 的否定句和疑问句的构成往往要借助于助动词do的适当形式或助动词will即have to, has to, had to和will have to的否定式分别为dont have to, doesnt have to, didnt have to和wont have to，疑问句是在句首加助动词do的相应形式，句中还
37、原成have to或把will放到句首，这里have to简直就是一个十足的行为动词。（1）Have to 表义务，后跟不定式一般式，可用于各种句式同学使用的例句： All of our work will have to be built on what our predecessors have achieved.外交部发言人使用的例句： I have to point out that the RMB exchange rate is not the cause for the international financial crisis. China still has to over
38、come a lot of difficulties and challenges before reaching the goal of a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way.（2）Have to 表示客观需要， 后跟不定式一般式，可用于各种句式同学使用的例句： Taiwan compatriots have to rent airplanes in Hong Kong to return to Taiwan to reunite with family members. Three million Taiwan compat
39、riots live and do business or are engaged in other industries here, which lead to the situation that they have to transit in Hong Kong by charter before the traditional spring festival to reunite with their families.外交部发言人使用的例句： On the September 18 Incident, I would like to stress that we have to re
40、member history. What does China have to say about these criticisms? （3）Have to 表坚定意见， 后跟不定式一般式，可用于各种句式，可以与must互换同学使用的例句：基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究11 No matter whether the country is big or small, we have to resolve these affairs. In order to make the Sino-US relations develop healthily and smoothly, we have t
41、o correctly handle the Core and sensitive issue in Sino-US relations, which is the Taiwan issue.外交部发言人使用的例句： Given the harsh conditions in Haiti, they have to deal with difficult working conditions. It is reported that foreigners in Japan have to apply for new registration card from July 9.（4）在口语中，h
42、ave got to也可以表义务或客观需要与have to 基本同义，它有现在一般式和过去一般式的三种形式，即have got to, has got to 和had got to, 但had got to 很少用。3.3 Have用作实义动词后跟名词做宾语在选取的语料中，表格中的三种形式使用较为普遍且较有代表性，因而以这三种形式展开讨论分析。（1） Have(has/had)+a+(adj.)名词（2） Have(has/had)+a+(adj.)动作名词的异体形式（3） Have(has/had)+any+(adj.)+名词同学使 用91次 20次 13次外交部发言人使 用78次 18次
43、103次（1） Have (has/had)+a+(adj.)名词同学在（1）中使用的例句： I wish to have a chance to invite you to our country. China has a population of 1.3 billion. We also have a lot of channels for dialogue in human rights areas. I wish Mr. Major and all our Chinese friends present here tonight have a good health.外交部发言人在（
44、1）中使用的例句： As a permanent member of the Security Council, China had a chance 基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究12to block Resolution 1973. China has a population of 1.3 billion. China and Vietnam have a lot of consensus on the proper settlement of their maritime disputes. With deep friendship between their peoples, th
45、e two countries have a sound foundation for further developing bilateral relations.在以上例句中，同学和外交部发言人使用句和句均为have/has/had+a+名词。在句中，无论是同学还是外交部发言人，表达“有机会，有希望”用的表达都是“have/had a chance”这样一个短语，说明同学在用这个短语表达时与外交部发言人差异不大。在句中表达“中国有13亿人口时”，两者表述完全一致，习惯表达为“China has a population of 1.3 billion”。在句和中，均为have+adj.+名词
46、。中，adj.均为“a lot of”，这个修饰语在同学和外交部发言人使用中都不多，同学使用仅为2次，外交部发言人仅为3次。而句中，用其它形容词如“good，sound”来修饰比较普遍。总结，在（1）这样的结构中，有些习惯性表达需要牢牢记住，如“have a chance”，“have a population”；而有些需要形容词修饰的，需要根据名词选定合适的形容词，在同学使用中，形容词较为单一。（2） Have (has/had)+a+(adj.)动作名词的异体形式动作名词的异体形式指由行为动词转化的名词，表示一次性动词。这类短语意义的重心落在转化而来的名词上，have只是搭配的需要，本身不
47、具备词汇意义。有一些词组如：Have a swim 游泳have a seat 就坐Have a talk 交谈 have a walk 散步Have a look 看看 have a ride 乘车Have a rest 休息 have a smoke抽烟Have a fight 打斗 have a dispute 争执Have a wash 洗洗 have an interview 接见Have a read 阅读 have a try 试试Have a taste 品尝 have a win 获胜Have a drink 饮酒 have a dream 做梦Have a say 发言 h
48、ave a break休息但该用法无论是在同学使用或者外交部发言人使用中都不太常见，同学使用次数为20，外交部发言人使用次数为18。同学在（2）中使用的例句：基于语料库对HAVE用法进行研究13 When we have a review of the history of China-U.S. relations over last half century or more since the founding of China we can come to three main conclusions. I feel great honor to have a visit to the b
49、eautiful city at the first time. Lets have a toast, for all our health, for our friendship.外交部发言人在（2）中使用的例句： Leading official of the Foreign Ministry will have a full exchange of views with Mr. Annan on the Syrian issue. US Assistant Secretary of State Campbell had a short stay in Beijing in June 6. It has inflicted harm on relevant personnels mental and physical health and has a very bad influence.在同学使用的三个例句中，动作名词异体形式前都没有形容词进行修饰，而
