1、同等学历申硕翻译,1)考试要求与规律 2)英译汉技巧 3)汉译英技巧Instructor: Psyche,一、翻译考试要求,翻译:能在不借助词典的情况下,把一般性题材的文章及科普文章中的句子或段落从英语译成汉语或从汉语译成英语,能准确表达原文的意思,语句通顺,用词基本正确,无重大语言错误。英译汉的速度为每小时400个英语单词,汉译英的速度为每小时250-350个汉字。,英译汉:准确流畅 汉译英:简单规范,具体要求,本部分包括英译汉和汉译英两节,共20分,每节10分。考试时间为30分钟。要求译文意思准确,文字通顺。A节为英译汉。本节设三种题型,每次考试设其中的一种题型。 题型一:要求考生翻译5个
2、单句,总长度为80-100个英文单词。 题型二:要求考生翻译一个段落,段落长度为80-100个英文单词。 题型三:在一个较长的段落中,有5个带有下划线的句子,要求考生翻译这5个句子。5个句子的总长度为80-100个英文单词。B节为汉译英。本节设两种题刑,每次考试设其中的一种题型。 题型一:要求考生翻译5个单句,总长度为100-120个英文单词。 题型二:要求考生翻译一个段落,段落长度为100-120个英文单词。,历年命题分析,1)形式:多为篇章而非单句,4-5个句子; 2)体裁:议论文; 3)内容:环境、科技、经济、文化等一般性知识或科普常识;,08:当前我国经济发展迅速,能源供应的压力较大,
3、这跟我国当前经济和社会发展所处的阶段不无关系。但是,不管我们处于哪个发展阶段,如果消耗能源过多,就会因此受到惩罚,面临能源匮乏,环境污染和生态破坏等困境。,汉译英,07:最近一项调查表明,中国大部分的建筑无论是办公楼还是居民楼,消耗的电资源或水资源比发达国家的同类建筑都要多,例如,北京的居民平均消耗气候类似的德国北部家庭的三倍。中国是资源短缺的国家,我们必须节约资源,才能保证我国经济持续发展。,06:随着社会的发展,人类对水的要求不断增加,但可供人类使用的水资源却急剧减少,水资源危机所带来的生态系统恶化等问题严重威胁着人类的生存。如何更有效地利用水资源,推进水资源的可持续开发和保护,已经成为世
4、界各国共同面对的紧迫问题。,英译汉,08: An ecosystem is a group of animal and plants living in a specific region and interacting with one another and with their physical environment,09: Third-hank smoke is tobacco smoke contamination that lingers in carpets, clothes and other materials hours or evn days after a cigar
5、ette is put out,英译汉,10: Engineers are developing a new type of Internet connection that could carry so much data so quickly it might surprise even Net surfers,英译汉,翻译丢分的原因,A、对原文理解不够。譬如:在划线句往往是要根据上下文才能理解透彻,而考生由于时间紧张,看到句子便草率翻译,对原文的主要框架结构,互相指代关系理解不够准确,这样以来翻译的准确度就有问题了。B:考生不懂得英汉句式结构的差异,对翻译技巧方法更是知之甚少,因此在考试
6、中甩不开原文的句式结构,不敢进行必要的语序调整,句序、语序转换,不敢进行词类转换,不会用增词法、减词法之类的基本翻译处理方法。C、中文表达能力有限,不能将对原文的理解了的东西遂心所欲地用汉语清楚地表达出来,甚至还出现错别字现象。,综上所述,翻译考试要想立足于不败之地,就必须克服上述三大问题,关键做到以下:一是要加以重视,投入一定地时间多练习; 二掌握必要的翻译技巧方法,提高英汉表达手段。 命题内容经常重复,应紧抓真题; 注意篇章搭建,尤其句子衔接。,应试策略步骤,1、迅速阅读原文、清楚大致方向 2、紧抓考题结构、把握主次关系 3、选定主谓结构、注意前言后语4、仔细检查译文、确保语句通顺,迅速阅
7、读原文、清楚大致方向,英译汉可用23分钟地时间把整体文章通读一遍,大致搞清楚原文地主旨大意,积极调动相关地思维活动,使头脑进入最佳考试状态。阅读只要了解大意即可。遇到生词一略而过,千万不要被与所考地句子无关地一些生词、短语,甚至人名地名缠住。 汉译英则需要抓住主谓结构,抓句式框架。,紧抓考题结构、把握主次关系,在粗读一遍,大致搞清原文地主旨大意地基础上逐句处理。读第二遍做题之前,重点则应放在这需要翻译地句子的结构分析上。首先确定句子地意思,再考虑译文的结构,哪是主语,哪是谓语,句子的重点再那里,然后再根据表达的需要来确定译文的句型,如果是复合句,句式结构比较长,应分清从句之间的主次关系,界定各
8、修饰成分的位置。为节省时间,做翻译题不要打草稿,用铅笔直接在试卷上划出译文的大致框架就行了。,选定主谓结构、注意前后衔接,选定主谓结构是下笔翻译的关键。 译文的主语不一定采用原文的主语,而是需要根据汉语的表达习惯来决定。同样,原文的谓语动词也不一定就译为动词,在很多情况下,需要进行词类转换,语态转换等,有些词语有可能一时想不出恰当的汉语字眼,这就必须通过上下文或前言后语来确定他们的含义。 利用语境分析判断词义,是获取有用信息的主要途径,通过分析具体的词与全文的关系,特别是从前言后语中寻找有用的信息,我们便能确定某一代词确切的含义,甚至句子中出现的超纲词的词义也很有可能从上下文中搞得清清楚楚。
9、汉译英尽量用自己掌握的简单句,不用没有把握的词语和句式结构。,仔细检查译文、确保语句通顺,做完翻译后,对照原文检查,先看译文与原文在意思上是否有出入,有无漏译,然后再丢开原文,检查译文是否通顺。 如果遇到英汉因表达差异,而造成译文语句不通顺,便可考虑打破原文结构,用意译的方式翻译出原文的意思即可。 因为翻译得分的关键是通顺、无误、无漏,而不在于语句的优美,文采的华丽。,2009真题演练,Third-hand smoke is tobacco smoke contamination that lingers in carpets, clothes and other materials hour
10、s or even days after a cigarette is put out.1)生词 2)that定语从句 3)被动语态,Third-hand smoke is tobacco smoke contamination that lingers in carpets, clothes and other materials hours or even days after a cigarette is put out.三手烟是一种烟污染,即便在吸烟几小时或几天后,它仍会存留在地毯、衣物或其它物品里。,According to a study, a large number of pe
11、ople, particularly smokers have no idea that third-hand smoke is a health hazard for people.1)that定语从句 2)生词,According to a study, a large number of people, particularly smokers have no idea that third-hand smoke is a health hazard for people.研究表明,三手烟对身体有害,但很多人,尤其是烟民对此却毫无所知。,Of the 1,500 smokers and
12、nonsmokers (being) surveyed, the vast majority agreed that second-hand smoke is dangerous. 1)被动短语surveyed 2)that定语从句,Of the 1,500 smokers and nonsmokers (being) surveyed, the vast majority agreed that second-hand smoke is dangerous. 在接受调查的1500名烟民和非烟民中,大多数人都承认二手烟的危害性。,But when (they were)asked whethe
13、r they agreed with the statement, “Breathing air in a room today where people smoked yesterday can harm your health,” only 65% of nonsmokers and 43% of smokers answered “yes”. 1)被动短语 2)when状语从句 3)where定语从句(前置定语的),But when (they were)asked whether they agreed with the statement, “Breathing air in a r
14、oom today where people smoked yesterday can harm your health,” only 65% of nonsmokers and 43% of smokers answered “yes”. 但就另一个问题,“吸入前一天有人吸烟的屋子里的空气会影响健康吗”,只有65%的非烟民和43%的烟民给予了肯定的答案。,英译汉考点(4-6句),(1)定语从句 (2)被动语态 (3)长句,练习:2008真题,That might help solve the problem of how to handle the enormous growth in In
15、ternet traffic.前置法。把定语翻译带“的”的定语词组。 这可以帮助解决如何应付(巨大增长)(在网络传输中数据量)的问题。,2)译成并列分句(后置法):,当定语从句较长时,将其译成并列分句, 放置于原来它所修饰词的后面。先行词可保留并在第二个分句中重复;亦可省略。,He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two ponds each. 他居然种出了二百个神奇的西红柿,每个(西红柿)重达两磅。,练习:2008真题,Engineers are developing a new type
16、of Internet connection that (后置定语)could carry so much data so quickly.译成并列分句,重复先行词。 工程师们正在研制一种新的网络连接形式,这种(网络连接)形式能够快速传输大量数据。,练习:2008真题,This technology would open up a route through which (定语从句) data can be sent(被动语态) at speeds thousands of times faster than whats possible now.译成并列分句,重复先行词; 该项技术将会开启一
17、条途径,该途径可使发送数据的速度比现有的速度快几千倍。,被动译法:1)被动译主动,1. Mr. Black was given a prize. 布拉克先生得了奖。(主语是主语)2. 800 people had been saved by the organization.这个组织拯救了八百人。(主语变宾语),3. He was heard to come upstairs.有人听见他走上楼。(主语变宾语,加模糊主语)4. Evidently some mistake was made and the goods have been wrongly delivered.显然是出了差错,发错了
18、货。(主语变宾语,无主句),2006真题,Just as crops are harvested, wildlife too must sometimes be “harvested”.翻成“被”? 正如要收获农作物,有时也需要“收获”野生动物。 主语变宾语,无主句,2) 译成汉语中的被动结构,被增长 被代表 被就业 被捐款 被自杀,1. They were caught in the rain yesterday.他们昨天遭雨淋了。 2. Most letters from his wife are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.他的妻子给
19、他的信件,大多数是由医院里的护士念给他听的。注:在同等学历考试中,被动语态极少翻成汉语被动,因此,首先应尝试翻主动。,长句翻译,一,削去枝蔓,找出主干; 二,条分缕析,理清关系; 三,确定单位,各个击破; 四,调整搭配,重新组合; 五,核对原句,润饰译句,2007真题: 1)分析主干,The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying ,assighing, or promoting students, employees and mi
20、litary personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press and even in Congress.测试是近来抨击的目标。,2007真题: 2)切分意群,逐个翻译,The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying ,assigning, or promoting students, employees and
21、 military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press and even in Congress.标准化教育测试或心理测试 广泛用来协助选拔、分级、委任或提拔学生、雇员和军人。 是抨击的目标。 近来在图书、杂志、日报,甚至是国会中。,2007真题: 3)整合成文,标准化教育测试或心理测试 广泛用来协助选拔、分级、委任或提拔学生、雇员和军人。 是抨击的目标。 近来在图书、杂志、日报,甚至是国会中。标准化教育测试或心理测试广泛用于协助选拔、分级、委任或提拔学生、雇
22、员和军人。这种测试近来成为了图书、杂志、日报,甚至是国会所抨击的目标。,2007真题: 4)流畅;符合中文习惯,标准化教育测试或心理测试广泛用于协助选拔、分级、委任或提拔学生、雇员和军人。这种测试近来成为了图书、杂志、日报,甚至是国会所抨击的目标。作为一种辅助手段,标准化教育测试或心理测试广泛用于选拔、分级、委任或提拔学生、雇员和军人的工作中。近来,这种测试成为了图书、杂志、日报,甚至是国会所抨击的目标。,练习:2006真题,1)One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the protection and improvement
23、of the natural habitat so that animals have enough food and water to survive. 2)Wildlife management involves care of the soil to produce good vegetation. 3)It also involves care of plants, not only as a source of food, but also as protection. 4)Animals need cover to hide from their natural enemies a
24、nd to raise their young safely. 5)Just as crops are harvested, wildlife too must sometimes be “harvested”. 6)By allowing limited hunting, good management can control certain species that threaten to overpopulate their habitat.,作业,1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically priva
25、te-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire o
26、f businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.,