1、2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,1,Translation Skills,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,2,翻译的“三步曲”,1分析结构；2确定词义；3检查核对。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,3,英汉语言对比,英语句子结构复杂，多长句；汉语多短句。例： Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium tech
2、nology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.(38 words),2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,4,皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,5,It applies equally to traditiona
3、l historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians, who equate their activity with specific techniques. (30 words),2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,6,它同样适用于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家，前者将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部和外部的批评，后者把历史研究活动等同于具体的研究方法。,2002-3-9,Pr
4、epared by Orchard Zhan,7,Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground. (30 words),2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,8,A：用火箭进行研究已证实了人们早就有过怀疑的大气层的一个中心在距地面30英里高空的
5、“高温带”的这种奇怪的事实。 B：人们早就怀疑，大气层中有一个“高温带”，其中心在距地面30英里的高空。利用火箭进行研究后，这一奇异的事实已得到证实。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,9,Captured documents which we have obtained from individuals who had been infiltrated through this corridor plus prison-of-war reports that we have obtained in recent months led us to believ
6、e that the volume of infiltration has expanded substantially. (37 words),2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,10,我们经由这个走廊渗透进来的人身上缴获的文件，加上近几个月从战俘那里得到的口供，使我们相信渗透的规模确实扩大了很多。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,11,英语多用被动，汉语多用主动。,英语使用被动的情况有： 不知道行为者是谁或不必要说明行为者是谁。 The book has already been translated into many
7、languages. 对行为对象比对行为者更感兴趣。 The work must be finished before Christmas. 为了某种缘故不愿说明行为者是谁。 It is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 为了连贯上下文及安排上的需要。 They are going to build an apartment house here next year. It is going to be built beside the office building.,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchar
8、d Zhan,12,例：In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. (43 words),2002-3-9,P
9、repared by Orchard Zhan,13,在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,14,And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort
10、 of special training. (35 words ),2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,15,许多人认为：普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比较，他们认为这些科学家的思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,16,汉语代词（人称代词和物主代词）的使用远比英语为少。 英语使用代词的地方很多。每个句子，分句都需要一个主语，而这个主语常常是代词。另外，所属关系也要明确指出来，因而物主代词用得很多。如：,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,17,A
11、s we discuss our differences, neither of us will compromise our principles. But while we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk across it.,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,18,直译：在我们讨论我们的分歧的时候，我们哪一方都不会在我们的原则上妥协。但是，虽然我们不能弥合我们之间的鸿沟，我们却能够设法搭一座桥，以便我们能越过它
12、进行会谈。 改译：在讨论我们的分歧时，哪一方都不会在原则上妥协。但是，虽然不能弥合我们之间的鸿沟，我们却能够设法搭一座桥，以便能越过它进行会谈。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,19,They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given cred
13、it for his achievements.(34 words),2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,20,它们（他们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其成就给予肯定的必不可少的前提。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,21,4英语多变化，汉语多重复。,英语写作时要尽量避免重复，而汉语则不怕重复，如果使用得当，重复可以起反复强调的作用。I first heard this tale in India, where it is told as if true though any natural
14、ist would know it couldnt be. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War.,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,22,我头一回听到这个故事是在印度，那儿的人今天讲起来仍好像是确有其事似的尽管任何一位博物学家都知道这不可能是真的。后来有人告诉我，在第一次世界大战之前不久，有一本杂志曾刊登过这篇故事。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,23,5英语较抽象，汉语
15、较具体。,译文中不能有似是而非的东西Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.(36 words),2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,24,宇宙膨胀
16、虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认理论在科学上看似可信的推论，七八年来许多天体物理学家一直认为这一学说是正确的。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,25,6英语句子的独特的表意方式和语序。,There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another.,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Z
17、han,26,在世界上的任何种族，不论其多么落后，都有自己的语言，都有人们用以交流的语言体系。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,27,Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,28,他们（新学派科学家们）说，科学的发展
18、与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,29,7英语词汇的一次多义现象。,“In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in in
19、numerable directions.”(学校？学派？),2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,30,It leads the discussions to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. (邀请？促使？延伸？像一样？),2002-3-9,Prepar
20、ed by Orchard Zhan,31,英汉翻译技巧,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,32,改变词类（Conversion）,英语一个词能充当的句子成分较少，充当不同成分时常常要改变词类。最常见的是将英语的名词或形容词转换成汉语的动词。 Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes. 胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病。 This issue is of paramount importance. 这个问题极其重要。 Formality has always characterized their relationship.
21、 他们之间的关系有一个特点，就是相敬如宾。 As the war progressed, he would symbolize their frustrations, the embodiment of all evils. 随着战争的进行，他成了受挫的象征，成了万恶的化身。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,33,It leads the discussions to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the c
22、onsideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.(34 words) 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为该这样对待动物：要么像对待人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。 Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and from internal quarr
23、els among historians themselves. (27 words) 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,34,The emphasis on date gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and
24、distinctly important social science. 强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,35,2选词用字（Diction）,Put a teaspoonful of tea in the pot and then you just add the boiling water to it and let it stand. (让它站在哪儿？)Its a crime you didnt finish school. (犯罪？)Th
25、ere will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 当它们冒犯时让它们残废？,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,36,3语序调整(Inversion),一个句子中词和分句的顺序，英汉两种语言往往不同。如表示时间和地点，英语常常是先小后大，而汉语是先大后小。 His address is 3612 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19
26、001, USA. Dont hesitate to come when you need help. Black and white TV, Iron and Steel Company,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,37,He remains one of the greatest historians, despite his apparent prejudice and his untrustworthiness in detail, because of his artistic mastery of historic theme. 尽管他在历史
27、细节描写上有明显的偏见和不值得信任之处，但由于其对历史题材艺术般的运用，他仍不失为最伟大的历史学家之一。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,38,句子结构的整体调整,That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能，性格特征和行为，即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orch
28、ard Zhan,39,Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.(28 words)这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各方面都不相同，对待动物无需考虑道德问题。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,40,4省略（Omission）,You cannot build a sh
29、ip, a bridge or a house if you dont know how to make a design or how to read it.不会制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造船，架桥或盖房子。It took him a long time to reach the bottom and to couch behind a little dwarf palm.他费了很长时间才从山上爬下来，蹲到一棵矮小的棕榈树后面。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,41,Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he w
30、as the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,42,5增词（Amplification）,英语中没有量词，助词，翻译时赢根据上下文的需要予以增加。有些英语的不及物动
31、词必须增加宾语意思才完整。No Smoking!I could knit when I wan seven.Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?如果对自己的错误都不认识，怎么能悔恨和改正呢？,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,43,It should, however, be borne in mind that this process itself might involve a chain of difficulties, in this
32、case of a political nature.但是应该记住，这个过程本身也许会带来一系列的困难，在此情况下，这些困难是政治性的。（短语句子）,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,44,6重复（Repetition）,Practically every river has an upper, a middle and a lower part. 上游，中游，下游If an atom contains three protons, it must have three electrons to be electrically neutral. 如果一个原子含
33、有三个质子，这个原子必然有三个电子，使之不带电荷。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,45,And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.(35 words)许多人认为：普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比较，他们并且认为这些科学家的思维过程
34、必须经过某种转么训练才能掌握。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,46,7反译法（Negation）,The organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people set on it.到目前为止，这个组织辜负了人们对它寄予的希望。Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the garage.他突然听到背后有声响，便立刻意识到车库里还有别人。,2002-3-9,Prepared by
35、 Orchard Zhan,47,8分译法（Division）。,英语长句多，为了符合汉语表达习惯，可将英语长句拆成短句。It was a real challenge that those who had learned from us now excelled us.过去向我们学习的人，现在反而超过了我们。这对我们确实是一个鞭策。It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.这个局势对国际安全是个威胁，这样的说法是完全正确的。,2002-3-9,Prepared by
36、 Orchard Zhan,48,Long after the 1998 World Cup wan won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing(裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team.1998年世界杯被捧走后很久，失望的球迷们还在咒骂哪些有争议的裁定，因为这些裁定使他们所支持的球队无法获胜。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,49,Probably there is not one here who has not
37、in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes or natural phenomena.在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上
38、是完全一样的。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,50,9常见短语和重要句型的翻译,1) It goes without saying that 不言而喻的是 2) It is common knowledge that 众所周知的是 3) It occurs to me that 我突然想起 4) It is not thatbut that 并不是说而是说,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,51,It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in th
39、e other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. 这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchar
40、d Zhan,52,5)某些含蓄否定得翻译While he liked the work, he pointed out areas where improvement was possible.他在欣赏这副作品的同时，又指出了它的不足之处。He is at a loss what to do. 他不知道该做什么。To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. 批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就像批评温度计不能测风
41、速一样。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,53,Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined. 提炼矿石的工厂通常不是设在开采矿石的国家，而是设在其它国家。6) more than 与其说不如说 She is more like his mother than like his teacher.,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,54,7) no
42、more than和一样都不There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.他们没有理由限制你服用多少维生素，就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。The laws of Political Economy can no more be violated than those of physical science.,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,55,8) not all ,
43、 all is not并不是都All that glitters is not gold. Both of the books are not hopeful.Everyone doesnt want to go to the concert.9) cannot too 无论也不过分We cant praise him too much. You cant be too careful.,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,56,10) much less still lessto say nothing of 更不用说not to mention let al
44、oneHe knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry.In old china, there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry.All they have to do is to press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind, not to mention political disc
45、ussions and the latest exciting football match.,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,57,11) so that 如此以至于 However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects. 然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。And home a
46、ppliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage. 家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心里疾病厨房狂躁。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,58,The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the we
47、ll studied languages of Europe an Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,59,这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,60,12) not so much as 与其说不如说Science move
48、s forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,61,13) not because (否定转移)并不是因为 not in order to 并不是为了 The police didnt arrest me because I committed any crime. They sa
49、id I was wandering on the street with the intent of committing an arrestable offense.I do not teach because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.People do not shake off the colonialists yoke in order to put on the imperialists.,2002-3-9,Prepared by Orchard Zhan,62,14) anything but 一点也不，决不 noth
50、ing but 就是，仅仅， but for 要不是The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely. But for your timely help, we couldnt have finished the work on time.,
