1、英语、汉语亲属翻译,英语亲属词系统相对简单，分列如下： 1. great-grandparent：great-grandfather, great-grandmother 2. grandparent：grandfather，grandmother；granduncle，grandaunt 3. parent：father，mother 4. uncle and aunt：uncle，aunt 5. parent-in-law：father-in-law，mother-in-law,6. spouse：husband，wife 7. sibling：brother，sister 8. cous
2、in：cousin 9. offspring：child，son，daughter-in-law，son-in-law，daughter 10. nephew and niece：nephew，niece 11. grandchild：grandson, granddaughter 12. great-grandchild：great-grandson，great-granddaughter,汉语亲属词系统，涉及书面语和口语，高雅和粗俗说法，正式和亲昵称呼，远比英语亲属词系统复杂，现将二者比较，分述如下: 1. 曾祖 great-grandparent 曾祖父、太爷、老爷爷 great-gra
3、ndfather 曾祖母、太婆、老奶奶 great-grandmother,2. 祖父母 paternal grandparent 祖父、爷爷 fathers father；paternal grandfather 祖母、奶奶 fathers mother；paternal grandmother,3.叔伯祖 paternal granduncle 伯祖父、伯公 paternal grandfathers elder brother 伯祖母、伯婆 paternal grandfathers elder brothers wife,叔祖父、叔公 paternal grandfathers you
4、nger brother 叔祖母、叔婆 paternal grandfathers younger brothers wife,4. 外祖父母 maternal grandparent 外祖父、外公、姥爷 mothers father；maternal grandfather 外祖母、外婆、姥姥 mothers mother; maternal grandmother,5. 父母parent： 父母、爹娘、爹妈、双亲、二老parents; 父亲、父、大大、大、爹爹、爹、老爹、阿爹、爸爸、爸、阿爸 father/male parent 亲父、亲爹 ones own father/natural
5、father 继父、异父、后爹、后爸 step father 养父、寄父 adoptive father,义父、干爹、干爸 foster father 先父、先考、显考 late father/deceased father 教父 god-father,母亲、母、阿母、娘、老娘、阿娘、妈妈、妈、阿妈 mother/parent 亲母、亲娘、亲妈 ones own mother/natural mother 庶母、妾母、姨娘 fathers concubine 继母、异母、后娘、后妈 step mother 养母、寄母 adoptive mother,义母、干娘、干妈 foster mother
6、 先母、先妣、显妣 late mother/deceased mother 教母 god mother,6. 叔伯舅姑姨母 uncle 伯父、伯伯、大伯、大爷 fathers elder brother；paternal uncle 伯母、大妈、大娘 fathers elder brothers wife,叔父、叔叔 fathers younger brother；paternal uncle 叔母、婶母、婶娘、婶婶、婶子、婶儿 fathers younger brothers wife； 姑父、姑夫、姑丈fathers sisters husband；,姑母、姑姑、姑、姑妈fathers s
7、ister；paternal aunt； 舅父、舅舅、舅、阿舅 mothers brother；maternal uncle； 舅母、舅妈、舅娘 mothers brothers wife,姨父、姨夫 mothers sisters husband 姨母、姨妈、姨、姨娘、阿姨 mothers sister；maternal aunt,7. 岳父母 parent-in-law 岳父、岳丈、丈人 wifes father；father-in-law； 岳母、丈母、丈母娘 wifes mother ; mother-in-law； 公公、公爹 husbands father；father-in-la
8、w； 婆婆、婆母 husbands mother；mother-in-law,8. 配偶 spouse： 夫妻、夫妇、伉俪 husband and wife；couple； 小两口 young couple； 老两口、老夫老妻 old couple,新婚夫妻 newly married couple 丈夫、夫、夫婿、女婿、爱人、对象、男人、男的、先生、汉子、老公、外子、掌柜的、当家的、孩子他爸、孩子他爹、老伴儿、老头子、爷们儿 husband；,前夫former husband；ex-husband 亡夫 late husband/deceased husband 鳏夫 widower,未婚夫
9、fiance 妻子、妻、爱人、对象、女人、女的、夫人、太太、老婆、婆娘、内子、内掌柜的、女掌柜的、女当家的、家里的、屋里的、孩子他妈、孩子他娘、老伴儿、老婆子、娘们儿、娘子、媳妇儿、内助 wife；,前妻 former wife；ex-wife 亡妻 late wife/deceased wife 寡妇、遗孀 widow 未婚妻fiancee 大老婆、正房 legal wife 妾、小老婆、偏房、姨太太 concubine,9 兄弟姐妹 sibling： 兄长、兄、哥哥、哥、阿哥 elder brother 嫂嫂、嫂子 elder brothers wife,兄弟、弟弟、弟、阿弟 younge
10、r brother 弟媳、弟妹 younger brothers wife 姐姐、姐、阿姐、姊姊、阿姊 elder sister,姐夫、姐丈 elder sisters husband 妹妹、妹、妹子、阿妹 younger sister 妹夫、妹丈 younger sisters husband 胞兄、亲兄 blood elder brother,胞弟、亲弟 blood younger brother 胞姐、亲姐 blood elder sister 胞妹、亲妹 blood younger sister 孪生兄弟twin brothers,孪生姐妹 twin sisters 孪生兄、孪生弟tw
11、in brother 孪生姐、孪生妹 twin sister 继兄 step elder brother 继弟 step younger brother,继姐 step elder sister 继妹 step younger sister 同父异母兄弟 half-brother 同母异父兄弟 half-brother,同父异母姐妹 half-sister 同母异父姐妹 half-sister 义兄、义哥 foster elder brother 义弟 foster younger brother,义姐 foster elder sister 义妹 foster younger sister
12、结拜兄弟、把兄弟 sworn brother 结拜姐妹sworn sister,10. 堂兄弟姐妹paternal cousin 姑表兄弟姐妹 paternal cousin 堂兄 paternal uncles elder son,堂弟 paternal uncles younger son 堂姐 paternal uncles elder daughter 堂妹 paternal uncles younger daughter,姑表兄 paternal aunts elder son 姑表弟 paternal aunts younger son 姑表姐 paternal aunts eld
13、er daughter 姑表妹 paternal aunts younger daughter,11. 舅表兄弟姐妹maternal cousin与姨表兄弟姐妹maternal cousin 舅表兄 maternal uncles elder son 舅表弟 maternal uncles younger son 舅表姐 maternal uncles elder daughter 舅表妹 maternal uncles younger daughter,姨表兄 maternal aunts elder son 姨表弟 maternal aunts younger son 姨表姐 matern
14、al aunts elder daughter 姨表妹 maternal aunts younger daughter,12. 内兄 brother-in-law与大姨子sister-in-law 内兄、妻兄、大舅子 wifes elder brother 内弟、妻弟、小舅子 wifes younger brother 大姨子、妻姐 wifes elder sister 小姨子、妻妹 wifes younger sister 连襟 wifes sisters husband,大伯子 husbands elder brother 小叔子 husbands younger brother 妯娌 h
15、usbands brothers wife 大姑子 husbands elder sister 小姑子husbands younger sister,13. 子女 offspring 子女、儿女、孩子 child；offspring 儿子、儿、子、男、男孩、小子 son 女儿、女、女孩、闺女、姑娘、丫头 daughter 亲生子女 natural child 亲生子 natural son,亲生女 natural daughter 婚生子女 legitimate child 婚生子 legitimate son 婚生女 legitimate daughter,非婚生子女、私生子女 illegi
16、timate child 非婚生子、私生子illegitimate son 非婚生女、私生女 illegitimate daughter,嗣子 heir； 嗣女 heiress 立嗣养子女 adopted child 立嗣养子 adopted son 立嗣养女adopted daughter,继子女 step child 继子 step son； 继女 step daughter 养子女foster-child； 养子 foster son 养女 foster-daughter,教子女 god-child 教子 god-son； 教女 god-daughter 独生子女、独苗 only chi
17、ld,独生子、独子 only son 独生女 only daughter 孪生子女、双胞胎 twins 孪生子、双生子twin sons 孪生女、双生女 twin daughters,14. 女婿 son-in-law 儿媳 daughter-in-law 女婿、婿 daughters husband；son-in-law 儿媳、儿媳妇、媳妇儿 sons wife；daughter-in-law,15. 侄 nephew 侄子、侄儿、侄 brothers son；wifes brothers son；nephew 侄女brothers daughter；wifes brothers daugh
18、ter；niece,外甥 sisters son；wifes sisters son；nephew 外甥女 sisters daughter；wifes sisters daughter；niece,16. 孙子女grandchild 孙子女 sons child；grandchild 孙子 sons son；grandson 孙女 sons daughter；granddaughter 外孙子 daughters child；grandchild,外孙子 daughters son；grandson 外孙女 daughters daughter；granddaughter 重孙子女、曾孙子女
19、 great-grandchild 重孙、曾孙 great-grandson 重孙女、曾孙女 great-granddaughter,通用性与专用性 中国封建社会历史久远，多代同堂的外延家庭 extended family长期构成社会基本组成单位。 其辈分等级森严，长尊幼卑，年龄顺序与地位紧密相关，成员关系错综复杂，相应的亲属词分工明确，其意义显得相当重要，具有专用性的语义特征。 而英、美等英语国家，虽在历史上也曾有过外延家庭的结构模式，但在进人工业社会后，这种大家庭数量急剧减少，甚至逐渐消失，而被核心家庭 nuclear family 所取代。 家庭规模缩小，结构模式变更，家庭成员减少，亲属关系趋于简单。 反映家庭关系的亲属词呈现通用性的语义特征。,
