1、单击此处编辑母版标题样式单击此处编辑母版副标题样式* 1Session 10 n语篇衔接Narrative Function of TextsnA text is a combination of a variety of communication functions, for example, description, narration and argumentation.nThe narrative function is the function of communicating dynamic messages such as actions, activities and eve
2、nts.Narrative Discourse Elementsn Backgroundn Charactersn Eventsn Endingn Commentsn eg. It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.n (1) 我原拟于一月份访问中国，后来不得不推迟，令我十分失望。n (2)我十分失望，我不得不推迟访问的日程。我原本打算一月份访问中国。 Textn An English text can be see
3、n as an organic whole with sentences inter-connected and meanings linked up.n Sentences not only have ostensive glutinosity（ 外显粘合性） , but also internal semantic and functional unity and reference（ 内在聚合性与互参性） . Text?nThere was no possibility of a walk that day. Income tax rates for 1984 have already
4、been announced. What is the defining characteristic of regulate? Surely you did not tell her how it happened? TextualitynCohesion（衔接）nCoherence（连贯）CohesionnThe concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text.(Halliday
5、the way of linking up all parts of discourse.n It may exist inter-paragraph or inter-sentence, and may exist within a sentence between different parts. n It is the tangible network of a text.Cohesion 5 TypesnReference (照应 )nSubstitution (替代 )nEllipsis (省略 )nConjunction (连接词语 )nLexical Cohesion (词汇衔接
6、 )n (Halliday conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.n (F.Bacon， On Studies)n 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。Cohesion at Work Conjunctionn Use of Connectives to show time, cause and effect, concession, conditions, etc.n eg. Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. W
7、riting uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker
8、 is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speake
9、rs and writers are aware of the differences. Cohesion at Work Conjunctionn Use of Connectives to show time, cause and effect, concession, conditions, etc.n eg. Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was deve
10、loped about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they
11、 are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of these differences. Cohesion at Work Lexical Cohesionn
12、Use of other lexical means to show logical relations between different parts of a text n eg. Later on, precisely because of the erroneous decision by the U.S. government, tension emerged in the Taiwan Straits. Given this fact, it is the United States which has to think how they can change the situat
13、ion.n 由于美国的错误决定，造成了这样的形势。美国应该想想如何改变这种局面。ExercisenPlease look through a short essay. Mark the places where cohesive ties are used to achieve “ostensive glutinosity”. How well does this help you understand the concept of “cohesion”?Examples Analysisn 几天来，我同霍克总理和澳大利亚政府其他领导人进行了深入和有益的会谈，同澳大利亚各界人士进行了广泛的接触
14、。我对中澳关系的前景更加满怀信心。中澳友好一定能够不断发展，成为不同国家与社会制度间和平共处的范例。我愿对澳大利亚政府和人民表示感谢，还要感谢贵国新闻界对我访问所作的友好报导。Examples Analysisn 在这美好的深秋时节，我们非常高兴在广州迎来参加第七届香港特别行政区行政长官特设国际顾问委员会会议的各位委员和代表。昨天，顾问委员会会议在香港隆重开幕；今天，会议在广州继续举行，充分体现了粤港两地兄弟般的友谊，也充分体现了粤港之间密切的合作关系。在此，我代表广东省人民政府，对各位国际顾问委员会委员和香港特别行政区代表团全体成员的到来表示热烈的欢迎，并预祝会议取得圆满成功！ Exampl
15、es Analysisn 女士们、先生们、朋友们，阔步迈向现代化的广东离不开世界，世界的发展需要广东。开放、开明、务实、兼容的广东人民热诚欢迎世界各国各地区的朋友们前来广东参观考察、投资兴业、经商贸易，在互利中寻求合作，在合作中促进发展，在发展中实现共赢！ Examples Analysisn 中国有句古语：他山之石，可以攻玉。这句话给我们以启示：经济资源的有效配置，需要打破国界。中美之间的经贸合作，使资源能够在各国之间进行有效地配置，能够形成适应各国发展特点的国际分工格局。在这一过程中，广州不再是我们自己的广州，它将走向世界，纳入国际经济体系之中。Examples Analysisn 中国加
16、入 WTO以后，我们的市场已经成为向外国企业开放的国际化市场，我们的产业也必将成为世界产业链条中的一个组成部分。顺应经济全球化大趋势，加强与美国的贸易投资合作，促进广州与美国的经济发展，这是我们的城市向各位与会者表达的积极愿望，也是我们今后不懈努力的目标！Examples Analysisn 进入新世纪，面对新形势新任务，高等教育面临着新的发展机遇和严峻挑战。我们希望与海内外大学及友好机构共同努力，增进了解与友谊，扩大交流与合作，进而共同推动高等教育事业不断向前发展。同时，也热切希望大家给予广东外语外贸大学治校办学更多的关心、指导和支持。我们相信，有了大家宝贵的指导和帮助，广东外语外贸大学教育
17、事业必将不断取得新的发展和进步。 Examples Analysisn 湖南是中国中部一个重要省份，总面积 21万多平方公里，人口 6697.7万。在座的各位或许有的还不了解湖南，但想必都知道中国的孔子、秦始皇、蔡伦、成吉思汗、毛泽东等。在美国学者麦克 .哈特的著作影响人类历史进程的100名人排行榜中，中国有 8人列入，蔡伦是中国古代四大发明中造纸术的发明者，毛泽东是中国人民的伟大领袖，这两位名人都是湖南人。 Examples Analysisn 广州与欧洲经贸合作由来已久。早在改革开放之初，广州市就在汽车、机械、电子等方面与欧洲国家进行了不少的合作。近几年，广州市通过 “走出去 ”、 “请进
18、来 ”、 “以商引商 ”等方式，与欧盟各国展开了广泛的经贸合作，取得了喜人的成果。广州与欧盟各国的经贸合作交流前景广阔，潜力巨大。在此，热诚欢迎在座的欧中联合商会推介欧盟企业到广州开创新事业，同时，也希望我们广州的企业家到欧盟开拓市场。我相信，广州良好的投资环境、人力资源和欧盟企业传统的科技优势、现代经营理念相结合，将产生巨大的发展能量，双方企业家必能取得双赢的丰硕果实。 Examples Analysisn 中美知识产权圆桌会议已经成功地举办了两次，会议的举办对加强中美在知识产权领域的沟通和了解，特别是加强对中国知识产权保护工作的了解发挥了积极作用。我认为，象这样本着合作的精神，加强交流，增进理解，有助于促进保护知识产权工作的健康发展。 Examples Analysisn 在座各位多年来对中国知识产权的发展非常关心，你们不仅是前两次圆桌会议的见证人，同时也是中国知识产权保护工作不断发展和进步的见证人。相信你们已经看到，在刚刚过去的一年中，中国的知识产权保护工作又有了新的进步，我们重点在加强内部协调，强化刑事执法和开展专项整治等方面做了大量工作，并取得了明显进展。
