1、第 六 章 增词与省略翻译,By Xu Xiaomei November, 2013,Teaching Objectives,To learn the translation techniques of : amplification and omission,Teaching Focus : How to make the translation more accurate by using the adopted techniques Teaching Methods: Combination of explanation, analysis and practice Time Arran
2、gement: 4 periods,References,郭著章，英汉互译实用教程 冯庆华，实用翻译教程 张培基，英汉翻译教程 孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程M. 上外教出版社； 彭长江. 英汉汉英翻译教程M. 湖南师大出版社， 冯伟年，最新简明英语翻译教程M，世界图书出版公司，2001 陈宏薇，新编汉英翻译教程M.上海外语教育出版社，2004 许建平.英汉翻译实践与技巧M.清华大学出版社2000,增词法 Amplification,教学目的：让学生了解常用翻译技巧“增词” 教学重点：增词 教学难点：如何在翻译实践中中应用这一技巧 教学方法：技巧分析与翻译练习相结合 教学参考书：郭著章的英汉互译翻
3、译教程、张培基的英汉翻译教程、吕瑞昌的汉英翻译教程和彭长江的英汉汉英翻译教程 教学时间：2节课,I. Definition of amplification,Amplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to
4、or to subtract any meaning from the original work.,However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his or her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the language to be translated into. In fact it is precisely for
5、the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”.,This is because English and Chinese are two entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background. Therefore, many ideas, idiomatic expressions and phrases, e
6、tc. that are well understood in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to the original patterns without alteration and consequently amplification is adopted in dealing with such occasions.,1. A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper. 译文1： 一本书，紧紧合上，只是一叠纸。 译文2：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠纸。 译文3：一本书
7、，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。 译文4：闲置之书只是一叠废纸。,2. Success is often just an idea away. 译文1：成功往往只是一个念头的距离。 译文2：成功往往只是一念之差。 译文3：成功与否往往只是一念之差。,4. Away flies the arrow! 译文1：箭飞走了！ 译文2：箭嗖的一声飞走了！ 或：嗖，箭飞走了！,II. Classification of Amplification in English-Chinese Translation,1. Lexical Amplification（从词汇上考虑的增词） This kind of
8、 amplification includes: amplification by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, category words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns. These kinds of words are amplified so that they can express the intended or implied lexical or contextual meani
9、ngs of the SL text clearly and exactly, or in other words, they are amplified so as to make the implied lexical meanings in the SL text concrete, clear, and idiomatic.,1. 1 增加动词 Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this! (Mark Twain: The Prince and the Pauper) 译文一：啊，汤姆康第，生在破烂、肮
10、脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！ 译文二：汤姆康第原来(who was born)生在可怜巴巴的人家(in misery)，穿得破破烂烂(in rags)，一身邋里邋遢(in dirt)，现在(what sight is this)换了这身装束，啊，是何等气派！, She felt the flowers were in her fingers, on her lips, growing in her breast. 译文:1：她觉得手里和唇上都是花儿，胸中也生长着花儿。 译文2：她觉得她好像手里拿着花，嘴里吻着花，连胸中也生出了花。 译文3：她觉得自己好像手里拿着花，嘴边吻着花， 自
11、己也像花儿一样开放了。,1. 2 增加名词 A. 在抽象名词后面增加名词 After all preparations were made, the plane took off. (准备工作) The arrogance of the aristocracy helped to lead to the French Revolution. （傲慢的态度） From the evaporation of water people know that liquids can turn into gases under certain condition. （水分蒸发的现象）,B. 在具体名词后面
12、增加名词 (两种情形) a) 当具体名词表达某种抽象概念时，在译文中也常常需要根据上下文增加一些适当的名词。 He allowed the father to be overruled (驳回reject a proposal of a person) by the judge，and declared his own son guilty。 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，判决自己儿子有罪。,b) 在具体名词后面增加名词，避免译文含混，使译文符合汉语习惯。 In this way she brings the ends of her life together with a terrifyin
13、g rush: she is a girl, a wife, a mother, widow, all at once. 就这样，她急速地将自己一生七零八碎的事像竹筒倒豆子似的全兜了底：她做姑娘时的事，做妻子时的事，做母亲时的事，守寡时的事，通通搅和在一起。, Many great writers were not appreciated fully while they were alive. （作家的作品）,C. 在形容词前面增加名词 This new type of computer is indeed cheap and fine. 这台新型的计算机真是价廉物美。 He is a co
14、mplicated man-moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak. 他是一个性格复杂的人喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢。,D. 在不及物动词后面增加名词 英语中的某些动词在用作不及物动词的时候，虽然后面并没有带宾语，但宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的。所以在翻译成汉语时，往往要把隐含的宾语翻译出来。 Wash before meal. Shopping-bag ladies do not drink. Steel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust. （涂油漆） Mary
15、 washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia. （洗衣服）,1. 3 增加概括词,概括词是英汉两种语言所共有的，但有时英语句子中并没有出现概括词，而翻译的时候却往往可以加入“两人”、“双方”、“等”、“等等”、“凡此种种”等概括词，同时省略掉英语中的连接词。 Like most wildlife，deer reproduce，grow，and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. 与大多
16、数野生动物一样，鹿在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋两季，繁殖、生长, 储存脂肪。, The advantages of the hall are bright, spacious, fashionable and without echo. 这座大厅有四大优点：明亮、宽敞、样式新颖、没有回声。 Or：这座大厅具有明亮、宽敞、样式新颖、没有回声等优点。 In the 1960s, the Soviets posed a serious challenge to Americas hegemonic (霸权的) position militarily, politically and economica
17、lly. 20世纪60年代，苏联在军事、政治、经济等方面对美国的霸权地位提出了严峻的挑战。,1. 4 增加副词,为了确切地表达原意，有些动词在一定场合可根据原文的上下文增加适当的副词。 To make sure that my parents understood, I declared that I wanted nothing else. 为了让父母切实了解我的心思，我特意宣布，别的我什么也不想要。,增加副词, Instead, we are embarrassed and shrug off the words we are really so glad to hear. 相反，我们往往
18、感到十分尴尬，对于我们实际上很乐意听到的话耸耸肩不屑理睬。,1. 5 增加量词,1.5.1 增加名量词 英语中数词与可数名词往往可以直接连用，不用加量词。而汉语往往要加量词。 Old age is like a plane flying through a storm. Once you are aboard, theres nothing you can do. 老年就像一架在暴风雨中穿行的飞机，一旦你上去了，一切都将无能为力。 A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。,2018年12月28日星期五,1.5.2 增加
19、动量词,Once they had a quarrel.,有一次，他们吵了一架。,Herb gave her a sly look.,赫伯偷偷地看了她一眼。,1. 6 增加表达复数的词,汉语中的名词没有复数概念，也没有词形上的变化，很多 情况下不必表达出来；而英语中的名词有词形的变化，但 没有量词，所以在翻译成汉语的时候，可根据情况增加重 叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达复数的概念，以达到修辞果。 1.6.1 增加重叠词表示复数 All roads lead to Rome. 条条大道通罗马。 Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。,1.6.2 增加
20、数词或其他词表示复数 Mr. Hobbs didnt talk over my suggestions with his brother until yesterday afternoon. The lion is the king of animals.,2018年12月28日星期五,英语名词的数在汉语中的翻译,（1）英语名词有可数与不可数之分，这导致英语名词单复数意义不同。如：,water; waters,水； 水域、河流,b) sand;sands,沙子； 大面积沙滩、沙漠,2018年12月28日星期五,c) food;foods,食物； 各种食品,d) lamb;lambs,羔羊肉；
21、羔羊,e) rubber;rubbers,橡胶； 胶鞋,f) force;forces,力量； 军队,（2）许多英语单词复数概念在英译汉中不必译出。尤其英语习惯用复数而汉语习惯用单数的名词。如：,a) labor relations,劳资关系,2018年12月28日星期五,b) stores records,库存记录,c) bank clearings,银行票据结算,d) market forces,市场约束力，市场约束力,（3）增加具体数目词语，如：,a) parallel bars b) seasons of the year c) colors of the rainbow,双杠 一年四
22、季 七色彩虹,d) Yet I lived in the very underworld, rubbing shoulders with all walks of life that I had hated before.,我就生活在我曾憎恨的下层社会中，整天与三教九流的人摩肩接踵。（rub shoulders 紧挨着，混在一起),1.7 Amplifying words in the TL text that can indicate the verb tenses in the SL text. (增加表达时态的词) As the Chinese language is the one w
23、hose verbs cannot manifest tenses while the English language is the one whose verbs can well indicate tenses, in English-Chinese translation, adverbs are supplied or amplified to indicate the tenses that are manifested by the verbs in the English text.,英语时态是靠动词的词形变化或助词来体现的。汉语中的动词没有时态的变化，要表达时态就必须靠时态助
24、词和一些表示时间的词。所以，在表达过去的概念时往往加上“曾”、“已经”、“过”、“了”等字眼在表达进行时态时往往用“在”、“正在”、“着”等字眼在表达将来时态时往往用“将”、“就”、“要”、“会”、“便”等字眼。此外，为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对比，往往增加一些其他的词。,1.7.1 强调某种时间概念 I had never thought Id be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was. 以往我从未想过，当我发觉人们认为我是无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况确实如此。1.7.2 强调时间上的对
25、比 Man，was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions. 人类过去，现在以及将来都一直在努力改善自己的生活条件。,It was said that his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are. 听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。 The surgeons werent sure how long my new joints would last. But they re holding up fine. 那些
26、外科医生当时不能肯定我的新关节能维持多久，但是它们至今还是运转良好哩。,3. Syntactical Amplification (从句法结构上考虑的增词) Omission is very frequently used in English for rhetorical or syntactical purposes. When we translate English sentences with omission into Chinese, however, in nine cases out of ten, we have to supply in the target text w
27、hat has been omitted in the source text. Otherwise, the meaning in the TL text would be neither complete nor smooth or idiomatic.,3.1 增补原文中省略的动词 这里所说的原文中省略的动词，指的是在并列关系的复句中由于前后两句的结构相同且使用相同的谓语动词，为了避免重复而在后句中省略的动词。在翻译成汉语的时候，出于句法上的需要，有时还需要将动词补出。另外，在某些英语句子当中由于一个谓语动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中往往要重复这个动词。当这个动词后有前置词时，在第二次
28、第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词。, Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。 Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇敢过度即成蛮勇，感情过度即成溺爱，节俭过度即成贪婪。 Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection (in excess becomes) weak
29、ness, thrift (in excess becomes) avarice., A government of and by and for the exploiting class cannot possibly survive. 一个为剥削阶级所占有，由剥削阶级所组成并为剥削阶级服务的政府是不可能存在下去的。 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. (Francis Bacon) 读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。,Histories make men wise; poems witty; mathemati
30、cs subtle; natural philosophy deep; morality grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深刻；伦理使人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辨。In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起
31、草最后公报。,3.2 增补原文比较句中的省略部分 This is true of nations as it is of individuals. 国家是这样，个人也是这样。（省略 true） Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 Note: Better be wise by the defeat of others than by the defeat of your own.,3.3 增补原文回答句中的省略部分 “Nothing but a pony?” My
32、 father asked. “Nothing,” I said.“除了小马什么也不要?”爸爸问。“除了小马什么也不要”，我说。 How shall l do it?” “Just as you wish.“这事我怎么办好?” “你想怎么办，就怎么办。 （Just do it as you wish.),3.4. 增补表示逻辑关系的词语 有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语，但根据上下文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系，如转折、假设、让步、因果关系等，在翻译成汉语的时候，要适当地在句中或句子之间补充关联词和承上启下的词。 (Amplification by supplying necessary
33、 transition words or connectives for the sake of cohesion. ）, The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature. 即使是最强有力的人也不能改变自然法则 I am in charge of the depot (depu, di:-) , only I. People will hold me responsible but not you. 只有我一个人负责管理这个仓库，出了事情别人找我，找不到你。 More thorough testing might have caught the
34、 failure initially. 如果测试更为彻底，也许一开始就能找出故障。, Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed. 准备工作完成不了，那可怎么办？ For mistakes had been made, bad ones. 因为已经犯下了许多错误，而且还是很严重的错误。,3.5 增补/重复同位语结构中的先行词 As a result, a few token meetings were being set up through Foggy Bottom, the more-than-ever appropriate
35、nickname for the Department of State. 结果在“雾谷”召开了几次象征性的会议。用“雾谷”这个绰号来称呼（美国）国务院是再贴切。不过的 (它描述了国务卿罗杰斯的影响虚无缥缈如雾，地位低下如谷。) Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity. 水可由能量来分解，所谓能量也就是电流。,4. Cultural Amplification (从文化上考虑的增词),英汉语言除了在语词对应、使用频率、语连模式、 省词结习等方面存在着区别之外，文化的巨大差 异所造成的文化缺省也促使译者在译文中增加一
36、 些解释成分和反映文化背景的信息，以提高其可 读性。,4. 1 增加比喻的喻意, Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard. 俗话说，衣柜里面藏骷髅，见不得人的事家家有。 Advice and correction roll off him like water off a ducks back. 劝导对他好像水过鸭背似的不起作用。,4.2 增加背景信息, The United States has now set up a loneliness industry. 美国现在已建立了一种为孤独的人们服务
37、的社会项目。 The blond boy quickly crossed himself. 那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字，祈求上帝保佑。 You must come back before nine. Period! 你必须九点前回来。没什么商量的余地。Period在口语中表示说话人不想让步。因此，此处增词是必须的。,5. Rhetorical Amplification （从修辞上考虑）,Rhetorical amplification is mostly employed for the sake of the smoothness of the translation. Therefo
38、re, rhetorical amplification is more often employed in the process of weighing the words (推敲), doing proofreading and polishing the style or manner of the translation. And the words that are amplified are generally modal particles (语气词), emphatic adverbs (强调性副词) and other words needed for rhetoric p
39、urposes.,These amplified words do not add, nor subtract the meanings of the SL text. Among them, the key words that are repeated in the translation for the purpose of making the translation clear, emphatic or vivid are also considered rhetorically amplified words.,汉语中的语气助词很多，如“的” “吧”、“啊” 、“呀” “嘛”、“吗
40、” 、“啦” 、“了”、 “罢了”、“而已”等等。不同的语气助词可以表示不同的含义。在英译汉时，增加一些恰当的语气助词可以更好地表达英语原文的含义和修辞色彩。另外，为了使译文更加生动通顺，译者也可以增加无损原意的四字词组，四字对偶词组和叠词。,5.1 增加一些恰当的语气助词可以更好地表达英语原文的含义和修辞色彩。, Dont take it seriously. Its only a joke. 不要认真嘛！这不过是开个玩笑而已。 As I snooze she talks of anything, everything, all the things that women talk of:
41、books, music, dress, men, other women. 我这边打着盹，她那里说着女人爱说的一切，什么书籍啦、音乐啦、服装啦、男人啦、别的女人啦，五花八门，包罗万象。,5. 2 增加四字词组，四字对偶词组或叠词, Target priorities were established there. 目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，是在那里确定的。 But there had been too much publicity about this case. 这件事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。, I had been completely honest in my replies
42、, withholding nothing 我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，直言无隐。 It was a bright September afternoon and the streets of New York were brilliant with moving men 这是九月的一个晴朗的下午，纽约的大街上，人来人往，五光十色。,III. Amplification in Chinese-English Translation,1. Amplification by supplying Pronouns （增加代词） 1) 大作收到，十分高兴。 I was very glad to have
43、received your writing. 2) 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.,汉英增词翻译,2. Amplification by adding necessary connectives, articles, or prepositions（增加连接词、冠词、介词）1) 留得青山在，不怕没柴
44、烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 2) 我们要对问题做全面的分析，才能妥善解决。 We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved.,3. Amplification by supplying necessary background words （增加背景知识词）1) 三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits
45、combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind. 2) 班门弄斧。 Showing off ones proficiency with an ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter.,In-class Practice 1,1. 广告是很赚钱的生意，大部分电台和电视台都是靠广告费收入而生存的。 2. 请报男式衬衫CIP阿姆斯特丹最低价。 3. 来稿有可取的，要帮助他加工，改好，发表。 4. 结婚大办筵席，实在可以免去了。,Keys to the In-class Practice 1,1.广告是很赚钱的生意，大部分电台和电
46、视台都是靠广告费收入而生存的。Commercial business is very profitable, and most radio and TV stations depend on the income . 2.请报男式衬衫CIP阿姆斯特丹最低价。Please quote your lowest price for mens shirt CIP Amsterdam. （注：CIP：Carriage and Insurance Paid to运费和保险费付至）,3.来稿有可取的，要帮助他加工，改好，发表。 Manuscripts which are acceptable but in
47、need of improvement should be allowed publication after they have been revised and polished by the editors. 4.结婚大办筵席，实在可以免去了。 The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with.(增加了“情况”一词),In-class Practice 2,1. The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of ours
48、is that he shall be able and willing to pull his weight. 要在我们这个共和国里当一个好公民，第一个必要的条件便是他能够而且愿意尽自己的本分。 (语义性增词） 2.They wanted a generation of Americans conditioned to loyalty and duty. (语义增词） 他们都希望把下一代美国人训练得忠于祖国，恪尽职责。(以为条件，使适应）,3.All empty souls tend to extreme opinion. 内心空虚的人爱走极端。 (语义增词） 4. Not to educa
49、te the child is to condemn him to repetitious ignorance. 不对儿童进行教育，就等于让儿童沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。 （语义增词） 5. A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money. 愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。 (结构性增词）,6. Saving is to an individual what profit is to a business. 一个人不能不储蓄，就像一个企业不能没有利润一样。(结构性增词） 7. Association with the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑。(结构性增词） 8. He deserves not the sweet that will not taste the sour. 不吃苦中苦，难得甜上甜。 （修辞性增词） 9. Fine words dress ill deeds. 花言巧语，罪恶行径。 (修辞增词） 漂亮的言词可以掩饰恶劣的行为。,
