1、,095班周艾芬 学号：20094210525,Foreignization & Domestication,Contents,Definition History and Development Examples Translation Strategy Choice of Foreignization or Domestication Representatives Conclusion Foreignization Vs. Literal Translation & Domestication Vs. Free Translation,Definition,Domestication r
2、efers to the target-culture-oriented translation in which unusual expressions to the target culture are exploited and turned into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible and easy for the target readers.Foreignization is a source-culture-oriented translation which strives to
3、 preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer the source language and culture into the target one.,归化（domestication）是指在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格，最大限度地淡化原文的陌生感的翻译策略。它应尽可能的使源语文本所反映的世界接近目的语文化读者的世界，从而达到源语文化与目的语文化之间的“文化对等”。 异化（foreignization）是指偏离本土主流价值观，保留原文的语言和文化差异；或指在一定程度上保留原文的异域性，故意打破目标语言常
4、规的翻译。它主张在译文中保留源语文化，丰富目的语文化和目的语的语言表达方式。,归化法是以目的语文化为归宿的翻译方法, 是基于人类文化和语言的个性而发展。要求译者向译语读者靠拢，采取译语读者习惯的译语表达方式，来传达原文的内容； 异化法则是以原语文化为归宿的翻译方法, 是基于人类文化和语言的共性而发展。要求译者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者使用的原语表达方式，来传达原文的内容。,History and Development,1813年施莱尔马赫在论翻译的方法一文中指出，对于具有文化内涵的地方，翻译的途径一般有两种，“一种是尽可能让作者安居不动，而引导读者去接近作者;另一种是尽可能让读者安居不动，而
5、引导作者去接近读者。” 异化和归化是在1995年由美国翻译理论家劳伦斯韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti）在译者的隐形（The Translators Invisibility）一书中提出来的。 美国翻译理论家劳伦斯韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti)将前者概括为foreignizingtranslation(异化)，后者为domesticatingtranslation(归化)。,韦努蒂认为，归化法是“采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语言的文化价值观，把原作者带进译入语文化”。以译入语为中心的归化翻译追求译文符合译入语语言及文化规范，较好地满足译入语读者较少异味的阅读需求，
6、易于使读者在付出最小努力的情况下便可达到最佳语境效果。,Examples,High buildings and large mansions are springing up like mushrooms in Beijing. 译文：在北京，高楼大厦犹如雨后春笋般地涌现。 将“like mushrooms ”译为“雨后春笋”符合中国的地貌风情和语言表达习惯。如果异化译法把它译为“犹如蘑菇般”，虽然体现了原文的风格，但是会让中国的读者难以接受。,She could not desert Tara; she belonged to the red acres far more than they
7、 could ever belong to her.（M. Mitchell: Gone with the Wind， p. 20） 译文：她不会放弃塔拉；她属于这些红土地，远比它们属于她更加真实。 上述的译文是按照原文的句法结构把far more than. 译成“远比它们属于她更加真实”，语言表达较生硬，意思不明确，让读者难理解。因此用归化法将其译成这样，似乎更合适：她不能放弃塔拉，这块红土地是属于她的，而她更是永远属于这块红土地。,As I remained in the Third Fourth three times as long as anyone else， I had thr
8、ee times as much of it. I learned it thoroughly. Thus I got into my bones the essential structure of the ordinary English sentencewhich is a noble thing. （W. Churchill：“Harrow”） 译文：因为我在四年级三班待得时间是别人的三倍，所以我所受的这种训练也是别人的三倍。我掌握得很彻底。就这样，普通英语句子的基本结构便深入到我的骨髓里这可是件了不起的事。 get something into ones bones 意思是“牢固掌握
9、”，如果这样归化翻译就舍弃了原文的形象语言，显不出原文的味道来。译者用异化法将其译为“深入到我的骨髓里”显得很生动。,“competitive products”一词，可译为“具有竞争力的产品”，而译为“拳头产品”就更为传神，并且更容易被中国读者所接纳。,High buildings and large mansions are springing up like mushrooms in Beijing. 译文：在北京，高楼大厦犹如雨后春笋般地涌现。 将“like mushrooms ”译为“雨后春笋”符合中国的地貌风情和语言表达习惯。如果异化译法把它译为“犹如蘑菇般”，虽然体现了原文的风格
10、，但是会让中国的读者难以接受。,In Movies,语音层面上的异化 “镭射”(laser) 、“模特儿”(model) 、“咖啡”(coffee); “功夫”、“普通话”、“关系”。 成语和习语层面的异化 “armed to teeth” 译为“武装到牙齿”;“ aneye for an eye , a tooth for a tooth”译为“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”“; All roads lead to Rome”译为“条条道路通罗马”“; ivory tower” 译为“象牙塔”。 “摊牌”译为“showones cards”“; 揭开新的一页”译为“turnover a new lea
11、f”“; 纸老虎”译为“paper tiger”“; 丢面子”译为“to lose ones face”“; 留面子”译为“to save ones face”。,以归化为主，适时的使用异化。 在阿甘正传中，阿甘在描述与珍妮的儿时友谊时说了这么一句“: From thatday on, we were always together. Jennyand me like peas and carrots.” 对于这句话的直接翻译似乎是“从那天起我们总是在一起。珍妮和我就像豌豆和胡萝卜一样”。但这句翻译对于中国观众来说是晦涩难懂的，而导致的原因正是对于文化差异的不恰当处理。在西方国家，豌豆和胡萝卜
12、常用在一起做菜，因而用在一起来比喻关系的密切。但中国观众无法理解这个比喻的文化内涵，单纯用直译的方法来翻译毫无疑问是不可取的。我们不妨用归化的手法将其译为“形影不离”，中国观众对于这一词语的含义非常熟悉，“形”和“影”的关系更是在汉语中有很多体现，如形单影只、形影相吊等。译为“形影不离”既能准确表达阿甘的语义，又能为读者接受。,Translation Strategy,异化翻译的两种常用策略就是直译和音译。直译 直译是用目的语中的“对应”词译出原语中的文化信息。这个“对应”词的语义及社会语用价值必须与原文的一致,尽可能多的保留原语文化特征,促进两种文化间的交流。 例: 又要马儿跑, 又要马儿不
13、吃草。 译文: You want the horse to run fast and you don t let it graze. 这句话的直译更能反映毛泽东的个人风格。,音译 音译法常用于英、汉语的人名、地名,专业词汇, 以及一些有特定文化意义的词汇。 如从汉到英词汇: 饺子(jiaozi)、荔枝lichi)、旗袍(chipao)、炒面 (chowmien)、丝silk)、叩头(kowtow)、道教(Taoism)、功夫kongfu)、台风 (typhoon)、四通(Stone,computer)、康佳(Konka,television)等。 从英到汉词汇: coffee(咖啡)、whis
14、k( 威士忌) 、sandwich(三文治)、 aspirin ( 阿司匹林) 、penicillin ( 盘尼西林) 、pound (磅)、volt ( 伏特) 、 ampere ( 安培) 、joule ( 焦耳) 、sofa (沙发)、engine ( 引擎) 、奔驰(Benz, automobile)、Achillesheel(阿基里斯的脚踵)等。,归化：短语、习语 eg: to grow likemushrooms 雨后春笋 butter flies in one s stomach紧张不安it rainscats and dogs大雨滂沱 once burned, twice sh
15、y一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳,祖国山水, 风格多样, 相对应而存在, 相比较而多姿。杭州西湖, 水榭歌台人工赋予它典雅美。蜀中仙山峨眉, 漂浮于云涛雾海, 呈秀色于烟雨漫漫的山林。誉满中华的桂林山水, 水秀山奇, 山水平分秋色。 译文： China is a land of scenic contrasts, each uniquely representing its own area: West Lake in Hangzhou with enchanting pavilion set in quiet surroundings, Mount Emei in Sichuan with peak
16、s peeping through mist and clouds, Guilin in Guangxi with panoramic views of mountainsand rivers.,评： 原文是旅游者的作品, 比喻、排比等多种修辞方式被采用对中国读者非常有吸引力。但是在译文中, 原来的表达“秀色于烟雨漫漫的山林”、“水秀山奇”等被删掉是为了免重复的信息。而且采用归化的方法, 目的使外国旅游者能清楚地得到主要的旅游信息。,影响异化与归化策略取舍的关键要素- 翻译动机,众多因素影响异化与归化策略的选择, 而译者的翻译动机是关键因素。 译者的目的如果是为了保持原语文化的风格, 实现文化
17、的传播与渗透, 会采用异化策略; 译者的目的如果是为了取悦于目的与读者, 保持目的语的文化风格,则会采用归化策略。 异化与归化各有利弊, 应辩证地运用。,Representatives,Foreignization: 杨宪益夫妇 Yang Xianyi coupleDomestication: David Hawkes,1、红楼梦 译文: A Dream of Red Mansions( 杨宪益) A Dream of Golden Days(Hawkes)2、真是“天有不测风云, 人有旦夕祸福。” 译文: “Truly,“ Storms gather without warning in n
18、ature, and bad luck befalls men overnight.”( 杨宪益) “I know “the weather and human life are both unpredictable.“ (Hawkes),很明显, 杨的版本采用了异化方法, Hawkes 则采用了归化方法。 例1 中表现得尤其明显, 扬把“天”译成“heaven( 天) “,保留了中国文化中占统治地位的佛教和道教的宗教色彩。Hawkes 则把天译成“God”( 上帝) , 放弃了中国文化中佛教的风格, 而用英国文化中的基督教风格来代替。 杨宪益, 中国翻译家, 希望把中国的文化更多更好地展示给
19、英美读者, 想让更多的英美读者理解中国的文化, 而Hawkes 送给英美读者的译本只是想让读者得到娱乐和消遣。他们在翻译策略上采用了完全相反的两种策略: 异化和归化。,谋事在人，成事在天 Yangs version: Man proposes,Heaven disposes.David Hawkes version: Man proposes, God disposes. 知人知面不知心。Yangs version: You can know a mans face but not his heart.Hawkes version: Appearances certainly are dece
20、ptive. 巧媳妇做不出没米的粥来。Yangs version: Even the cleverest housewife cannot cook a meal without rice. Hawkes version: Even the cleverest housewife cannot cook bread without flour.,得陇望蜀 Yangs version: The more you get, the more you want Hawkes version: One conquest breeds appetite for another. 心较比干多一窍，病如西子
21、胜三分 Yangs version: She looked more sensitive than Pikan, more delicate than His Shih. Hawke version: She had more chambers in her heart than the martyred Bi Gan; and suffered a little more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi.1、“比干” A prince noted for his great intelligence at the end of the Shang D
22、ynasty. 2、“西施” A famous beauty of the ancient kingdom of Yueh.,In the above examples, the two translators seem to be in conflict with their own methods in that the Yangs give clear and concise paraphrases while Hawkes translates them more literally, adding detailed explanations. Their translating me
23、thods are not unchanged from the very beginning to the end. In fact, they take different methods according to their needs and translating purposes.,异化与归化是翻译方法的两个极端, 各有其应用局限性, 而影响其采用的关键要素是翻译动机和目的。但完全采用归化或异化的翻译策略,就难以达到文化交流的目的, 而翻译的本质又是要达到文化的沟通。在全球经济一体化的进程中,如何既要保持本国文化的传统, 又要引进和吸收外国的先进文化, 实现各民族间文化的交流与共享
24、,Conclusion,Domestication and foreignization are two different strategies of translation and should complement with each other, because in translation practice, both methods have their functions which cannot be substituted. Both strategies are justified if used in suitable situations from the perspe
25、ctive of the functionalist theory.,If a translation is intended to widen the target addressees visions and to introduce the source culture into the target culture, the translator may choose foreignization. In this way, the source culture can be transferred into the target culture and further enrich
26、the target culture as well as language. However, this method is not suitable to the texts under all circumstances. Cultural faithfulness should not be acquired at the expense of a vague broken language, resulting in miscomprehension or making little readability of the target text into sense. Therefo
27、re translator should also take demestication into consideration when employing the foreignizing strategy.,Domestication and foreignization are not only not incompatible, but should complment with each other. They are just two different strategies of translation, we should not bring them to extremes:
28、 domestication does not mean translators can make adaptations at will, while foreignization does not equal word-for-word translation or static translation. What we should do is to draw a balance between the two sides, choosing one does not negate the application of another.,On the basis of a compreh
29、ensive analysis of various factors involved in translation, the translators follow both domestication and foreignization, and they can make decisions on the problems of which cultural factors in the original should be reserved and how to reserve them, which factors should be adapted so as to be acce
30、pted in the target culture and the extent of the adaption.,归化和异化只是翻译的一种策略，一种手段，无论是归化多些还是异化多些，只要我们在翻译的过程中能将二者结合得很好，将其辩证统一的关系充分体现，既再现了原作的风格，又结合了读者的文化及语言习惯，就是成功的翻译。 在翻译的过程中能将二者结合得很好，将其辩证统一的关系充分体现，既再现了原作的风格，又结合了读者的文化及语言习惯,Foreignization Vs. Literal Translation & Domestication Vs. Free Translation,Foreig
31、nization or domestication can be viewed as the “literal translation” and “free translation”? 从历史上看，异化和归化可以视为直译和意译的概念延伸，但又不完全等同于直译和意译。,Literal Translation,A translation that follows closely not only the content but also the form of the source language, it is also known as word-for-word translation. A
32、nd translators engaged in literalism have been willing to sacrifice the formal elements of the target language and even the intelligibility of the target language text for the sake of preserving what they regard as the integrity of the source text.,Free Translation,A translation that sacrifices the
33、form of the source language for the sake of elegance and intelligibility in the target language.,直译：就是译文既与原文内容一致，又与原文形式相同的翻译方法。直译可以对号入座，字字翻译，但很多时候必须在句子某些成分上作些调整或变动，才能使翻译出的“成品”成为既“忠实”又“流畅”的“再创作作品”。 意译：就是译文与原文内容保持一致，不拘泥于原文形式的翻译方法。意译包括用词的选择、句子的重新调整、隐含意思的恰当表达等,Examples of Free Translation, A：How often d
34、o you eat here, David? B：I eat here a lot. 应译为：“你多久来这吃一次啊，大卫？我经常来这吃。”如果把 “a lot”直译为“许多”或“很多很多”，这句话就不通顺了。 A： All his geese are swans.? B： John is really such a person.应译为：“他老是言过其实么？约翰就是这样一个人”。如果译成“他养的鹅都是天鹅。”，那听上去就会莫名其妙了。, It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. 家丑不可外扬。 Birds of a feather flock tog
35、ether. 物以类聚，人以群分。 Empty vessels make the most noise. 满瓶子不响，半瓶子晃荡。 False friends are worse than bitter enemies. 明枪易躲，暗箭难防。,词语方面， eg：the moon直译：月亮 意译：玉兔，月桂，婵娟。 月亮 直译：the moon 意译: Luna, queen of heaven 短语方面， eg：long hand直译：长手 意译：一字不漏。 drive ones pig to market直译：赶猪去市场 意译：打鼾 成语方面， eg：to kill two birds wi
36、th one stone直译：一石二鸟 意译：一箭双雕，一举两得。 过街老鼠直译：a rat crossing the street意译：the object of universal condemnation,Similarities,Literal translation and foreignization put emphasis on the linguistic and stylistic features of the source text, and the target text translated in these ways may not be very smooth
37、in language and the content may not be familiar to the target readers, so they may feel foreign when reading the translation.,Free translation and domestication pay more attention to the target audience, because of the smooth sentences, the familiar expressions and cultural phenomena, sometimes the
38、target readers may not realize that they are actually reading a translated text from another culture.,Differences,However, this does not mean the two pairs are just one. There are some differences between them. When a translator resorts to either literal translating method or free translating method
39、, he puts his attention mainly to the linguistic factors of the source text and tries his utmost to keep the original meaning in the target text.,With the development of the translation studies, plenty of translators and theorists have realized that translation is a far more complicated activity wit
40、h various cultural, poetic, political as well as economic factors related to it. Therefore, foreignization and domestication are a pair of new translation strategies which are more complex and extensive than literal translation and free translation method.,Conclusion:归化、异化区别于意译、直译,从历史上看，异化和归化可以视为直译和意译的概念延伸，但又不完全等同于直译和意译。直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，而异化和归化则突破了语言因素的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。,按韦努蒂（Venuti）的说法，归化法是“把原作者带入译入语文化”，而异化法则是“接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景”。 因此，直译和意译主要是局限于语言层面的价值取向，异化和归化则是立足于文化大语境下的价值取向两者之间的差异是显而易见的，不能混为一谈。,Thank you!,
