1、山东建筑大学毕业论文1环境工程专业词汇的特点及其翻译摘 要环境工程专业词汇的翻译属于科技英语翻译的范畴，其难度不仅在于其词汇的数目庞大和增长速度之快，而且还在于它独有的特征。科技英语是有别于普通英语的工具性语言，作为全球交流的工具，科技英语在传播科学理论技术方面起着举足轻重的作用。因此，了解科技英语词汇的特点，和翻译方法，对于从事教学或者是科技翻译工作者来说是一个必要的能力。本文主要探讨了下面五个方面的问题：1 环境工程英语词汇的分类，2 环境工程英语词汇的构成，3 环境工程英语词汇翻译的策略，4.翻译时词义的选择和表达，5 环境工程专业英语翻译者的基本素质。关键词：环境工程词汇 翻译技巧山东
2、建筑大学毕业论文2The Lexical Features of EnvironmentalEngineering English and their TranslationAbstractEnvironmental Engineering is part of scientific English, and its high degree of difficulty lies not only in terms of its large and growing number of new terms, but also in its unique characteristics. Scien
3、tific English is a tool different from the ordinary English. As a tool for global communication, the spread of English in the technical aspects of scientific theories play a decisive role. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of English vocabulary and their translation methods are helpful, f
4、or teachers and workers in the field. This article covers the Environmental Engineering classification of its vocabulary, its composition, its translation strategy.Key words：Environmental Engineering Vocabulary; translation skills山东建筑大学毕业论文3CONTENTSAbstract.iv摘要vIntroduction1Chapter 1 The Classifica
5、tion of Environment Engineering Specialized Vocabulary.2 1.1 Technical Words.21.2 Sub/semi-technical Words. .21.3 Common Words.3Chapter 2 The Features of environment engineering specialized vocabulary.42.1 Latin or Greek Origin.42.2 Affixation.42.3Compounds and Shortening.42.3.1 Compounds.52.3.2 Sho
6、rtening.52.4Analogy.52.5 Coinage of New 山东建筑大学毕业论文4Words.6Chapter 3 Environmental Engineering English Vocabulary Translation Strategy .73.1 Free Translation.73.2 Transliteration.73.3 Transliteration and Freetranslation.8Chapter 4 Word Choice and Expression in the Translation .94.1 The Choice of the
7、Right Meaning.94.2 The Choice of Proper Expression.94.2.1 derived meaning.94.2.2 conversion of part of speech. 10Chapter 5 The qualifications of Environmental Engineering Translation . 115.1 Accumulated Expertise.115.2 Professional Knowledge.115.3 Extensive Reading.115.4 Consult the Dictionaries.12C
8、onclusion 13References 14Acknowledgement 15山东建筑大学毕业论文5IntroductionThe interpretation of environment engineering specialized vocabulary belongs to the translation of Scientific English. It is difficult not only because of the large amount, but also because of its rapid increase. Whats more, it has it
9、s own characteristics. Specialized vocabulary is different from the common English. As the most important media of global communication, specialized vocabulary is rather important in the area of spreading scientific theories and technology. So comprehending the feature of specialized vocabulary and
10、the interpreting skills are very important to the instructors and the translators.山东建筑大学毕业论文6Chapter 1The Classification of Environment Engineering Epecialized VocabularyEnvironment engineering specialized vocabulary includes technical words, sub/semi-technical words and common words. The using of t
11、echnical words are just limited to some specialty; sub/semi-technical words are transformed from common words, in addition to their own meaning, they also have other meanings in different subjects. In scientific and technical literatures, technical words are less than technical words or sub/semi-tec
12、hnical words.1.1 Technical WordsTechnical words refer to the vocabularies or glossaries which are only subject-based. Environment engineering specialized vocabulary have a series of exact and narrow words. The naissance of these words always goes with the development of chemistry, physics, biology o
13、r other relevant fields and the naissance of new concepts, new theories, new technologies or new products.For example: The word photochemical（光化学） in the phrase photochemical smog（光化学烟雾） was created by the scientist after London smog episode. This word is just used to describe a kind of pollution, w
14、e can hardly see it in common words.1.2 Sub/semi-technical Words Sub/semi-technical words refer to the words which wont be confined to the context. These words frequency of appearance is always very high. These words are common words in useful expression, but have very rigorous meanings when be used
15、 in 山东建筑大学毕业论文7technical fields.For example:We define the word aeration（曝气） the process of exposing to air (so as to purify)in daily life, but as an environment engineering specialize word, it has a very narrow meaning. It just describes the way we throw more oxygen forcibly to the liquid.1.3 Common
16、 WordsWords in scientific English literature are different from which in common English. In scientific English, words tend to be long and big. For example,Common words Scientific English to agree to concurto send to transmitbetter superiorenough sufficientOK satisfactoryget smaller diminishpush down
17、 depressfresh hand inexperienced operatorBy comparison we can find that common English words are shorter and often have different meanings; scientific English tend to be longer and always have singleness.In scientific English, the difference is not absolute. With the technology and society developin
18、g, some technical have been becoming common words, such as radio, television and so on. In the sight of rhetoric, they are written languages without emotional coloring , appraise or transferred meaning.山东建筑大学毕业论文8Chapter 2The Features of Environment Engineering Specialized VocabularyAs a tool to exp
19、atiate on scientific judgment used by researchers, the vocabularies are always very formal and exact, and have powerful function of information. So scientific English appears to a lot of unique features.2.1 Latin or Greek OriginA majority of the specialized vocabularies are made up of or come from G
20、reek or Latin. For example, the word chlorophyll was made up of the two Latin words: chlor and phyl; rectifier borrow recti from Latin. Based on the Stat of American scientific English expert Oscar E Nybaken, in ten thousand most common English words,46% words come from Latin and 7.2% come from Gree
21、k. This percentage will be higher when the words become more specialized. So we can say that Latin and Greek morpheme is the major base of the modern scientific English and it will also be the most important origin to create new words. Latin and Greek morpheme are widely used mainly because of the i
22、diosyncracy of Greek and Latin themselves.Above all, scientific vocabularies demand that the meanings are exactly and the form are regular. These two languages are both regular and both have the feature that the word morphologies are aptotic and the meanings are exactly. And it is just what the comp
23、osing of scientific English call for. Whats more important, Greek and Latin is higher all-around, they both have abundant affixes and these affixes can create many new words with different etyma.2.2 Affixation The composing of scientific vocabularies depends on the combination of morphemes.Affixatio
24、n is a very important way to compose new words and a lot of scientific words create in this way. In the scientific words which we often use, about 50 prefixes appear frequently, such as anti-, auto-, contra-, ex-, intra-, mono-, pre-, syn-, semi-, trails-, thermo-, un-, and so on; postfixes are abou
25、t 30,such as -able, -al, -ic, -ise,-meter and so on.山东建筑大学毕业论文9Because most scientific words are made up with some morphemes, we can comprehend by analogy to grip the thousands of words if we can deeply grip the meanings of the morphemes and command the over 1100 basing morphemes. For example, if we
26、 know the perfix micro, the etyma scop and the postfix ist, we can easily guess the meaning of microscopist. Even if the word is very long, we can also get the meaning if we know the basing morphemes of the word. For example, the word octamethylpy-mphe-phoramide is made up with octa-, methyl-,pyro-,
27、 phosphor and ide.2.3 Compounds and Shortening2.3.1 CompoundsCompounds are new words which are made up of two or more single words. Compounds appear more frequently than others, such as compound nouns: letter bomb, water purification system; compound verbs: airdrop, softhand; and compound adjectives
28、. 2.3.2 ShorteningThe other flexible word-building of scientific English is shortening. With technology developing, the amount of shortening is bigger and bigger and has reached 100,000. The advantage of shortening is brevity and informative .Scientific shortening mainly includes:(1) Acronym, which
29、is made up of the first letter of each word, such as maser (maser-microwave ampliffcation by stimulated emission of radiation，微波激射器), bradar (biologic radio detection and ranging 曲头钉)and so on.(2) Clip-words. Several letters in the front words, which is made up out of each word,.This shortening is a
30、lways used when the original word is very long and hard to be remembered,。For example:bb (1aboratory 演讲) dir (directory 地址簿,电话簿) ，chem. (chemistry 化学) These words are usually Conventionality, so we should not create by our own mean.(3) Initials, which are roughly the same with acronyms. The only dif
31、ference is that initials must be read one by one letter,.For example:HIT (Health Indication Test)健康状况测试 ,BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)生化需氧量,COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)化学需氧量This shortening can make the long phrase short, but in different fields or rather in the same field, the initial maybe have d
32、ifferent meanings.(4) Abbreviation shortenings are not always made up of the first letter. Some shortening jsut come from one letter and with a . in the end.For example:山东建筑大学毕业论文10Exp(export)出口 Max (maximum)最大的、的最大限度的 Fig, (figure)数字etc.,(and so on)等The original word maybe is not very long, but ver
33、y widely used, so people make it shorter.Some shortening have been conventional and can be understood by most scientist. On the other hand, for one shortening word can stand for many different words, which brings difficulty to translator. For example, MA can stand for machine account(台帐), magnetic a
34、mplifier(磁放大器),main alarm(主报警信号 ), Manpower Administration人力管理署(美), map analysis(地图分析).Maritime Administration (海运管理署) ,market analysis(市场分析), Middle Ages(中世纪), Military Academy(军事学院) ,mixed amplifier(混合放大器) ,modulated amplifier(被调制放大器),Museums Association博物馆协会(美,and so on.Customarily, longer the sh
35、ortening word is ,less meanings it will have. Whats more, shortening words occur to be abundance in written form: sometimes all using capitalization, sometimes all using lowercase, and sometime being mixed. For example: AB can be written by ab, a/b, a&b, aB, AB, Ab, AB, AB, A/B.Using blending to com
36、pose new words is also common. This kind of words is always composes by one words herder and the others rearward. Such as telecen (telephone+conference,电话会议 ), smog (smoke+fog 烟雾), telex (teleprinter+exchange,电报).2.4 Analogy To imitate the original classes of words to create a new corresponding word
37、 is analogy.Analogy includes synonymy analogy and antonymy analogy. Synonymy analogy is mainly used to imitate between synonyms, and antonymy is mainly used to imitate between antonymies.For example: earthquake(地震) moonquake( 月震) COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand 化学需氧量) BOD(Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand 生物需氧量) 2.5 Coinage of New WordsFacing some new words, people have no words to mirror, and then we will coin a new word. For example:
