1、高一语法复习之名词,概念、分类、名词的数、名词所有格、名词在句子中的成分、名词辨析。,概念,专有名词(Proper Nouns),普通名词 (Common Nouns),个体名词(Individual Nouns),集体名词(Collective Nouns),物质名词(Mass Nouns),抽象名词(Abstract Nouns),不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词(Countable Nouns),分类一(性质),专有名词(Proper Nouns):指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称,E.g.Diana(人名); Beijing(地名); Americans(
2、某国人); English(抽象事物); May(月份); New Years Day(节日); A Tale of Two Cities(书名、电影、歌名等);Mum(家人称呼),注意:专有名词的第一个字母要大写!,普通名词(Common Nouns):专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词。,个体名词(Individual Nouns):指作为个体而存在的人或东西,可以指具体的人或物,E.g.: aunts; a panda; apartments,也可指抽象东西。 E.g.: a year; fairy tales; a dream,2. Collective Nouns: 表示由个体组成的集体
3、。,E.g.: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public,集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看。一般来说,视为整体时作单数看,突出它的成员时作复数看。,E.g.: His family isnt large.,His family are all music lovers.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。如:police, crew,个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),3. 物质名词(Mass Nouns): 指无法分为个体的东西。,E.g.: beer; brea
4、d; cloth; cotton; fur; ice; paper; soil,有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,E.g.: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份),Three beers, please. (三杯),It was a special tea. (一种),4.抽象名词(Abstract Nouns): 表示一些抽象的概念。,E.g.: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth, luck, knowledge,
5、多数情况下,这种名词常用于单数形式,不加任何冠词。,有时也可以加冠词。,He has a wide knowledge of painting and music.,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。,名词,单一名词(single-word nouns),合成名词(compound nouns),由一个词构成的名词,如:country,people,man。多数名词为单一名词。,由两个以上词构成的名词,如:classroom(写成一个词) , pen-friend(用连子号) , afternoon tea(没连字号)。,分类二(结构)
6、,合成名词常见的构词方法如下:,1) n. + n.,pen friend, classroom, newspaper, water-bottle,2) adj. + n.,green house, blackboard, highway, long-jump,3) v-ing + n.,waiting-room, swimming pool, washing machine, dining room, writing desk, sleeping pills,4) v. + n.,pick-pocket, speakbox,5) n.+v-ing,hand-writing, sun-bath
7、ing,6) v.+adv.,warm-up, make-up(捏造), break-in(闯入,非 法进入), get-together(联欢会),7) adv.+n.,overcoat(外套), by-stander, outbreak,8) 其他,go-between, touch-me-not(风仙花), forget-me-not, good-for-nothing(无用的人,废物),名词,可数名词(countable nouns),不可数名词(uncountable nouns),个体、集体名词-直接加a/an doctor(一个医生)-doctors(多个医生),物质、抽象名词-
8、不可直接数(用aof数)或不能数 water(物质名词)-a cup of water(一杯水) love(抽象名词)-一般不用 a love work(抽象名词)-a piece of work(一件工作),分类三(数),有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass ( 玻璃 ) copper ( 铜 ) tin ( 锡 ) paper ( 纸 ) iron (铁 ) wood ( 木头 ) gold (金子 ) youth (青春 ) power ( 力量 ) beauty ( 美 ) pleasure( 愉快 ) relation(关系),a glass ( 玻璃杯 ) a cop
9、per ( 铜币板 ) a tin ( 罐头,听头 ) a paper ( 报纸,证件,论文 ) an iron (熨斗 ) a wood ( 树林 ) a gold (金牌 ) a youth (年青人 ) a power ( 大国 ) a beauty ( 美人,美的东西 ) a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 ) a relation(亲戚),英语中有许多对词,一个可数,一个不可数。,a poem(一首诗 ) a machine(一台机器 ) a job(一件工作 ) a laugh(一个笑声 ) a permit(许可证 ) a garment (一件衣裳 ) a bag(cas
10、e) (一件行李 ) a loaf (一只面包 ) a hair(一根头发 ),poetry(诗歌总称 ) machinery(机器总称 ) work(工作 ) laughter(笑声 ) permission(允许 ) clothing(衣裳总称 ) luggage, baggage(行李 ) bread(面包 ) hair( 头发),可数名词变复数的规则变化,一般在词尾加-s 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的加-es 以辅音字母加y结尾时,把y变成i,再加-es 以f或fe结尾时,把f,fe改为v,再加esstomach-stomachs,变复数的几点注意项,1. 以-o 结尾的名
11、词加es在课本中出现的有Negro, hero, potato, tomato;其余以-o结尾的词加-s: (photo, piano, radio, bamboo, zoo, ) 2. 有些以-f 或 fe 结尾的词直接加-s (chief, cliff, belief, safe, gulf, roof, ) 3. 以元音字母+y结尾的或专有名词以y结尾的直接加-s toys, Germanys, Henrys,4. 在大写字母及大写字母的缩写形式的复数中,加-s,如:three UFOs,但A、I的复数应在其后加s,如: There are two As in this word. 5.
12、 小写字母及数字的复数形式应加s, 如: two 6s,不规则变化,变内部元音。如:foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen 词尾加-en或ren。如:ox-oxen, child-children 单复数相同。如:sheep, deer, aircraft, fish, steelworks, means, Chinese, Swiss, Japanese, species. 汉语音译词无复数形式。(表示度量衡,币制等单位的名词)如:five yuan,
13、 six jin, two jiao,“某国人”的复数形式: 单、复数相同 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, 词尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians, 变man为men Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen但:German-Germans,复合名词的复数,一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law fathers-in-law, passer-by passers-by, looker-on lookers-on, editor-in-chief
14、editors-in-chief 无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如:grown-ups, good-for-nothings(无用的人),go-betweens (中间人),look-outs(守望者) 由man, woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singersboyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl students,常作复数的或复数形式表特别意义的名词:glasses, trousers, gloves, shoes, scissors, socks, hand
15、cuffs(手铐), jeans(牛仔裤), earnings(薪水), savings(储蓄),findings(调查结果), clothes, surroundings(环境), greetings(致敬), goods, ruins, twins, resources, woods, forces(军队), arms(军火), plastics(塑料制品), manners(礼貌), greens(青菜), times(时代), sands(沙滩), works(工厂,作品)contents(内容), thanks, congratulations, tears, ashes, ,一些物
16、质名词有时以复数形式出现,表示不同的类别。foods (各种食物), metals(各种金属),fruits(各种水果), fertilizers(各种化肥), silks(各种丝绸),teas(各种茶),在短语中用复数形式的名词。如:do exercises, take turns, take notes, make repairs, in high spirits, as follows, hurt ones feelings, in rags, in dozens,make friends with, shake hands with,在有些短语中,名词用单复数均可。如:make fac
17、es / a face, play jokes/a joke on sb., have talks/a talk with 在有的短语中名词用单复数,意思有差别。如:have a word with sb.(同某人说句话),have words with sb.(同某人吵架),不可数名词的量的表达-“a(数词)+单位词+of ”,表个数:piece(张,片,块,份) article(件) item(条)block(大块) set(台,套)sheet(张, 块) 如:some articles of furniture, four items of news 以形状表个数: cake(块), b
18、ar(条),ear(穗), grain(粒),sheaf(捆),slice(薄片), pile(堆), loaf (块), flight(楼梯的一段), drop(滴) 如:a bar of chocolate, two ears of corn, a grain of rice,3. 以容器表数量:cup, bowl, bucket, box, spoonful(匙)4. 以行为状态表数量:fit(一阵) flash(闪光,显露) ray(线) 如:a fit of anger(一阵怒火),a flash of lighting (一道闪电), a ray of hope(一线希望),有些名
19、词作不可数名词用时表抽象概念,与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表个体事物,beauty(美,美貌)-a beauty(一个美人或美物),danger(危险)a danger,failure(失败)a failure,honour(光荣)an honour(带来荣誉的人或事),must( 必须)a must(一件必要的事或物),pity(遗憾)a pity(一件可惜的事),(一件失败的事或一个失败的人),(一件危险的事或一个危险的人),service(服务)a service(一个服务机构),success(成功)a success,surprise(惊奇)a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事)
20、,pleasure(乐趣)a pleasure(一件有趣的事),worry(担心)a worry,experience(经验)an experience(一次经历),(一件成功的事或一个成功的人),(一件令人担心的事或一个令人担忧的人),名词的格,英语中的名词(代词)有三个格:主格、宾格、所有格 所有格表示所有关系,修饰另一名词,作定语,它有两种形式:一种是由名词词尾加s构成,另一种是由介词of加名词构成,前者多用来表示有生命的东西,后者多用来表示无生命的东西。,注意事项:,复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加“s”。如: his mother-in-laws photo the editor-in-
21、chiefs opinion,2. 末尾以s结尾的复数名词,在词尾加“”构成所有格。如:the teachers books 不以s结尾的复数名词,应在词尾加“s”,如:the childrens balls 以s结尾的单数名词的所有格有两种,加“”或“s”,如:my boss/bosss computer,3.如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在最后一个名词后加“s”,如果是分别所有,则两个名词后都要加“s”。如:Tom and Marrys father, Toms and Marrys fathers 4.在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的所有格时,一般省略它所修饰的名词。 at the docto
22、rs, at the barbers, at Mr. Greens, to my uncles, at the tailors,5.有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加“s”来构成所有格。todays newspaper ten minutess walk Chinas industry the stations waiting-room,6.名词原形直接作定语。(不表示所有关系) room number coffee cup shoe factory geography lesson colour film tooth brush power plant w
23、elcome party heart trouble food industry apple tree physics teacher 但:有的名词习惯于用复数作定语。 parents meeting(家长会) goods train(货车) sales department (销售部) sports meet(运动会),三、名词的格 (Case),A:通格(Common case): 主格 (Subject case) 宾格 (Object case) B:所有格(Possessive case),1. s属格:原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如:the teachers book;
24、the horses tail然而,时间、距离、太阳、地球、月亮、江河、海洋、船只、国家、城市、团体机构等名词也可以用s属格。如:todays newspaper; the citys transportation, 一般的名词,包括不以s结尾的复数名词,在词后加s。如:the childrens book 以s结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加。如:the teachers office 以s结尾的专有名词的所有格,既可加s也可加。如:Engels(s)letter, 两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用所有格形式,如:Tom and Mikes room若表示分别拥有时,则要在每个名
25、词后用所有格形式,如:Toms and Mikes rooms,2. of属格:多用于无生命现象的名词, 也可用于有生命现象的名词;当一个名词有较长的定语时,就只能用of短语来表示所有关系。如:the cover of the book; a toy of Li Pings younger brother 3双重属格:既有s的属格,又有of的属格。通常s属格表示所有关系,of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:a friend of my fathers; a book of Toms4.表示“某人自己的”的属格:用of ones own表示,不可用of反身代词。例如:This is the hou
26、se of my own.,名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake. She was at her wits end. Now they could sing at their hearts content. We should get the children out of harms way. We had best keep them at arms length. For goodness sake,stop arguing. Jane got t
27、he moneys worth out of the coat.,(为了友谊),(黔驴技穷),(很合算),(尽情地),(不受损害),(保持距离),(看在上帝的份上),(很合算),主谓一致,。语法形式上的一致(主单谓单;主复谓复),。意义上的一致(主语形单意复,谓语用复数。Eg: people; police)(主语形复意单,谓语用单数。Eg: news;economics),3.就近原则: eitheror; neithernor; not onlybut also,4. 单复数视情况而定。 )集体名词作主语:强调整体,用单数;强调个体,用复数,)单复数同形名词作主语,按意义一致原则。Eg:
28、means, species,)中心词是all, most, half, rest时,按意义一致原则。即主语单数意义,谓语用单数;主语复数意义,谓语用复数。,)主语是and连接两个名词时,指一样东西,谓语单数;指两样东西,谓语复数。Eg: A knife and fork is on the table.,5)代词作主语,取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。Eg: ours, yours; such, the same; who, that, which; any, either, neither,(单独作主语,谓语单数) none, all, some, more,)分数,量词,ha
29、lf of, part of 作主语,于中心词保持一致。,)what 引导的主语从句。通常用单数;所指的具体内容为复数时,谓语用复数。,)主谓倒装,谓语与其后主语一致。,。 谓语用单数的情况。,)名词所有格之后的名词被省略。(指商店,工场,住宅等)作主语。 Eg: The doctors, my uncles, the bakers,2) 中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。Eg: three years; The selected poems of Li Bai;,3) each, every, no 所修饰名词,即使以and 或逗号连接。 Eg: each boy and ea
30、ch girl ; every man and woman,4) 主语有more than one; many a,5) a kind of; a pair of; a series of,6) This kind of,7) The number of,8) A great deal of; a large amount of +un,9) One and a half +可数名词复数 eg: One and a half bananas is left on the table.,10) The departed (死者)意义上指个体,11) the only one of +可数名词复数
31、定语从句。从句中的谓语用单数。,。谓语用复数的情况。,)police; people; cattle; militia(民兵)作主语。,)有两个部分构成的名词。(表示衣物或工具)eg: glasses; chopsticks,3)these kind of men(口语); men of this kind 作主语,) bothand. 修饰主语,5) A number of; large quantities of; large amounts of修饰主语,) the+ 形容词作主语,一般情况下,) one of the+可数名词复数定语从句,从句中谓语动词用复数。,1. Try to l
32、earn these words by heart: (通常用于复数形式的词),scissors剪刀; pants裤子; contents目录 compasses两脚规; cords灯心絨裤; arms武器 earphones耳机; pajamas睡衣裤; ashes灰烬 scales天平; overalls工装裤; tropics热带 spectacles眼镜; braces背带; stairs楼梯 nail-clippers指甲刀;slacks便装裤; brains头脑 belongings所有物; savings积蓄; tidings消息 doings行为; writings作品; fi
33、ndings调查结果,五、名词的句法功能 1 在句中作主语 This book is very useful. 这本书很有用。 Mary is to meet you at the airport. 玛丽将在机场接你。 2 作表语 My brother is a worker.我弟弟是个工人She is a writer.她是个作家。 3 作宾语或宾补 He finished his task on time. 他按时完成了他的任务。 We made Tom our monitor. 我们选汤姆为我们的班长(consider, elect, choose,think, find),4 作定语
34、He got three gold medals at 23rd Olympic Games. 他在第二十三届奥运会上取得了三块金牌。 rain drops 雨点 colour film 彩色电影 注:名词作定语修饰名词,通常表示事物的属性、本质特征、内容、材料、目的等。这些形容词化的名词与形容词作定语在语义上有一定的区别。 a golden medal 金色的奖牌(颜色,非材料) a gold medal 金牌(质地材料为金子) a colourful dress 色彩鲜艳的女装(仅指颜色) a colour film 彩色电影(属性为彩色的) a coffee cup a letter b
35、ox a vegetable field a car factory,5 作状语 The meeting lasted two hours. 会议持续了两个小时。 Wait a moment. 等一会儿。 He was late for class this morning. 今天早晨他上课迟到了。 6 作同位语 Mr. Smith, our leader, is speaking now. 史密斯先生,我们的领导,正在讲话。 We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。 7 作称呼语 Come here, Mary. 玛丽,到这儿来。 Good mor
36、ning, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们,先生们,早上好。,例题,I wrote a letter to show my _ of his thoughtfulness. A. achievement B. agreement C. attention D. appreciation 2. We all know that _ speak louder than words.A. movements B. performancesC. operations D. action 3. The new law will come into_ on the day it is
37、passed.A. effect B. use C. service D. existence 4. You will find this map of great _ in helping you get round London.A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness,D,D,C,A,5.My parents always let me have my _ of living. A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion 6.- Who did you spend last weekend with?- _. A. P
38、almers B. The PalmersC. The Palmers D. The Palmers 7. Ill look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little _.A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest,A,C,C,8. _ of Mrs. Whites came back home yesterday. She had been in the United States for years.A. A daughter B. The daughter C. Her daughter D
39、. daughter,9.He gained his _ by printing_ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works,10. It will be _ to jump into the lake to have a swim on a hot summer day. A. fun B. a fun C. funny D. the fun,_,_,_,名词所有格,Alices paintings New Years Day at the barbers fi
40、ve minutes talk c.f. a five-minute talk the window of the room (无生命东西的名词) the death of Dr. Norman Bethune ( 名词本身较长) Whats the name of the student sitting near the window?(名词的定语较长),名词双重所有格,当a, an, this, that,these, those, some, any, several, no, every, such, another, which, what等与名词所有格共同修饰一个名词时, 两者不能
41、同时都放在该名词前面,而要用双重所有格表示。 He is a friend of my fathers This is no fault of Johns a picture of his brothers a picture of his brother,名词的主谓一致,The class is for the plan. The class are waiting for her. The savings are for your future use. The scissors are very sharp. A pair of scissors is in the drawer. Th
42、e cattle are gazing at the foot of the hill. The police are gathering in the street. A policeman is asking him several questions.,A deer is over there in the bush. Three deer are appearing over there in the bush. Five hundred dollars a month is not much. Mr. Smith, together with his wife and two son
43、s, is to arrive on the evening flight. The manager as well as his colleagues was present at the meeting. The owner and editor of the newspaper is a friend of mine. The old lead a happy life.,就近原则,Fans or an air-conditioner is necessary for the laboratory. Neither the students nor the teacher knows a
44、nything about it. Not only the workers but the manager objects to the change. Theres a book, two pencils and some paper on the desk.,判断名词常用后缀,-ist指相信某种理论或制度或经常做某项工作的人 botanist(植物学家),chemist(化学家),communist (共产党员),typist(打字员),violinist(小提琴家) -ion,-sion,-tion加在动词后面 selection(选择),correction(修改),intentio
45、n(打算),recognition(认识),description(描写), education(教育),solution(解决),decision(决定),-er (1)表名词,“人” singer n 歌唱家(sing 唱歌) leader n 领袖(lead 领导) writer n 作家(write 写) insider n 局内人(inside 内部) banker n 银行家(bank 银行) teenager n 青少年(teenage 十一到十九岁) southerner n 南方人(southern 南方的) villager n 村民(village 村庄) (2)表名词,
46、“物品,机器” washer n 洗衣机(wash 洗) lighter n 打火机(light 点火) heater n 加热器(heat 加热) boiler n 锅炉(boil 煮) (3)表名词,“反复做” mutter v 喃喃自语 chatter v 喋喋不休(chat 聊天+ter) stutter v 口吃 waver v 摆动(wave 波动) batter v 连打,不断打(bat 打+ter),hood为名词后辍,表示关系或抽象意义 brotherhood(兄弟),fatherhood(你辈),neighborhood (邻居),likelihood(可能性) -ment
47、加在动词后面 advertisement(广告),government(政府), punishment(惩罚),settlement(解决),statement (声明),pavement(人行道) 27.-ness是最活跃的后缀之一,可以加在许多形容词后,构成抽象名词 friendliness(友好),kindness(和蔼), progressiveness(进步),-logy表示一门学科 archaeology(考古学),biology(生物学),etymology (词源学),geology(地理学),-y 1 表名词,加在形容词或以r 结尾的单词后 difficulty n 困难(d
48、ifficult 困难的) dainty n 精美食品(dignity 的变体) discovery n 发现(discover 发现) inquiry n 质询(inquire 询问) mastery n 精通(master 掌握) jealousy n 妒忌(jealous 妒忌的) 2表名词,“人或小东西”常带有戏谑性和爱称 fatty n 胖子(fat 胖) shorty n 矮子(short 矮) oldy n 老人(old 老) doggy n 小狗(dog 狗 kitty n 小猫(kit 猫) granny n 奶奶(grandma“奶奶”的小孩叫法 missy n 小姑娘(miss 小姐,