1、1高中语法系列复习专题一-名词名词的分类专有名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,其首字母要大写。如 Hong Kong,China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如 student,book名 普 可数名词 词 通 集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family,school,group, people名 词 不可数名词 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton,air,tea抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如 :work,happiness,news2名词的复数可数名词有单、复数形式,其复数的构成规则如下:1)绝大多数在词尾加 s
2、。如: book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces.2)以 ch,sh,s,x,o 结尾的名词加 es。如:watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;下列以 o 结尾的词加 s 构成复数:piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo3)以辅音字母y 结尾的名词,将 y 改为 i,再加 es。例如:baby,babies;family,families;以元音字母y 结尾的名词,直接加 s。例如:boy,boys;key,keys4) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名
3、词,先将 f 或 fe 改为 v,再加 es 构成复数形式,如:leaf,leaves;wife,wives.但有些以 f 结尾的名词,是在 f 后加 s 构成复数,常见的有: roof,chief,belief,gulf 等。个别的两种方式都可以,如: handkerchiefs,handkerchieves5)少数名词的复数形式是不规则的,要一一背记:manmen; womanwomen; EnglishmanEnglishmen;footfeet;toothteeth; childchildren; mousemice少数名词的单、复数形式相同,如:Chinese,Japanese,sh
4、eep,deer,fish,means(注: fishes 表不同种类的鱼 )6)复合名词:A.含 man 或 woman 的复合名词,两部分都变为复数形式。如: two men teachers, four women doctors B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式,如:lookers-on 旁观者,editors-in-chief 总编辑, passers-by 过路人C.如果没有主体名词,就在词尾后加 s。如:grown-ups 成年人,go-betweens 中间人7)以复数形式出现的名词:trousers,glasses 眼镜,scales 天平,savings 储蓄,fin
5、dings 调查结果, doings 行为,surroundings 环境,arms 武器,fireworks 烟火,remains 残余,thanks 感谢,riches 财富,ashes 灰烬 ,stairs 楼梯8)有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如:take pains 下功夫,made preparations 作准备,give regards to 问候2.名词的所有格1)名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“s”,如:Toms bike,Marxs works以 s 结尾的专有名词,在词尾后加“”或“s ”。如: Engels/Engelss works以
6、s 结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加“” 。如:students homework,a workers night school 一所工人夜校,不以 s 结尾的复数名词,仍在词尾加“s” 。如:mens clothes男士衣服 childrens books 儿童读物2) 如果一个事物为两个人共有,只在后一个名词的词尾加“s” ,如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“s”。例如:Tom and Mikes room 汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Toms 2and Mikes rooms 汤姆、迈克各自的房间3) 表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去 shop,house 等名词。如:the t
7、ailors 裁缝店,the barbers 理发店,go to the doctors 上诊所, at my uncles 在我叔叔家4) 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,可以在词尾加“s”或“ ”来表示 所有格。如:todays newspaper,half an hours rest,two weeks work,ten minuteswalk,Chinas population,Shanghais industry5) 表示无生命的名词一般用 of 短语表示所有关系。如:the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 2
8、6) 表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词,常用“of所有格”来表示所属关系。例如:He is an old friend of my fathers. This is a picture of Marys.考点分析1He gained his _by printing _of famous writers A.wealth; work B.wealths; works C.weaths;work D.wealth ;works析:因为 wealth 是不可数名词故可排除 B、C 两个选项;work 既可作不可数名词表“工作”意,又可作可数名词表“作品”意,常用复数形式。根据题目意
9、思,此处work 应作可数名词用,于是又可排除 A。2.Many people agree that_ knowledge of English is a must in _ international trade today.A.a; B.the ; an C.the ;the D.;the 析:knowledge 是抽象名词,一般不与不定冠词连用,但指具体 “一门学问”或“一门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用,这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如:a strong character 坚强的性格;a bright future 光明前途;a waste of time 浪费时间;a press
10、ure on sb.对某人的压力;have a good time 玩得痛快;He is a failure /a success as a leader 他当领导不行/ 很出色。抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义。如:what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识;Knowledge begins with practice.foreign trade.因此 international trade 前不用冠词。3.Oh, John _you gave us !A.How a great surprise B.How pleasant surpri
11、se C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise析:正确答案为 C。 “a/an形容词抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如:an advanced culture 一种先进文化;a great interest 极大的兴趣; do him a good kindness 帮了他一个大忙。4. She broke a _ while she was washing up .A.glass wine B.wine glass C.wines glass D.glass of wine 析:根据broke 一词及四个选项,可确定空白处
12、应选“酒杯”故可排除 A、D;C 不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式,只有 B 才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多,这些作定语用的名词可表分类意义表时间、地点、称呼表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义。例: woman driver ,telephone number ,school education ,research work ,coffee cup ,English teacher ,air pollution 例:book store ,winter sleep ,country life ,college student ,South China例:milk bottle
13、,steam boat ,goat skin ,stone wall ,gas station ,lunch room ,tooth brush5._terrible weather weve been having these days!A.What B.What a C.How D.How a 析:这是一个感叹句,how 修饰形容词,副词或动词,what 修饰名词。weather 是不可数名词,其前不可加不定冠词 a。6.Shortly after the accident ,two _police were sent to the spot to keep order .A.dozens
14、 of B.dozens C.dozens of D.dozen析: 正确答案是 D。dozen, score ,hundred, thousand ,million 等名词前面有数词或 many 3,several 等词,且表示具体数目时,这些名词一般不用复数形式,但在下列短语中却加 S,并与 of连用:dozens of (许多的),scores of (好几十的) ,hundreds of ( 成百的),thousands of ( 上千的),millions of (数百万的)7.Ill look into the matter as soon as possible .Just ha
15、ve a little _.A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest析:由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事” ,可知下句是要对方不要着急,故答案应为 C。这是由情景,语境确定答案题目。8.If by any chance someone comes to see me ,ask them to leave a _.A.message B.letter C.sentence D.notice专题练习1._from Beijing to London!A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is
16、it D.What a long way it is 2.Weve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into_.A.fact B.practice C.reality D.deed 3.Electrcity , like other forms of _ ,has greatly increased in price.A.pressure B.force C.strength D.energy4That fellow is clever ; he has _.A.brain B.a brain C.the brain D.brains5.
17、Julie went to the _ to buy a pair of shoes.A.shoes store B.shoes store C.shoe store D.shoes store 6.Those _ took lots of _ in the Summer Palace.A.Germen; photoes B.Germen; photosC.Germans; photos D.Germans; photoes7.All possible means _ to save the hero.A.has tried B.have tried C.has been tried D.ha
18、ve been tried8.Whose car is it ?Its_.A.Tom and Mary B.Toms and MarysC.Toms and Mary D.Tom and Marys9.There are 5_ in th fields.A.heads of cattles B.heads of cattleC.head of cattles D.head of cattle 10.He is the very thief the police _ looking for .A.is B.are C.has D.have11.All but Jack _ here just n
19、ow .A.is B.are C.was D.were 12.He knows almost everything .So we say he is a man of many _.A.knowleges B.presents C.gifts D.rewards13.Carelessness is the usual _ of fire.A.way B.excuse C.cause D.reason14.The girl is quite _to her mother now .A.a help B.helps C.help D.helpness15._is coming to give us
20、 a lecture .A.A manager and an expert B.A manager and expert C.Manager and expert D.Manager and an expert16.Most of the bridges over the river are made of _.A.stone B.the stone C.a stone D.the stones17.If you hurt her _ ,you should apologize.A.feelings B.feel C.feels D.feeling18.Ill go and call at _
21、 right after school.A.the doctor B.the Smiths C.Smith D.my uncles19.The shop will be closed during_.4A.repairs B.a repair C.repair D.repairing20.The_we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while. A.mouse B.deer C.dog D.cow21.My brother didnt find army life to his _.A.like B.taste C.quality D
22、.favour22.Though they hadnt met for long ,he recognized her _.A.voice B.noise C.sound D.laughter23.Learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _.A.the high spirit B.high spirits C.a high spirit D.high spirit24.After _ silence ,they began to write letters to each other .A.three-year
23、 B.a three-year C.three years D.three yearss25.If these trousers are too big ,buy a smaller_.A.copy B.pair C.piece D.set 26.That daughter of Jacks is _.A.a good fun B.good runs C.good fun D.good funny27._will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.(93 年上海高考题)A.The Evenses B.The Eve
24、ns C.The Evenses D.The Evens28.He is one of the most successful_ in the city.A.newspapers writer B.newspaper writersC.nesapapers writer D.newspaper writer29.Where is your brother?At_.A.Mr Greens B.Greens C.the Mr Greens D.the Greens30.Are you _ ,Mr Black?Yes ,I speak_.A.English ; the English language B.the English ; EnglishC.an Englishman; on English language D.an English ; English答 案15 D B D D C 610 C D D D B1115 D C C A B 1620 A A D A B2125 B A B B B 2630 C C B A A