1、 2019 Trade Policy Agenda and 2018 Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program Office of the United States Trade Representative Ambassador Robert E. Lighthizer 每 日 免 费 获 取 报 告1、 每 日 微 信 群 内 分 享 7+最 新 重 磅 报 告 ；2、 每 日 分 享 当 日 华 尔 街 日 报 、 金 融 时 报 ；3、 每 周 分 享 经 济
2、学 人4、 行 研 报 告 均 为 公 开 版 ， 权 利 归 原 作 者所 有 ， 起 点 财 经 仅 分 发 做 内 部 学 习 。扫一扫二维码关注公号回复：研究报告加入“起点财经”微信群。 FOREWORD The 2019 Trade Policy Agenda and 2018 Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program are submitted to the Congress pursuant to Section 163 of the Trade Act
3、of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2213). Chapter V and Annex III of this document meet the requirements of Sections 122 and 124 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act with respect to the World Trade Organization. The discussion on the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in Chapter III satisfies the re
4、porting requirement contained in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (Pub. L. 115-141, div. M, title V, 501(c). This report includes an annex listing trade agreements entered into by the United States since 1984. Data for 2018 presented in this report are annualized based on 11 months of data
5、for goods and services unless otherwise specified. The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) is responsible for the preparation of this report and gratefully acknowledges the contributions of all USTR staff to the writing and production of this report and notes, in particular, the
6、contributions of Will Davis, Billy S. Glass, Samuel Gruber, Julie McNees, Nathaniel Moulton, and Lida Weinstock. Appreciation is extended to partner Trade Policy Staff Committee agencies. March 2019 LIST OF FREQUENTLY USED ACRONYMS AD Antidumping AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act APEC . Asia-P
7、acific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BIT . Bilateral Investment Treaty BOP Balance of Payments CAFTA-DR Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement CBERA Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act CBI . Caribbean Basin Initiative CVD . Counter
8、vailing Duty DDA . Doha Development Agenda DOL . U.S. Department of Labor DSB WTO Dispute Settlement Body DSU . WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding EU European Union FOIA Freedom of Information Act GATT . General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATS . General Agreement on Trade in Services GDP . Gro
9、ss Domestic Product GI . Geographical Indications GPA . WTO Agreement on Government Procurement GSP Generalized System of Preferences ICTIME Interagency Center on Trade Implementation, Monitoring, and Enforcement ILO . International Labor Organization IPR . Intellectual Property Rights ITA . WTO Inf
10、ormation Technology Agreement KORUS United States-Korea Free Trade Agreement MFN . Most-Favored Nation MOU Memorandum of Understanding NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement OECD . The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development SBA U.S. Small Business Administration SME . Small and Med
11、ium-Sized Enterprise SPS . Sanitary and Phytosanitary TAA . Trade Adjustment Assistance TBT Technical Barriers to Trade TFA WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement TIFA . Trade and Investment Framework Agreement TPRG . Trade Policy Review Group TPSC Trade Policy Staff Committee TRIMS . Trade-Related Invest
12、ment Measures TRIPS . Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights TRQ . Tariff-Rate Quota URAA Uruguay Round Agreements Act USAID . U.S. Agency for International Development USMCA . United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement USTR . United States Trade Representative WTO World Trade Organization TABLE OF C
13、ONTENTS I. THE PRESIDENTS 2019 TRADE POLICY AGENDA . 1 II. AGREEMENTS AND NEGOTIATIONS . 1 A. Concluded Negotiations . 1 1. United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement/North American Free Trade Agreement 1 2. United State-Korea Free Trade Agreement 4 B. Agreements Notified for Negotiation . 5 1. United St
14、atesEuropean Union Trade Agreement 5 2. United StatesJapan Trade Agreement . 6 3. United StatesUnited Kingdom Trade Agreement 6 C. Free Trade Agreements in Force 7 1. Australia 7 2. Bahrain 7 3. Central America and the Dominican Republic . 8 4. Chile 13 5. Colombia . 15 6. Israel . 16 7. Jordan . 17
15、 8. Morocco 18 9. Oman . 19 10. Panama . 20 11. Peru . 21 12. Singapore 23 D. Other Negotiating Initiatives 24 1. The Americas . 24 2. Europe and the Middle East 26 3. Japan, Republic of Korea, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum . 28 4. China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Mongolia 30 5. South
16、east Asia and the Pacific 32 6. Sub-Saharan Africa . 33 7. South and Central Asia . 35 III. TRADE ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES . 39 A. Overview 39 B. Section 301 . 42 C. WTO Dispute Settlement . 45 D. Other Activities 46 1. Other Monitoring and Enforcement Activities 46 2. Monitoring Foreign Standards-rel
17、ated Measures and SPS Barriers 48 3. Special 301 49 4. Section 1377 Review of Telecommunications Agreements 51 5. Antidumping Actions . 51 6. Countervailing Duty Actions . 52 7. Other Import Practices . 53 8. Generalized System of Preferences 55 9. The African Growth and Opportunity Act 58 IV. OTHER
18、 TRADE ACTIVITIES 61 A. Manufacturing and Trade . 61 B. Protecting Intellectual Property 62 C. Promoting Digital Trade and Electronic Commerce 64 D. Trade and the Environment 65 1. Bilateral and Regional Activities 65 2. Multilateral and Regional Fora 70 E. Trade and Labor 71 1. Bilateral Agreements
19、 and Preference Programs 71 2. International Organizations 76 3. Trade Adjustment Assistance 77 F. Small and Medium-Sized Business Initiative . 78 G. Agriculture and Trade . 81 1. Opening Export Markets for American Agriculture . 81 2. Negotiating Trade Agreements for American Agriculture . 83 3. Bi
20、lateral and Regional Activities . 84 4. Cross-Cutting SPS Initiatives and Issues . 87 5. Agriculture in the World Trade Organization 90 6. Enforcing Trade Agreements for American Agriculture 93 H. Trade Capacity Building 93 1. The Enhanced Integrated Framework . 93 2. U.S. Trade-Related Assistance u
21、nder the World Trade Organization Framework 94 3. TCB Initiatives for Africa 95 4. Free Trade Agreements . 96 5. Standards Alliance 96 I. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 97 1. Trade Committee Work Program 97 2. Trade Committee Dialogue with Non-OECD Members 98 3. Other OECD Wor
22、k Related to Trade 99 V. THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION . 101 A. Introduction 101 B. WTO Negotiating Groups 102 1. Committee on Agriculture, Special Session 102 2. Council for Trade in Services, Special Session . 104 3. Negotiating Group on Non-Agricultural Market Access 104 4. Negotiating Group on Ru
23、les 105 5. Dispute Settlement Body, Special Session . 106 6. Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Special Session . 107 7. Committee on Trade and Development, Special Session 108 C. Work Programs Established in the Doha Development Agenda 110 1. Working Group on Trade,
24、Debt, and Finance 110 2. Working Group on Trade and Transfer of Technology . 111 3. Work Program on Electronic Commerce 111 D. General Council Activities . 112 E. Council for Trade in Goods 113 1. Committee on Agriculture . 114 2. Committee on Market Access 116 3. Committee on the Application of San
25、itary and Phytosanitary Measures 118 4. Committee on Trade-Related Investment Measures 119 5. Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 120 6. Committee on Customs Valuation . 125 7. Committee on Rules of Origin . 126 8. Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade . 128 9. Committee on Antidum
26、ping Practices . 131 10. Committee on Import Licensing 133 11. Committee on Safeguards . 135 12. Committee on Trade Facilitation 137 13. Working Party on State Trading Enterprises 138 F. Council on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 139 G. Council for Trade in Services. 144 1. Com
27、mittee on Trade in Financial Services . 145 2. Working Party on Domestic Regulation 145 3. Working Party on GATS Rules 146 4. Committee on Specific Commitments 146 H. Dispute Settlement Understanding . 147 I. Trade Policy Review Body 201 J. Other General Council Bodies and Activities . 203 1. Commit
28、tee on Trade and Environment . 203 2. Committee on Trade and Development . 203 3. Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions . 206 4. Committee on Budget, Finance and Administration . 206 5. Committee on Regional Trade Agreements . 207 6. Accessions to the World Trade Organization . 208 K. Pluril
29、ateral Agreements 212 1. Committee on Trade in Civil Aircraft . 212 2. Committee on Government Procurement 213 3. The Information Technology Agreement and the Expansion of Trade in Information Technology Products . 217 VI. TRADE POLICY DEVELOPMENT . 219 A. Policy Coordination . 219 B. Public Input a
30、nd Transparency . 219 1. Transparency Guidelines and Chief Transparency Officer 220 2. Public Outreach 221 3. The Trade Advisory Committee System . 221 4. State and Local Government Relations . 224 5. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) . 225 C. Congressional Consultations 226 ANNEX I: U.S. TRADE IN 2
31、018 . 1 I. 2018 Overview . 1 II. Export Growth 3 III. Imports 5 IV. The U.S. Trade Balance 7 ANNEX II: U.S. TRADE-RELATED AGREEMENTS AND DECLARATIONS 1 I. Agreements That Have Entered Into Force . 1 II. Agreements That Have Been Negotiated, 26 III. Other Trade-Related Agreements, Understandings and
32、Declarations 28 ANNEX III: BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE WTO 39 THE PRESIDENTS 2019 TRADE POLICY AGENDA I. THE PRESIDENTS 2019 TRADE POLICY AGENDA | 1 I. THE PRESIDENTS TRADE POLICY AGENDA INTRODUCTION Since President Trump took office, Americans have benefited from an improving economy. In 2016, U.
33、S. gross domestic product grew by only 1.6 percent. But in 2017, that figure grew to 2.2 percent. And last year, U.S. gross domestic product grew by 2.9 percent higher than that of any other G-7 country.1Over the last two years, the United States has created 4.8 million new jobs, including over 450,
34、000 new manufacturing jobs. Not only are more Americans working, but Americans are also taking home bigger paychecks. Nominal average hourly earnings for American workers rose by 3.3 percent from December 2017 to December 2018.2Inflation also remained in check with prices increasing by only 1.9 perc
35、ent since December 2017.3Americans who trade have shared in this growth. In 2017, U.S. merchandise exports totaled $1.6 trillion, more than six percent higher than 2016 levels.4Over the same period, U.S. services exports rose 5.1 percent, an increase of nearly $40 billion.5In 2018, U.S. exports rose
36、 even further. By November 2018 the last month for which data is available U.S. exports of goods and services were up seven percent from the same period in 2017.6American export growth in 2018 included increases in U.S. exports of autos, foods and beverages, and industrial supplies, as compared to t
37、heir levels during the first eleven months of 2017.7Imports have also grown. In 2017, the United States imported more than $2.3 trillion in goods an increase of seven percent from 2016 levels.8By November 2018 the last month for which data is available as of February 2019 U.S. imports had increased
38、a further eight percent over their 2017 levels for the same period. These facts show that under the policies of the Trump Administration, U.S. trade has grown significantly. This recent trade growth has contributed to a historic streak of positive job gains. U.S. job creation grew from 2.2 million i
39、n 2017 to 2.7 million in 2018.9Over 2018, job growth averaged 223,000 jobs per month. Significantly, this growth was consistently solid throughout 2018, as the U.S. economy added over 100,000 jobs every month over the year.10Notably, 2018 marks only the second time since 2000 that such consistent jo
40、b growth has occurred for a full calendar year.111See Bureau of Economic Analysis, News Release (February 28, 2018), https:/www.bea.gov/system/files/2018-03/gdp4q17_3rd.pdf. 2See Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics Highlights (December 2018), https:/www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ceshi
41、ghlights.pdf. 3Bureau of Labor Statistics, Real EarningsDecember 2018, https:/www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/realer.pdf 4U.S. Trade in Goods and Services, https:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/historical/gands.pdf. 5U.S. Trade in Goods and Services, https:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statist
42、ics/historical/gands.pdf 6Monthly U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, November 2018, https:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/Press-Release/2018pr/11/ft900.pdf. 7Real Exports of Goods by Principal End-Use Category (Seasonally Adjusted), Chained (2012) U.S. Dollars, https:/www.census.gov/forei
43、gn-trade/statistics/historical/realexp.pdf. 8Trade in Goods with World, Seasonally Adjusted, https:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c0004.html. 9See Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics Highlights (December 2018), https:/www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ceshighlights.pdf; Bureau of L
44、abor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics Highlights (December 2017), https:/www.bls.gov/ces/highlights122017.pdf. 10See Bureau of Labor Statistics, Archived Current Employment Statistics Monthly Highlights, January December 2018, https:/www.bls.gov/ces/ceshilightsarch.htm. 11See Council of Eco
45、nomic Advisers, 2018 Ends with 312,000 Jobs Created in December; Strong Year for the Job Market (Jan. 4, 2019), https:/www.whitehouse.gov/articles/2018-ends-312000-jobs-created-december-strong-year-job-market/. I. THE PRESIDENTS 2019 TRADE POLICY AGENDA | 2 This 2018 job growth includes significant
46、gains in manufacturing employment.12Manufacturing has been a bright spot since President Trumps election. From 2013 to 2016, the United States created an average of 8,000 manufacturing jobs per month. In the two years of the Trump Administration, that average has grown to approximately 20,000 manufa
47、cturing jobs per month. Last year, the U.S. created 264,000 new manufacturing jobs,13the largest such increase in 21 years.14These data indicate that the United States has made great strides in dealing with the challenges of globalization challenges that have bedeviled most of the developed world in
48、 recent years. Over the last two years, the United States has shown that a developed country can experience broad economic growth that is shared by workers including workers in the manufacturing sector. Trade policy plays a vital role in this effort. Under the leadership of President Trump, American
49、 trade policy is generating benefits for American workers. While much remains to be done, the Administration has already made significant progress toward implementing its trade agenda. Our goal is to ensure that hard work and innovation are rewarded, while unfair trade practices and illegal government subsidies are punished. As our policies continue to take effect, we are confident that American workers and businesses will benefit from t
