1、 浅谈圣索菲亚大教堂的设计风格目录目录.3引言.41.介绍教堂.41.1 时代背景41.2 产生原因52.对圣索菲亚大教堂风格分析52.1 整体设计特点52.2 色彩应用特点72.3 装潢特点92.4 教堂特色.93.教堂存在地位及对其它地区影响.10小结10引用11参考文献11摘要我们生活的世界里，每处都布满了建筑，许多建筑凭借其雄伟壮丽的外观，充满意义的历史故事，岁月的沉淀及特色的建筑风格令世人叹为观止，从而载入史册。渡过历史的洪涛，它们中的许多成为了建筑史上的标杆，也为人们研究不同时代文化背景提供了生动详尽的资料。其中罗马是众多经典建筑诞生之地，以始建于东罗马皇帝统治时期圣索菲亚大教堂最
2、为闻名。本文将浅析圣索菲亚大教堂的设计风格，探索它带给人类在建筑方面的启发和意义。关键字 圣索菲亚大教堂 影响 风格引言在建筑构造中，设计风格是其最重要的标志，通常我们只要知晓这座建筑的设计风格，即便没见过该建筑，对其大致形象也能显于脑海，甚至是当地整个城市的人文，更远至涉及到当地历史背景，可见明确建筑风格对建筑物的重要性。 圣索菲亚大教堂是典型的拜占庭风格代表作，本文将通过对其风格的分析，研究其设计风格的具体特点及影响。1.介绍教堂圣索菲亚大教堂位于土耳其伊斯坦布尔，可以说是改变了建筑史的拜占庭式建筑典范，巨大的圆顶使其闻名世界。是 1520 年塞维利亚主教堂出现之前世界上最大的教堂。1.1
3、 时代背景圣索菲亚大教堂于 335 年由君士坦丁大帝首建，在 532 内查士丁尼一续建，它汇集了罗马时期智慧的结晶，是拜占庭时期的象征。后 1453 年被奥斯曼帝国占领，该建堂被改建为伊斯兰教的清真寺，现为博物馆，整体非常恢弘，是卓越建筑艺术的象征。 1.2 产生原因圣索菲亚大教堂诞生于拜占庭帝国的巅峰时期，是君士坦丁大帝为供奉智慧之神索菲亚而创建的， 目的在于宣扬智慧之光对人类生活的重要性，引起人民对智慧之神索菲亚的崇拜，树立智慧的信仰。基于这样的诞生原因，圣菲亚大教堂在建筑上十分庄重严肃。2.对圣索菲亚大教堂风格分析2.1 整体设计特点圣索菲亚大教堂是拜占庭式建筑的一大杰作，整体设计风格充
4、满了浓浓的拜占庭之风，具有浓厚的宗教色彩。圣菲亚大教堂整体规模宏大，整体气质大气，庄严，光是教堂内的柱子就使用了 107 根，最高的圆柱高 19 米至 20 米，直径约 1.5 米，构成了教堂内部整体宏伟高大的空间（见图 1） ；图 1且每根柱头都采用了华丽的科林斯柱式，稳固且坚实；穹顶直径达 43.3 米，顶端高度也是 43.3 米，一眼望上去，非常的阔气，且穹顶中央还开了一个直径为8.9 米的圆洞(见图 2)， 图 2意味着人类的某种联系，当外面光线从该洞投射进来后，会发生漫反射，顿时整个空阔的内部都会发光，形成一种宁谧的宗教气息，与其宗教背景相吻合。 圣菲亚大教堂设计特点之大气还体现在门
5、廊上，隶属于圣菲亚大教堂的万神庙门廊高达雄伟，面阔 33 米，正面有长方形柱廊，深 15.5 米，柱高 14.18米，地径为 1.43 米，迎面给人形成了强烈的视觉冲击感跟震撼感，顶天立地，大气磅礴之感。 （见图 3）图 3“圣菲亚大教堂是古代晚期建筑的伟大成就，它的特别之处还在于采用了希腊十字架的造型，且在空间上，创造了巨型的圆顶，凌空而建，无柱子支撑，为后期人类设计出拱门、扶壁提供了参考。 ”【1】2.2 色彩应用特点建筑一般通过形式、质感和色彩来表达，而其中最具表现力和视觉冲击力的因素就是色彩了。色彩的运用反映了一个城市的风貌，人文特征，也是历史发展的见证。建筑的色彩与众多元素相互作用，
6、影响建筑的表现形式，使建筑产生更高层次的美感。圣索菲亚大教堂主要应用白黄红三色彩，主题外观多为白色，内部墙面多为黄色和红色。白色的白墙跟立柱表现出建筑的庄重、高雅、纯洁的气息，与其宗教背景相呼应；内部的墙面多采用黄色和红色两种暖色，在教堂内部形成饱满、融合的气息，让参观者感觉到温暖和舒适，且黄色多用于勾画“神” ，意味崇高，神圣，表现出该教堂是为智慧之神索菲亚而生的特点。 彩色玻璃马赛克装饰着天使和圣徒像(图 4)，不仅丰富了人们的视觉，还烘托了建筑本身的神圣感。在中世纪时，天空的蓝色象征着天国和神性，意味着无穷，信念真实等。金色则象征着太阳，爱情，永恒，智慧，在宗教中是主权者的意思。整个教堂
7、上下左右相互辉映，整个空间都金碧辉煌，有着宗教的庄严与神圣感，让每一位教徒都感受到宗教的光环。图 42.3 装潢特点圣索菲亚大教堂内部地面上铺上了多色的大理石，及绿白带紫的斑岩还有金色的马赛克。 “在砖块之上形成了外壳，通过这些覆盖物来遮掩墩柱，无形中使得外观看上去更为宽敞，明亮。 ”【2】内部的穹窿顶部和四周幕墙上都绘满了大量精美的壁画和雕塑，色彩绚丽，还运用了大量的大理石镶嵌而成的马赛克拼图，用这些马赛克拼绘出饿了圣母玛利亚、耶稣、圣人、帝王和皇后，使得整个内部装潢充满了宗教气氛，美丽庄严，充满神圣气息。2.4 教堂特色 圣索菲亚大教堂极富有拜占庭风格特色，主要表现在他的穹顶设计和雕花的一
8、些细节上，其圆顶巨大，由穷隅支撑和四条矩形柱子支撑，通过穷隅实现美学效果，同时也能稳定圆顶的侧面，让圆顶的重量可以顺势向下，看上去好像是在由四大圆柱之间浮起来的感觉。17 世纪时，效仿公元前腓尼基人昂地帕特提出的“七大奇迹”的说法，提出现代世界“七大奇迹” ，圣索菲亚大教堂就是其中之一；在雕刻上，运用浮雕，技艺精细，纹理清晰，骨络分明，人物跟图像栩栩如生。3.教堂存在地位及对其它地区影响（如俄罗斯建筑和伊斯兰教建筑）拜占廷虽然衰落以至灭亡了，但正教和以集中式构图为特征的正教教堂，在受拜占廷文化影响的地区并没有消亡，得到了继承并有了一定发展。圣索菲亚大教堂的存在对其他地域建筑的设计形成了重大的影
9、响，首先受到影响的就是俄罗斯建筑，像位于莫斯科红场一一侧的勃拉仁内大教堂，在外形上就延续了圣菲索亚大教堂风格，同样是圆而尖的屋顶，形式多样，规模宏大；在色彩上也主要应用了红色跟白色，如红色的外墙，白色的大理石及镶嵌，还采用花瓣图形装饰，整个建筑整体大气恢弘，细节之处又能营造很静谧的气息，动态美与静态美相结合，呈现宗教底蕴。 伊斯兰建筑在建筑风格上也深受圣菲索亚大教堂影响，特别是内部装饰改用镶嵌着基督的马塞尔可拼贴，且内部装饰色彩华丽璀璨，徇烂夺目，主要以红黄色为主，白色为辅导，显得金碧辉煌，各种天使及圣徒壁画做装饰，传递出宗教的感召力量，如典型的伊斯兰教代表建筑像雅阁拉古堡，阿尔汉布拉宫（又称
10、红宫）等。 结论圣菲索亚大教堂是经过数次战乱，数次易主后，保留下来的最能代表拜占庭建筑风格的伟大建筑之一，是经过历史残酷考验的，它承载着厚重的历史和文化，是人类历史文明宝贵的遗产， 它的存在，见证了历史的进程跟变革，政治的兴衰，宗教的斗争，时代的变迁，同时也影响了俄罗斯及伊斯兰教建筑。它见证了一个时代的兴盛，同时也见证了一个时代的衰弱。建筑如同史册般记录下了这些历史的进程，也对后人发展研究历史文化有着重要的意义。引用【1】刘婷浅谈行为与空间互动设计 ，2012，P267P269【2】LLJROY12简述圣索菲亚大教堂建筑特点 ，2011参考文献1.西里尔曼戈. 拜占庭建筑/世界建筑史丛书M.
11、中国工业出版社，20132.亨特.世界建筑风格漫游M.机械工业出版社，20133.张日元.公元 4 至 9 世纪拜占廷帝国基督教化研究D.南开大学,20104.LLJROY12.简述圣索菲亚大教堂建筑特点OL.百度知道,20115.王群.当前我国的宗教政策现状及其法治化探讨J.喀什师范学院学报,2014,P7P116.晓黎.横跨欧亚的无冕之都-伊斯坦布尔J,20067.LLJROY12.简述圣索菲亚大教堂建筑特点OL.百度知道,20118.文健.建筑与室内设计的风格与流派M.清华大学出版社，20139.朱芸.埃舍尔平面镶嵌图形研究D.江苏大学,201010.张伟 张宠.中外城镇文化遗产保护和利
12、用的启示J.前沿,2011,P169P171A brief analysis of the designing style of Hagia Sophia ChurchAbstract.2Introduction31. Introduction of the Church.41.1Background of Times41.2 The Reason of its Production42. The Analysis of the Designing Style of Hagia Sophia .52.1The Overall Designing Features 52.2 The Featur
13、es of the Application of the Color62.3The Features of Decoration72.4The Features of the Church .83. The Status of the Church and its Influence on Other Regions9Conclusion 10Quote .11Reference 11AbstractThe world we live in is full of buildings. Many buildings with its magnificent appearance, meaning
14、ful historical story, the years of precipitation and special architectural style make the people feel amazed after watching them, and thus were written in the annals of the history. Going through the waves of history, many of them have become the benchmark of the architectural history, and provide d
15、etailed and vivid information for people who research on the different ages and cultural background. Rome is the place where a lot of classic architectures were born, in which Hagia Sophia is the most famous building which was built during the reign of the emperor of the east Rome. This paper will e
16、xplore the designing style of Hagia Sophia Church, and the inspiration and significance in the construction it brings to human.Key words: Hagia Sophia Church; effect; styleIntroductionIn the construction of building, the designing style is the most important symbol. Generally, as long as we know the
17、 designing style of the building, we could get a vague image in our mind even if we have never seen the building, even the local culture of the whole city, even further to the local historical background. Seeing from that, determining the designing style of a building is very important to the archit
18、ecture. Hagia Sophia Church is the typical representative of Byzantine style. This paper will study its style, the specific characteristics and the influence of its designing style.1. Introduction of the ChurchHagia Sophia locates in Istanbul, Turkey, and it can be said that it has changed the Byzan
19、tine architecture model in the architectural history. The huge dome makes it famous in the world and it is the worlds largest church before the advent of Seville Cathedral in 1520.1.1Background of TimesHagia Sophia Cathedral was first built in the year 335 by Constantine Emperor, and the built was c
20、ontinued in Justinian in 532. It brings together the crystallization of the wisdom during the period of Rome, and it is the symbol of the Byzantine period. In 1453, it was occupied by the Ottoman Empire, and the church building was converted to Islam mosque. Now, it has become a museum, with a magni
21、ficent overall appearance, becoming the symbol of the excellent architectural art. 1.2 The Reason of its ProductionHagia Sophia was born in the peak period of the Byzantine Empire, and it was built for the worshiping the God of wisdom Sophia by Constantine Emperor. The purpose is to promote the impo
22、rtance of the light of wisdom to human life, causing peoples worship to the God of wisdom Sophia, and establishing the faith of wisdom. Because of this reason, the designing style of Hagia Sophia is very serious and solemn.2. The Analysis of the Designing Style of Hagia Sophia2.1The Overall Designin
23、g FeaturesHagia Sophia is a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture, and the overall designing style is full of thick Byzantine style, with a strong religious color. Hagia Sophia Cathedral with a grand overall scale and a great momentum is very solemn. The number of the pillars in the church is 107, t
24、he height of the highest pillar ranges from 19 meters to 20 meters. The diameter is about 1.5 meters, and those pillars constitute the overall tall and magnificent space within the church. (See picture one);And every piece of stigma has adopted the gorgeous Corinthian style, firm and solid. The diam
25、eter of the dome is 43.3 meters, and the height of the top is 43.3 meters. Looking up, the dome is very lavish and central dome also opened a round hole with a diameter of 8.9 meters. (See picture two): The round hole means a contact with human. When the outside light is projected inside from the ho
26、le, the light will be reflected, and suddenly the spacious interior will be luminous, forming a tranquil religious atmosphere which conforms to its religious background. The great momentum in designing characteristics of Hagia Sophia Cathedral is also reflected on the porch. Pantheon, belonging to t
27、he Hagia Sophia Cathedral, its porch is high and majestic, with a width 33 meters. There are rectangular colonnades in its facade, with a depth of 15.5 meters. The column is 14.18 meters high, with a diameter of 1.43 meters. Its facade can give people a strong visual impact and shock, and a majestic
28、 feeling. (See picture three):“Hagia Sophia cathedral is the great achievements of the late antique buildings. It has adopted the form of the Greek cross and in space, with a giant round dome, with no pillars to support, which has provided reference for later generations in designing the arch and bu
29、ttress.“ 【1】2.2 The Features of the Application of the Color Generally, building is expressed through the form, texture and color, and one of the most expressive and with the biggest visual impact factor is the color. The use of color reflects the style and cultural characteristics of a city, and it
30、 is also the witness of the historical development. The color of the building interacts with many other elements to influence the manifestation of the building, making the building produce a higher level of beauty.Hagia Sophia Church is mainly used the color of white, yellow and red. The theme of th
31、e appearance is mainly white, yellow and red for its internal wall. The white wall and pillar make the building look like to be solemn, elegant and pure flavor, echoing with its religious background. The interior walls are mainly yellow and red, forming a full and harmony atmosphere in the interior
32、of the church, which would let the visitors feel warm and comfortable. The color yellow is mainly used for drawing the outline of “God“, meaning noble and sacred, which shows the characteristics that the church is born for Sophia, the God of wisdom. Color glass mosaic decorated with angels and the p
33、icture of saints (picture 4), not only enrich the peoples vision, but also heighten the sense of sacred of the architecture itself. In the middle ages, the blue of sky symbolizes the heaven and the divine, meaning infinite and true faith. Gold is a symbol of the sun, love, eternal and wisdom, symbol
34、izing sovereign in religion.The top and bottom, the right and left of the church reflects each other and the entire space is gorgeous, full of solemn and holy of the religion, making every Christian feels the religious light.2.3The Features of DecorationThe interior ground of Hagia Sophia Church was
35、 covered with multicolored marble, green and purple leucorrhea and golden mosaic. “On the bricks the shell was formed, through the cover to hide the column pier, virtually making the appearance look more spacious and bright.“ 【2】The top of the interior vault and the ambient walls are painted with co
36、lorful beautiful murals and sculptures. It also use a large number of mosaic picture inlaid with marble. The picture of Virgin Mary, Jesus, the saints, the emperor and the empress were spell out with these mosaics, making the interior decoration full of religious atmosphere, beautiful and solemn, fu
37、ll of the holy atmosphere.2.4The Features of the ChurchHagia Sophia is designed greatly in Byzantine style, mainly manifested in the details of its design of dome and carving. The dome is very huge, supported by a small corner and four rectangular columns. The aesthetic effects can be achieved throu
38、gh the small corner, and at the same time, it can make the side of the dome stable. So that the weight of the dome can flow down and it can give the people a feeling that the dome is floating among the four cylinders. In the 17th century, people imitate the saying of “seven wonders of the world“ pro
39、posed by Phoenicians of BC and put forward the “seven wonders“ of the modern world. Hagia Sophia is one of them. In sculpture, the relief is used, with fine craftsmanship, clear texture and clear structure. The character and image are very vivid.3. The Status of the Church and its Influence on Other
40、 Regions (such as Russia and Islamic Architectures)Although Byzantine has declined and even become extinct, the orthodoxy and the Orthodox Church that was characterized by the centralized composition are not dead in areas that were affected by Byzantine culture. Instead, they have inherited the trad
41、ition and have developed to a certain degree.The existence of Hagia Sophia has a significant impact on the design of other regional architecture. The first to be affected is Russian architecture, such as the Bo La Jin Hei Cathedral in one side of Moscows red square. Its shape has imitated the style
42、of Hagia Sophia Cathedral, with the same round and sharp roof and various forms, on a grand scale. The color that is mainly used is also red and white, such as red walls, white marble and inlay. The shape of petal is also used as decoration, and the whole building with a grand atmosphere. The detail
43、s create a very quiet atmosphere and, combining the dynamic beauty and the static beauty, presenting the religious background. In architectural style, the Islamic architecture is deeply affected by Hagia Sophia Cathedral, especially the Marcel collage of Christ is used in interior decoration and the
44、 interior decoration is of gorgeous and bright color, mainly in red and yellow and white is in the subordinate place. The decoration is magnificent and all kinds of angels and saints mural act as decorations, expressing the inspirational power of religion, such as the typical representative Islam ar
45、chitectures as Yagela castle and Alhambra Palace(also known as the Red Palace),and so on. ConclusionHagia Sophia cathedral is one of the most representative Byzantine architecture preserved after going through several wars several owners. It has gone through cruel historical test, carrying a heavy h
46、istory and culture, and it is a precious heritage of human history and civilization. Its existence witnessed the historical process and reform, the rise and fall of politics, religious struggle and change of the times. At the same time it also affected the Russian and Islamic architecture. It has wi
47、tnessed the prosperity of an era, but also witnessed an era of decline. The building is just like a history book that has recorded the course of history, but also has important significance in studying the history and culture of human development.Quote【1】Liu TingDiscussion on Behavior and the Spatia
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