1、四级语法讲析,*动词的时态和语态 某些动词的固定用法 *动词不定式和动名词 *分词(短语)作定语和状语 *虚拟语气 *倒装句 主谓一致 *从句 (定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句） 情态动词及省略句 *强调与否定 替代与倍数 （标有符号*的为四级语法考试重点）,主谓一致 指导原则: 1. 语法一致原则(主、谓语在单、复数上的一致) 2. 意义一致原则(谓语取决于主语的单,复数意义) 3. 就近原则(谓语决定于最靠近它的词语n.的单,复数形式),语法一致原则: eg: Many girls want to buy.Every girl wants to buy.,意义一致原则: 1可单可复 1.1
2、 集合名词:family, crew, people, staff, all, etc.用作整体,谓语用单数;用作个体,谓语用复数. Eg: My family poor.My family kindly to others. 1.2 glasses, trousers, shorts(短裤),如果之前无单位词而单独使用,谓语动词用复数;否则用单数. Eg: My trousers black.One pair of scissors（剪刀） not enough. 1.3 the number of 谓语用单数; a number of谓语用复数.,is,are,is,are,1.4 关系分
3、句中的主谓一致问题 1)在“one of + 复数名词 + 关系分句”结构中,分句的谓语动词常用复数. Eg. Im one of those people who very happy now. 2)如果此结构前有“the”或“the only”等限定词或强调词时,关系分句的谓语动词形式依one而定,用单数. Eg. He is the only one of those boys who willing to help the little girl. 1.5 主语 + as mush as /rather than /more than /no less than, 谓语动词形式视主语本
4、身单复数而定.(考点:通常该主语是单数第三人称, 所以谓语用单数) Eg. His brother rather than his parents to blame. My husband, ,more than anyone else in the family, anxious to go there again.,are,is,is,is,1.6 主语 + as well as /in addition to /with /along with /together with /except, 谓语动词形式随主语本身而定.(考点:通常主语是单数第三人称, 所以谓语用单数) Eg. The
5、father, as well as his son, going to travel. 2. 单数 2.1 以-ics结尾的学科名称后,谓语用作单数. 诸如:physics(物理学); mathematics(数学); mechanics(机械学); politics(政治学)等.2.2 固定名词the United States, the United Nations 等做主语,谓语动词用单数.,is,2.3 Many a + 单数名词,随后的谓语动词用单数;more than one (语法一致原则),谓语动词用单数. Eg. Many a student that mistake be
6、fore. A had made B has been made C have made D has made 2.4 数量词(表距离,金额,重量,时间等复数名词),谓语动词用单数. Eg. Six months too short a time for me.Twenty miles a long way to cover. 2.5 名词性分句做主语,(what, who, why, how,whether等引导的), 谓语动词用单数. Eg. What caused the accident a complete mastery. 2.6 不定式和动名词做主语,谓语动词用单数.,D,is,
7、is,is,就近原则 3.1 遇到or, nor, eitheror, neither nor, not only but also等,谓语动词采用“就近原则”. Eg. Either my father or my brothers coming.Either my brothers or my father coming. 3.2 there be 的存在句型中,主谓一致采用“就近原则” Eg. There three apples and one orange on the desk.There one orange and three apples on the desk.,is,ar
8、e,are,is,二 代词与动词一致(1)some 与any作主语时，谓语动词要根据其自身所指的数而确定I dont think any of my friends been there.There isnt any bread at home.(2)none作主语时，谓语多用单数None of his friends ever been abroad.,have,has,(3)many作主语时，谓语动词多用复数Many of the beggars blind.manys the time, many was the time(曾有多次）的短语中，many后用单数动词is, wasMany
9、the time, I waited my beloved at the gate.(4)all作主语时，谓语可以是单数或复数。一般来说，all指事物时用单数，指人时用复数。All not gold that glitters. All sympathetic to the poor woman. All well that ends well.,are,was,is,were,is,(5)each， either 作主语时，谓语多用单数Each of the students a dictionary.Either of the road dangerous. (6)neither,what
10、作主语时，谓语可用复数或单数Neither of the applicants qualified for the job.Neither large enough.What your hobbies?What his motive?(7)both作主语时，谓语用复数 Both of the girls are pretty.Both of them were great warriors.,has,is,were,was,are,is,三. 代词与名词一致（1）all可接单数或复数名词They worked hard all year .All roads lead to Rome.(2)a
11、nother后常接单数名词,有时也接复数名词Please give me another one.We waited for another 10 minutes.(3)some,any后接单数或复数名词Is there any students in the classroom?Is there any water in the bottle?You should give him some advice.She has been away for some days.,(4)both,many后多接复数名词，但many a后接单数名词A lot of trees were planted
12、on both sides of the road.Both his brothers are football players.Many students didnt hand in their homework in time.Many a student is absent today.,(5)every后面一般接单数名词，但作 每隔.理解时，后接复数名词They dont have English classes every day.The Olympic Games is held every four years.(6)指由or,nor连接两个单数名词时，要用单数代词Is eith
13、er food or rent much expensive than it used to be?,(7)当every或 each修饰由 and连接的两个单数名词时，要用单数代词。Each teacher and student is asked to do his work.(8)当指由and连接的两个单数名词，其中一个为阳性，另一个为阴性，且前面有 every或each修饰时，要用单数代词his.Every man and woman should be paid equally according to his work.Each boy and girl has his own ri
14、ghts.,定语从句 在复合句中起( )作用的从句，称为定语从句。定语从句相当于一个( )词，修饰主句中名词，代词或整个主句。定语从句位于它所修饰的词之后，这个被修饰的名词或代词称为（ ）。定语从句一般由关系代词（ ）和关系副词（ ）引出。,e.g. The letter which I received yesterday was from a friend of mine.我昨天收到的那封信是我一个朋友寄来的。,定语,形容,先行词,that,which, who, whom,whose 等,when,where,why,关系代词在定语从句中的作用 一，连接主句和从句 二，在意义上代表所修饰
15、的名词和代词 三，在定语从句中作某一个成分，可用作主语，宾语和定语。,e.g. 1. The children who live on the nearby farms go to school by bike.住在农场附近的孩子都是骑车去上学。2. 翻译： 你要见的那个人已经来了。The man whom you want to see has come.3.翻译：这是我们昨天参观的医院。 This is the hospital that we visited yesterday.4. Is that the man whose house was burnt down last week
16、?是不是那个人的房子上星期着火了。5. 翻译：这是汤姆先生，他的妻子在一家百货店工作。This is Mr.Tom whose wife works at a department store.,关系代词的省略 作直接宾语时可以省略。 e.g. The man (whom) you saw just now is our manager.你刚才见到的那个人是我们的经理。 在“there+be”结构的从句中作主语的关系代词可以省略。 e.g. This is the only bus (that) there is to that park.这是开往那个公园的唯一的一路公共汽车。,关系代词放在介
17、词后作宾语不能省略，但介词位于句尾时，关系代词可以省略。 e.g. This is the girl with whom he worked. (whom不可省)This is the girl (whom) he worked with. 这就是同他一起工作的女孩。翻译：这就是迈克出生的房间。This is the room in which Mike was born.This is the room (which) Mike was born in.,E.g. 1. The man you saw in the laboratory is our physics teacher.2. T
18、he man spoke last was Dr.Johnson.3. What was it he wanted? 4. He missed the train, made his father very angry. 5. I need a coat is both warm and light in weigh. 6. What is the name of the student father works in our factory? 7. Is this the boy you were looking for?,whom,who,that,which,which,whose,th
19、at,注意以下几点 一，关系代词 that,which,who 在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词和从句所修饰的词在人称和数上要保持一致。（如例句5）二，当先行词为something, anything, everything, nothing, much, little 等不定代词或为way, reason等名词，或先行词前有形容词最高级 以及first, last, next, only等修饰词时，关系代词要用that。 E.g. 1. That is the last book that the great man read before his death.那就是这位伟人临终前读过的
20、最后一本书。,2. 翻译：这就是他们来的理由吗？Is this the reason that =why/for which they came? 3.翻译：他这样做使我很生气。 The way that=in which he did it made me angry.,1. There was nothing interested him at the car show. 2. Much has been said tonight will soon be forgotten. 3. This is the most valuable instrument I have ever seen
21、. 三，先行词为表示时间的名词，如time, hour, day, week, month, year等，常用关系代词that引导定语从句，此种情况下that相当于when或“介词+which”。 The accident took place on the day their relatives came to see him. What is the time the train normally arrives?,that=on which,that=at which,that,that,that,关系副词引导的定语从句 定语从句也可以由 引导，分别修饰主句中表示时间，地点和原因的名词。
22、关系副词在定语从句中作 。E.g. 1. Do you remember the time when he fell off his bike?你记得他从自行车上摔下来的时间吗？,when, where, why,状语,2. 翻译：我不懂他们为什么那么无礼。,I couldnt understand the reason why they were so rude. 1. We will never forget the days we stayed in your beautiful country. 2. A spaceship can travel in space there is n
23、o air. 3. That is one of the main reasons everyone should study English.,when,where,why,区别定语从句与同位语从句,The news that the radio announced surprised everybody.The people all over the world were shocked at the news that America had declared war on Iraq.全世界人民都为美国向伊拉克宣战所震惊。,定语从句(限定性定从&非限定性定从) 1)限定性定语从句中, 定
24、语从句和它的先行词所指意义之间的联系不可分割, 若少了它, 则不能表达所需的确切含义. E.g. Success belongs to those students who work hard at ordinary times.,2)非限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间的联系则较松散,只是对先行词提供一些补充说明.因此, 若省去该从句, 不至于影响先行词所指的主要意义.它和主句之间常用逗号分开,引导词不可用that, 常用关系代词which, who, as以及关系副词when和where引导. E.g. This is the house which we bought last month.
25、 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）,E.g. 翻译：我们将运动会延期到下周举行，那时天气可能会好转。 We will put off the sports meet until next week, when the weather may be better.这个包就是我上周丢的那个。 This is the same bag as/that I lost last week.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍了。 This novel,
26、 which I have read three times, is very touching.,状语从句（adverbial clause）,状语从句在句中用做状语，状语从句由从属连词引导，状语从句的位置可在句首，也可在句末，放在句首时，从句后常用一逗号。放在句末时，从句前面往往不用逗号。状语从句根据它们的含义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步、条件等八种。,时间状语从句,常用以下引导词： when（当-时）, as（当，一边-一边）, while（在-期间）, after（在-之后）, before（在-之前）, as soon as（一-就）, since（自从）, til
27、l, until（直到）, whenever（任何时候）等。 E.g. 翻译：1. 昨天我哥哥来时，我正在踢足球。 When my elder brother came yesterday, I was playing football.,2. 这些男孩一边沿着湖走，一边愉快地唱歌。 As the boys walked along the lake, they sang merrily. 3. 自从我们上次见面以后，你变得不多。 You havent changed much since last we met. 4. 我们等到雨停了吧! Lets wait until / till the
28、 rain stops.,when & as & while,用when时，从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时，也可以先于主句的动作。 用as时，主句和从句的动作往往同时发生，有是译作“一边-一边- ”。 用while时，主句和从句的动作同时发生,但主从句之间有一种转折的意味，译成“而”。,E.g. 1. It was raining we arrive. 2. I pressed the button the radio stopped. 3. She came up he was working. 4. Two persons came to see you you were away.,wh
29、en/as,When,as/when,while,地点状语从句,引导词有：where, wherevere.g. 翻译：1. 我在丢书的地方找到了我的书。 I found my books where I had left them.2. 不管在什么地方种东西，一般都会生长的。 Wherever you plant things，they generally grow.,原因状语从句,引导词有：because, since, now that（既然）, as, for 等。 E.g. 翻译：1. 我们努力学习英语，因为我们要和讲英语的人民交往。 We work hard at English
30、because we want to communicate with English-speaking people.2. 大家都到了，我们就开始讨论吧。 Now that everybody is here, lets begin our discussion.,结果状语从句,由so that 或so-that（如此-以致于）引导。E.g. 翻译：1.他跌入水中，衣服都湿了。 He fell in the water so that all his clothes got wet. 2. 这个黑人工人穷的无钱给他儿子买双鞋。 The black worker was so poor tha
31、t he could not afford to buy a pair of shoes for his son.,because & as & since & for,because 表原因的语气最强，回答why?它所引导的从句是全句的重心所在。 as 表示原因的语气没有because 强，它引导的从句放在主句前面，用来说明比较明显的原因。 since和as相似，但表示稍加分析后的原因，而且是对方已知的原因。 for和because的意思相似，但它所引导的分句只能放在句子后部（或单独成立一个句子）。,Maize is also called Indian corn because it wa
32、s first grown by the American Indians.(用because回答为什么)As it was raining hard, they stayed home. (as 表示较明显的原因)Since Im here today, I saw everything.（as 表示较明显的原因）The days are short, for it is now December. (for表示或补充新的情况),比较状语从句,由as（正如）, than（比）, as-as（和-一样）, not as (so) as（和-不一样）, as if (as though)（好象，
33、宛如）, the more-the more（越-越）等词引导。 E.g. 翻译：1. 第十课不像第九课那么难。 Lesson Ten is not so difficult as Lesson Nine. 2. 这男孩说话像大人似的。 The boy talks as if he were an adult. 3. 越快越好。 The faster, the better.,目的状语从句,由that(以便)，so that（以便）, in order that（以便）等引导。E.g. 翻译：1. 他们早点动身，以便准时到达。 They set out early so that they c
34、an arrive in time.,条件状语从句,由if（假如）, unless（除非）, suppose（假设）, supposing, provide（假若）, as (so) long as(只要)等引导。E.g. 1. Suppose (Supposing) he does not come, what shall we do?他要是不来，我们该怎么办？ 翻译：除非有急事，他一定会来。 He will be sure to come unless he has some urgent business.,让步状语从句,由though, although, as（尽管）, even i
35、f（即使）, even though, no matter-(不管)等引导。 其中no matter who = whoever/no matter which = whichever等。 E.g. She says shell go no matter who / whoever tries to stop her.她说不管谁来阻拦，她都要走。,让步状语从句由as引导时，从句的表语常放在句首。如： E.g. Hard as the conditions were, George persevered in his studies. 条件再坏，乔治也坚持学习。翻译：时间尽管不早了，他们仍然坚持
36、工作。 Late as it was, they continued the work. 翻译：尽管我花了工夫，但还不能记住课文。 However hard I tried, I could not memorize that text.,1. It was not until dark_ she realized it was too late to go home. A) which B) that C) when D) what 2. The size of the audience, _ we had expected, was well over five hundred. A. w
37、hom B. who C. that D. as 3. He studied hard at school when he was young, _ contributed greatly to his success in later life. A. that B. what C. so that D. which,B,D,D,4. _ it is done on purpose is beyond doubt. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whoever 5. It was in the 1980s _ the trade between the two coun
38、tries reached its highest point. A. who B. which C. that D. when 6. The day is not far away_ modern communication will become wide-spread in Chinas vast countryside. A. as B. before C. when D. until,C,C,C,7. The goals _ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. A. after which B.
39、for which C. with that D. for that 8._ he was born in Chicago, the author is most famous for his stories about New York City. A. If B. Because C. Although D. Since 9. It was because of his outstanding performance in this game _ he was awarded a prize yesterday. A. what B. which C. who D. that,B,C,D,
40、1)The student answered the question was John. 2)I know the reason he was angry. 3)The room served for studio was bare and dusty. 4)I know the man you mean. 5)A child parents are dead is called an orphan.,who,why,which,whom,whose,6)Is he the man sells eggs? 7)Her attitude to him was quite the same it
41、 had always been. 8)He came last night I was out. 9)This is the house I lived last year.,that,as,when,where,Change the underlined part in each of the following sentences into an adverbial clause. 1. Working harder, youll make it. If you work harder 2. When shopping on the internet, I like to look fo
42、r some famous brands. When I shop on the internet 3. Defeated, he is still a popular boxer. Though he was defeated,4. Weather permitting, well go to Marriott to climb the rock wall. If weather permits 5. My homework finished, I went to bed. After my homework was /had been finished 6. After finishing
43、 the job, they returned to the camp. After they finished the job,7. The door being locked, no one could enter the classroom. Because the door was locked 8. Be careful while swimming in the rough sea. While you swim in the rough sea 9. Not having got his reply, I emailed him again. Since/ Because I h
44、ad not got his reply 10. Before leaving the office, the young secretary forgot to turn off the lights. Before she left the office,名词性从句 (主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句在主句中起相当于名词的作用,即它们在复合句中的功用和名词相同,分别做主句的主语,表语和宾语.因此这三种从句合称为名词性从句.) 相同点: 1)关连词相同A.主从连词: that,whether,if在从句中只起连接作用不担任成分.B. 连接代词: what,which,who,whose,what
45、ever,whichever,whoever等在句中既起连接作用同时又充当主,宾,表,定语等成分.C. 连接副词: when,where,how,why在句中既起连接作用又作状语.,翻译：那就是你想要的。That is what you want.告诉我你想要的。Tell me what you want.你想要的是如此的少。What you want is so little.2)三种从句均不能用逗号与主句分开.3)名词性从句一般都用陈述句的语序.,1.主语从句 2.表语从句 3.宾语从句 1.1主语从句的结构和用法 主语从句在复合句中充当主语,主句中的动词多为系动词.经常用来引导主语从句的
46、关联词有主从连词that(无词义),whether(是否),连接代词what(的东西)以及连接副词等.,1)有代词what引导的主从表示“的(东西)”其句子结构相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句 Eg.她想知道的是那一点.What she wants to know is that. 2)有主从连词,连接副词引导. Eg.我们是否开会还不能肯定.Whether we shall have the meeting remains uncertain.How she is still alive is beyond us.她怎么还活着,我们实在弄不明白. 3)有连词that引导 Eg. That th
47、e workers managed to do it is a fact.工人做了这项工作是事实.,1.2 用代词it做形式主语的主语从句. 通常在主句的动词是连系动词的句子中,把主语从句放在句尾,把代词it(无具体意义)放在句首,作为形式上的主语,避免头重脚轻. e.g. 翻译：我们是否开会还不能肯定。It remains uncertain whether we shall have the meeting. 当what引导的主语从句表示“的东西”时及whatever,whichever等关系代词引导的主语从句一般都不用it做形式主语.,1.2.1 it +be + 名词 + 主语从句 E
48、g. It is a pity ( a fact, an honour, a shame, a good news, a good thing, no wonder, a deplorable不幸的thing, etc.) that e.g. 翻译：他昨天没有来真是遗憾。 It is a pity that he didnt come yesterday. 1.2.2 It +be + 形容词+ 主语从句. Eg . It is strange (natural, true, fortunate, obvious, impossible, possible, likely, unlikely, funny, surprising, etc. ) that翻译：他明天完成工作是不可能的。,
