1、主谓一致,集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题,有些有生命的集体名词，如cattle, police，people，youth, mankind, folk等做主语时，谓动常用复数。 无生命的词，如foliage(叶子），machinery(机械），merchandise(商品、货物）等做主语时，谓动用单数。 还有一些集体名词如：audience, class, crew, committee, family, team, group, army, police等做主语时，如指一整体，谓动用单数；如指全体中的每一个成员，谓动则用复数。 如果主语是由“a committee of”等+复数名词，随后的动
2、词常用单数。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,1. 由and/bothand连接的并列结构作主语时，谓动一般用复数。如果意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一概念时，谓动要用单数。,The singer and writer is famous to everyone. A pen and book is what I need. A needle(针）and thread(线）was found on the floor.,Other Examples,War and peace 战争与和平 ham and eggs火腿蛋 egg and rice 蛋炒饭 law and order 治安 bre
3、ad and butter奶油面包 folk and knife wheel and axle 轮轴 needle and thread一套针线 love and hate love and affection 感情 a cup and saucer 一套碟子茶杯 aim and end 目的 truth and honesty 真诚 capacity and efficiency效能 ignorance and negligence 玩忽无知 trial and error 试验摸索 time and tide 岁月 iron and steel 钢铁 the wear and tear 磨
4、损；消耗,2.当eachand, each, everyand, every, noand no, many aand many a.等结构做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题, No man and no animal is to be found on the moon.在月球上没有发现人和动物。 Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with the work.许多医生和护士都在忙工作。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,3. 由not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor,or等连接的并列主语
5、，谓动通常依据就近原则。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,4. 当主语后面跟有由as much as, rather than, more than, no less than等引导的从属结构时，随后的动词形式依据主语本身的单、复数形式而定。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,5.当主语由 as well as, along with, together with, rather than, no less than, but, except, in addition to, like, including, besides等词连接时，其谓动的单复数形式通常由这些词语前的名词来决定。,以并列结构
6、作主语的主谓一致问题,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题, An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, is to be built here. The professor, together with many of his students, is entering the meeting hall.,6. 一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓动应用复数。Ancient(古代）and modern history are the subjects we are studying. 但如果表示的是同一
7、概念时，谓动应用单数 The last and most difficult lesson is lesson14.,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,2. none of + 不可数名词谓语动词用单数形式；none of + 可数名词 谓语动词单复均可，none 单独用，代表不可数名词，用单数；代表复数时，可单可复。,3. all 做主语表示人时，谓动用复数；若表物，谓动则用单数。, All is well that ends well. All are eager to reach an agreement.,表示“全体”、“部分”等意义的词做主语时的主谓一致（补充）,1. 当主语是 mos
8、t, the rest, the last, the remainder 等时，谓动应依据of后宾语的单复数而定。,Three of us will go, the rest are to stay here. After the big fire, the remainder is nothing.,2.当town, school, village等分别表示总称的“镇民”、“全体师生”、“村民”时，谓动用单复数均可。有时其前可用the或the whole修饰。,The whole school were/was sorry when she left. The whole town is/a
9、re in agreement about the plan.,“the+形容词/过去分词做主语的主谓一致,“the+形容词/过去分词”表示一类人或事物时，谓动用复数；若指某一抽象概念或个别人、事，则用单数。,The sick here are very well cared for. The true is to be told from the false.,the number of做主语时，谓动用单数； a number of做主语时，谓动用复数。,The number of mistakes is surprising. A number of books are missing f
10、rom the library.,补充,1. 肯定 + 否定 + V. (如果主语是由肯定与否定组合时，动词 与肯定主语一致。)e.g. It is I, not you, who am wrong.= It is I who am wrong, not you. 2. 地点副词（短语）+ V. + 主语 （此为倒装句型） e.g. Among the guests was standing John.= John was standing among the guests.,1.以who, why, how, whether或that引导的从句做主语时，谓动用单数。,Why she did
11、this is not known.,名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致,2. and连接的两个名词性从句做主语，如表示两件事情，则谓动用复数。,What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.,名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致,3. 在以what从句作主语的”主系表“结构中，主句的谓动要以表语名词的单复数而定。 What caused the accident is a complete mystery. What his father left him are a few English b
12、ooks. 4.在what从句所引导的”主系表“结构中，若从句中具有两个以上的动词，主句中谓动应用复数。What I say and think are none of your business.,名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致,5. 如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义，比如what-分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也可用复数。 6. 由how and why, when and where引导的从句做主语时，谓动仍用单数。When and where we will have the meeting has not been decided.,非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题,1.
13、动词不定式、-ing分词形式做主语，谓动用单数。To learn English well is difficult. 2.以两个由 and连接的并列非限定分句做主语，如表示两件事情，谓动用复数；如果指的是一件事，动词用单数。Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday.,定语从句中的主谓一致问题,定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式通常依照先行词的形式而定。 e.g. I, who am your fr
14、iend, should help you. e.g. I will employ a boy who understands English.,“one of+复数名词+定语从句“结构中的主谓一致,1. 在 “one of +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句中的谓动常依照语法一致原则用复数。,This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.,2. 在”the only one of+复数名词+定语从句“结构中，定语从句的谓动仍用单数。,Mary is the only one of the youngest girls who
15、 is studying the major of International Law in this university.,分裂句中的主谓一致,在分裂句 “It is + 主语 + that + V. (此为强调句句型)” ，动词与主语一致。 It is Jim who is going to do it是吉姆去做这项工作。 It is I who am to blame应受责备的是我。 但在非正式语体中，此分裂句中心成分可用宾格代词me，这时，随后的 that一分句动词通常用第三人称单数。例如： It is me that is to blame It is me that was in
16、jured in the accident在事故中受伤的是我。,存在句中的主谓一致,在here, there 引导的存在句中，谓语动词与其后面的实义主语一致。一般说来，实义主语是单数，动词也用单数，实义主语是复数，动词也是用复数。 There is a big lake in the centre of the city城市的中心有一个大湖。 There are three rooms left还剩三间房。 当用作实义主语的名词词组是个并列结构时，采用就近原则决定谓语动词的形式。 There is a pen , two pencils and some books on the desk.
17、There are two pens , a pencil and some books on the desk.,注意,1）more than one + 单数N. + 单形V.2) more + 复数N. than one + 复形V.3）more than two (three,)+复数N. +复形V e.g. More than one student is punished.More students than one are punished. More than two white roses have bloomed.,注意,1）“a / an + 单名+ or two ” 大
18、多接单数谓语： “one or two + 复名”接复数谓语。 Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。 One or two reasons were suggested . 提出一两条理由。 2）“a / an + 单名+ and a half”常接单数谓语；“one and a half +复名”也是多接单数谓语。 A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。 One and a half bananas is left on the table.桌子上还有一个半香蕉。,1. All the Presiden
19、ts Men_one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal. (2007 TEM4-52) A. remain B. remains C. remained D. is remaining 2. The research requires more money than_. (2007 TEM4-61) A. have been put in B. has been put in C. being put in D. to be put in 3. The statistics_that li
20、ving standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times. (2006 TEM4-62) A. proves B. is proving C. are proving D. prove,B B D,4. Mr. Wells, together with all the members of his family, _for Europe this afternoon. (2004-61) A. are to leave B. are leaving C. is leaving D. leave 5. It is f
21、utile to discuss the matter further, because _ going to agree upon anything today. (2003-60) A. neither you nor I are B. neither you nor me is C. neither you nor I am D. neither me nor you are 6. of the twins was arrested, because I saw both at a party last night. (2002-42) A. None B. Both C. Neithe
22、r D. All 7. Even as a girl, _to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teacher.(2001-42) A. performing by Melissa were B. it was known that Melissas performances were C. knowing that Melissas performances were D. Melissa knew that performing was ,C C C D,倒装,一.全部倒装,1.在there, here 引导的句
23、子中，谓语是be, exist 等表示状态的不及物动词。如： Here are coats for young people 这有年轻人穿的大衣。 2 在副词now then thus引导的句子里，谓语是come ,follow ,begin, end等。 a.There is a dictionary on the desk. 桌上有本字典。 b.Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了!,全部倒装,Note: 如主语为人称代词,不用倒装结构。例如: a. Here she comes. 她来了。 b. Here it is. 在这儿（或这就是）。,1. Then _ the C
24、ivil War. A. did follow B. followed C. does follow D. following2.There _ at the top of the hill.A. stands a weather station B. a weather station standsC. does a weather station stand D. is a weather station stand,全部倒装,3.用于某些表示地点的介词词组作句首状语的句子，谓语是come, be, stand, sit, lie等动词的句子里 。 In this chapter will
25、 be found a partial answer. From the valley came a tinkling sound, a soothing moo, the lull of alien voices. On the other side of the road was standing Lily,全部倒装,4.用于以表示处所,声音等义的副词开头的句子(out, in, up, down,away )。用表示运动的不及物动词（如go, come, rush, fly 等）作谓语时，为了表达生动，可将某些副词放在句首，谓语动词放在主语之前，形成倒装结构。例如：a. Away fle
26、w the pigeons. 鸽子飞了。b. Bang went the firecracker. 鞭炮砰的一声响了。c. The door burst open and in rushed the crowd.,全部倒装,Note:如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置则不变，只将副词放在句首。如：Out he rushed. 他冲了出去。,3. Round and round _.flew the plane B. the plane flewC. did the plane fly D. was the plane flying4. Up _.his ball went B. went
27、 it C. did he go D. he came,全部倒装,在不带if的虚拟条件状语从句,谓语动词是be的句子里。如： Were I in your position, I would ask him about the matter 我要是处于你那样的位置，我就要问问他这件事。,部分倒装,是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。,部分倒装,1. 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装。常见的词和短语有：hardly, little, never, not unti
28、l, rarely, seldom, in no way, at no time, in no case, by no means, hardly (scarcely/barely)when, no sooner than等,5. Not a single word_ at the meeting so far. A. did she say B. said she C. has she said D. she has said 6. Seldom _ any mistakes during my past few years of working here. A. would I make
29、B. did I make C. I did make D. shall I make,部分倒装,2. 句首状语若由“only+副词”、“only+介词词组”、“only+状语分词” 构成，也可引起局部倒装。 Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets. Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in th
30、e end. Only by working hard can we succeed.,注意：Only 如不在句首，或only 修饰的不是状语，则不倒装。 如： The contract was signed only after bitter negotiations. 只有在艰苦的谈判以后，合同才得以签署。 （改成倒装：Only after bitter negotiations was the contract signed.） Only the senior staff are allowed to use this room. 只许资深的职员使用这个房间。 Only five pas
31、sengers survived the accident. 事故中只有五位旅客生存了下来。,7. Only by practising a few hours every day _ be able to use it. A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you 8.Only when he saw it , _ believe what I said.A. he did B. he will C. did he D. he would9.Only in this way _ the problems. A. you can solve B.
32、 can you solve C. you solve D. did you solve,3. not onlybut also,当not onlybut also句式的not only部分置于句首时，前一个分句中的主谓要采用部分倒装，第二个分句则不倒装。 _ snacks and drinks but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest. A. Not only they brought B. Not only did they bring C. Not only bro
33、ught they D. Not only they did bring (答案为B),4. notuntil,当notuntil句式转换成not until且置于句首时，其后的主句部分习惯上要用倒装语序(与一般疑问句形式相同)。 Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19世纪初，人们才知道热是何物。 在复合句中，只有主句用倒装，until引导的从句不倒装。如：Not until he loses his health will he give up drinking.他直到失去健康
34、才会戒酒。,10. Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted. A. didnt I realize B. did I realize C. I didn t realize D. I realized 11. _ entered the office when he realized that he had forgotten his report. A. He hardly had B. Had he hardly C. Hardly had he D. Hardly did he 12.By no means(一点也不)
35、 _ succeed in getting the first place. A. they can B. can they C. they could D. have they,5.用于以副词so, neither, nor 开头,表示“某人也这样”一类概念的句子。1) so用于肯定句，代替上文中的形容词，名词或动词,通常指前面所说的肯定情况也适用于其他人(或物)，结构为:So+be, do, have其他助动词或情态动词+主语.例如:I can speak English . So can my brother.我会说英语。我弟弟也会。,Production is going up, an
36、d so is the peoples standard of living. 生产不断发展，人们的生活水平也一样。 Society has changed and so have the people in it. 社会变了，社会上的人也变了。 Coal is under the ground, and so is oil. 煤在地底下，石油也是。 He saw it, and so did I. 他看见了，我也看见了。,Note:如果不是表示情况的适合，而是表示对前面的句子内容的同意或肯定，则不能用倒装句。例如：He is a good teacher, so he is. 他是个好老师，
37、他的确是。,部分倒装,2)neither, nor用于否定句，通常指前面所说的否定情况，也适用于其他人（或物），结构为： Neither (nor)+be, do, have其他助动词或情态动词+主语。 例如：You cant do it , neither/nor can I . 你不能做这件事，我也不能。,e.g. I havent been to New Work before and neither has my sister. “Did you see that?” “No” “Neither did I”.,Nor 用于否定句中，承接前面的语气进行进一步否定。但是注意，这里的否定的
38、事情一般和前边的并不一致，这一点和neither 的用法是不同的。 e.g. He cannot see, nor could he hear until one month ago. She isnt rich, nor do I imagine that she ever will be. I wont arrive today. Nor tomorrow.,Note:,nor 是连词，neither 既是连词又是副词 I cant answer, but neither can I. 考试中neither和nor同时出现时，通常考得是neither的副词用法。,C A,1. The me
39、ssage is clear: Just as tea and banana cant go together,_ should the son of a low-class family expect to marry the daughter of a nobleman. A.either B.not C.neither D.nor 2. We dont need air conditioning, _. A) nor can we afford it B) and nor we can afford it C) neither can afford it D) and we can ne
40、ither afford,13. My brother had a bad cold last week, and so _. A. did I B. had I C. was I D. I did 10. “Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?” “I didnt know, _.” A. nor dont I care B. nor do I care C. I dont care neither D. I dont care also 14. He is a good student, and works very hard, _. A.
41、 so it is with her B. so does she C. so is he D. neither does she,6. So/Suchthat的倒装形式 在 So(such)that结构中，如果so或such在句首，通常也会用倒装结构。例如: a. So busy was I that I had no time to have lunch. 我太忙了，没时间吃午饭。b.Such(=so hot) was the weather that I could not go out. 天太热了，我没法出门。c. So fast does light travel that it i
42、s difficult for us to imagine its speed.d. To such an extent did the temperature rise that the fireman had to leave the burning house.,15._ that he couldnt speak. So angry he was B. So angry was he C. Such angry was he D. So was he angry16. Such _.was that he said B. was what he said C. were what he
43、 said D. is what he said,7.用于以were, had, should等词开头的虚拟条件句（即省略了if的虚拟条件句）例如：a.Had I known it earlier, I would not have made the mistake.假如我早知道这件事，我就不会出错了。b.Were she here,we would be able to get some good advice. 要是她在这儿，我们就能得到些好建议。c.Should you go to Shanghai with me ,let me know. 如果你要和我去上海，就告诉我。,17. _
44、it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off visiting Beijing. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 18. _hard at college, you would have got a better job.A. If you worked B. Did you workC. Had you worked D. You had worked,8.在某些表达祝愿的句子里用倒装，例如： a. May you succeed! 祝你成功！ b. So be it! 但愿如此！,9.英语中有的让步状语从句可用a
45、s, though等引起的倒装结构表示，其结构为:“形容词（副词，动词，分词)+as (though) +主语+谓语”。a. Young though she is, she is courageous.她虽然年纪小，但却很勇敢。b.Much as I like playing football ,I like swimming better.我虽然很喜欢踢足球，但我更喜欢游泳。 Child as /though he is , he knows a lot. 倒装部分为可数名词单数时， 不加冠词“a”但如果 这个名词 前面有形容词 修饰时,则要加冠词 A little child as he is ,he knows a lot .,19. _, he wont stop to have a rest.A. As he is tired B. Tired as he is C. Tired although he is D. However he is tired20. _ , mother will wait for him to have dinner together. A. However late is he B. However late he is C. However is he late D. Late however he is,
