1、四级考试语法辅导,Qufu Normal University,虚拟语气 语气定义 一般说来，在英语中，随着说话人的意图不同，动词需要不同的形式，称为语气。英语中共有三种语气： 陈述语气陈述事实 祈使语气提出请求、命令 虚拟语气表示主观愿望和假设虚拟的情况 虚拟语气一般用于条件句中，但条件句也分为真实条件句和虚拟条件句。虚拟语气当然要用在虚拟条件句中。 If he has time, he will come. (真实条件句) If I were you, I would reconsider their proposal.（虚拟条件句）,Qufu Normal University,Qufu
2、 Normal University,对应例句： If we left now, we should arrive there in good time. If you had attended the meeting yesterday, you would have got a present. If I were to be the president, I would appoint you as minister.,Qufu Normal University,三、倒装句 虚拟条件从句中，若含有had, should, could, were这几个词中的一个，则句子可实行倒装（也可不
3、倒装），这几个词放在句首： Had you attended the meeting yesterday, you would have got a present. 四、错综时间条件句（条件从句和主句的时间发生错位） If the weather had been more favorable last year, the crops would be growing better. If I had not saved you then, you would not sit here peacefully.,Qufu Normal University,五、含蓄条件句 假设的情况不用条件从
4、句，而是用介词短语或上下文及其它方式表现出来 What would you do with one million dollars? Without music, the world would be a dull place. We could have done better under more favorable conditions. He would have given you more help, but he has been so busy. He was ill that day. Otherwise he would have taken part in the par
5、ade. Who but a fool would believe that?,Qufu Normal University,六、虚拟语气在从句中的应用 在下面所列从句中，一般需使用虚拟语气： 1.在wish后的宾语从句中 与现在事实相反 一般过去时 与过去事实相反 过去完成时 与将来情况相反 过去将来时/一般过去时 I wish I were as strong as you. We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation. I wish you could stay a little longer. 2.在suggest,
6、order, demand, propose, arrange, require, command, request, desire, insist等词后的宾语从句中。 形式：(should) +v原形， should 可以省略,Qufu Normal University,3.在主语从句中 It is(was) desired that , it is(was) suggested that , it is(was) requested that, it is(was) ordered that, it is(was) proposed that, it is/was/has been de
7、cided that, it is necessary that, it is advisable that, it is important that, 形式：(should) +v原形，should 可以省略 4.suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea 等后的表语从句或同位语从句中 形式：(should) +v原形，should 可以省略 My suggestion is that we (should) send a few people to help the other groups. He e
8、xpresses the idea that he would go abroad.,Qufu Normal University,5.expect, believe, think, suspect 否定或疑问形式后的从句中 形式：(should) +v原形，should 可以省略 6. it is a pity, it is a shame, it is incredible, it is strange, it is no wonder, 等主语从句中 It is a great pity that he should be so conceited. 形式：(should) +v原形，s
9、hould 可以省略 7.I am sorry, we were surprised, they were disappointed, 等状语从句 形式：(should) +v原形，should 可以省略,Qufu Normal University,8.as if , as though 所引导的从句与wish后的宾语从句相同 He talks as if he was a boss. 9.in order that, so that后的从句中 形式：may/might+v, 口语中：can /could +v I live so that others may live better. 1
10、0.lest, for fear that, in case后的从句中 He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain. Here is some money in case you should need it. 形式：(should) +v原形，should 可以省略,Qufu Normal University,11.whoever, whatever, no matter what后的从句中 形式：may +v, may +have done whatever defects he may have, he is an honest
11、man. Whatever he may have done, he is for all of us. 12.it is time that, it is high time that, 后的从句中 形式：一般过去时 It is time that we went to school. It is time that we left. 13.if only后的惊叹句中（虚拟形式与wish后的宾语从句中相同） If only I had listened to your advice.,Qufu Normal University,Qufu Normal University,总结：作状语和宾
12、语补足语时，不管是现在分词还是过去分词，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。 一、现在分词和过去分词的差异 1、作表语和定语时，现在分词表示“某人或某物具有令人的特征”，如上面的例子。而过去分词表示“人对某物或某人具有的感觉”，如上面的例子。 2、作状语和宾语补足语时，现在分词表示主动或正在进行，而过去分词表示被动或完成。 句子练习： 我喊着从屋子里跑出来。 I ran out of the house shouting. 建于1192年的这座桥，已经有800多年了。 Built in1192, the bridge is over 800 years.,Qufu Normal University,垂悬
13、分词一般来说，现在分词在作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。但也有例外：Searching along the deck, it had taken him some time to find a doctor. Walking or sleeping, this subject was always in my mind. 这种情况一般不会发生歧义，但我们不要使用，以免发生误解。 另外，有些现在分词表示说话人对所说的话的一种态度，它们已经变成固定的词组了，可以看作是句子的一种独立成分，而不必去考虑其逻辑主语是否与句子主语一致。这些结构如下： Generally speaking stri
14、ctly speaking, Judging by/from Talking of, Allowing for Considering Counting Assuming Supposing Barring 例句： Generally speaking, the government should serve the people. His study, judging by the crumbs on the carpet, was also his dinning room.,Qufu Normal University,独立主格结构 指独立于句子之外，又有自己的主语的非句子结构，一般来说
15、，它们在句子中作状语。独立主格结构分三种情况： 1、主语+现在分词 The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. The question being settled, we went home. 现在分词独立结构前也可用介词with, with 无意义，只是比较口语化。 With Mr. Smith taking the lead, they decided to set up a trading company. 2、主语+过去分词 This done, we went home. The question settled,
16、we went home. 过去分词独立结构前也可用介词with, 意义无变化。 He came back with a basket filled with medical herbs.,Qufu Normal University,3、主语+不定式 we divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 不定式独立主格结构有时也可作主语，如： I to bear this is some burden. 我负担此物颇不轻松。,Qufu Normal University,倒装句 1.虚拟语气的条件句中若含
17、有should, had, could, were四个词中的任何一个，可把if省去，把四词中的一个放在句首形成倒装句。 例如：Were you in my position, you would do the same.,Qufu Normal University,2. 在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中，形容词，副词，动词可放在句首被强调，形成倒装。如： Poor as /though he is, he is honest. Try as I might, I couldnt lift the stone. Well though he did th
18、e job, he was criticized. as,though 引导让步状语从句时的区别：强调much时必须用as, 而不能用though，如： Much as I admire his courage, I dont think he acted wisely. 特殊状语从句： Come what may, we will support them firmly. Come what may= No matter what may come, or whatever may come,Qufu Normal University,3. 由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人（东西
19、）的句子（必须是肯定句），如： I am quite willing to help and so are the others. If you can do it, so can I . 如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思，尽管用so开头，语序也不用倒装。 It was hot yesterday. So it was. Tomorrow will be Thursday. So it will. 4. 由neither, nor所引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人（或东西）的句子用倒装。 You shall not go there. Nor shall I. You dont go
20、there. Nor shall I . I dont know it. Nor do I care.,Qufu Normal University,5. 以Never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等具有否定意义或含有否定词的结构所引起的句子用倒装句。如： Never did he speak about his own merits. 他从不讲自己的功绩。 Not only does he speak English correctly, but he speaks fluently. 当often放在句首时，句子倒装。如： O
21、ften did we warn them not to do so. 6.当Only置于句首并且修饰状语时，句子倒装（倒装后面的主句）。如： Only in this way can we learn English well. Only when you read this book, can you know its value.,Qufu Normal University,7. 当so修饰形容词或副词并放在句首时，句子倒装。 So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day. So loudly does he
22、 speak that even people in the next room can hear him. 当such修饰名词并放在句首时，句子倒装。 Such a good boy is he that we all like him.,Qufu Normal University,强调句 形式：It is /was +被强调成分+that(who, whom, whose)+ （注意强调句的时态） 除谓语外，几乎其它成分都可被强调。如： John wore his best suit to the dance last night. It was John that /who wore
23、his best suit to the dance last night. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night. It was to the dance that John wore his best suit last night. It was last night that John wore his best suit to the dance.,Qufu Normal University,也可由whom, whose引导： I offered one dollar to your brother for his knife yesterday. 变为：It was your brother to whom I offered one dollar for his knife yesterday. I lost uncle Bills address. It was uncle Bill whose address I lost. 判断强调句是否正确的方式： I lost uncle Bills address. It is time that we left.（定语从句）,
