1、从 句,英语四级语法讲解,从 句根据英语从句在句子中的作用，从句可分为三类： 名词性从句 Nominal Clauses 形容词性从句 Adjectival Clauses 副词性从句 Adverbial Clauses,名词性从句,Including: 主语从句 Subject Clause 宾语从句 Object Clause 表语从句 Predicative Clause 同位语从句Appositive Clause,形容词性从句,Restrictive 限制性定语从句Non-restrictive 非限制性定语从句,Attributive Clause 定语从句,1 of Time （
2、时间） 2 of Place（地点） 3 of Cause（原因） 4 of Result（结果） 5 of Purpose（目的） 6of Condition（条件） 7 of Concession（让步） 8 of Manner（方式） 9 of Comparison（比较） 10 of Analogy（类比）,副词性从句 Adverbial Clause状语从句,从句类型的判定：看从句在整个句子中处在什么位置上、作什么句子成分。通常位于句子开头的从句是主语从句；动词后面的从句是宾语从句；系动词后面的从句是表语从句；名词后面的从句只能是同位语从句或定语从句；其它情况则都是状语从句。,主语从
3、句引导词 从属连词: that, whether 连接代词: what, which, who, whom 连接副词: when, where, why, how,1 That he is always ready to help others is known to all. 2 In some countries, _ is called “equality” doesnt really mean equal right for equal people.A which B what C that D one,B,宾语从句引导词： 属连词: that, whether, if 连接代词:
4、what, which, who, whom(词尾加-ever加强语气) 连接副词: when, where, why, how,表语从句引导词： 从属连词: that, whether, if连接代词: what, which, who, whom连接副词: when, where, why, how,The question is whether we shall stay or not. / how we can get there. / whom he is looking for./ who he is. The reason is (that) he is ill. Thats w
5、hat they did. / why I didnt come.,同位语从句引导词： 从属连词: that, whether 连接副词:when, where, why, how that: 无意义,不做成分,但不能省略.,同位语从句所修饰的名词被称为先行词. 常见先行词有：idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt, question,sign, suspect, 以及表示“建议、命令、请求”的词 (后者句中要用虚拟语气).,The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the r
6、esults. There was the question where we were to go. / what we were to do. / when we were to start. / how we could get there. / why we should help them.,定语从句引导词： 关系代词: who, whom, whose that, which, as 关系副词: when, where, why = 介词+关系代词 ,1 定语从句引导词在句中 起三个作用: 引导和连接主、从句 在从句中作某种成分 替代先行词 （因此从句中不能再有先行词或其代词）,t
7、hat, which: 先行词为事、物, 在句中可作主语、宾语； who, whom: 先行词为人, 在句中可作主语、宾语； whose: 先行词为人、事、物, 在句中作定语；,as: 先行词被 the same, such修饰或先行词本身就是 the same, such; 引导非限定性定语从句, 代替整个句子, 在从句中作主语或宾语.,It wasnt such a good dinner as she had promised us. As is well known, Rome is not built in a day. As we all know, Rome is not bui
8、lt in a day., This is the city _. A I like to visit it most B I like to visit most C I most like to visit D I most like to visit it,B, Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A whose B which C that D what,A, The hours _ the
9、 children spend in their one-way relationship with TV people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.A when B on which C that D in which,C,2 只用which引导定语从句的情况: 引导非限定性定语从句; 在介词后面; 句中已有连词that为避免重复； He told me that the radio which he had bought was defective.,3 只用that引导定语从句的情况: 先行词既
10、包括人又包括物; 先行词前有不定代词修饰或本身为指物不定代词or复合不定代词时; 先行词前有表示唯一概念的词修饰; 先行词被序数词、adj.最高级修饰; 先行词本身为疑问pron.时；or句中有疑问代词； 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,多用that ;, He talked loudly of the men and the books that attracted him. You can take any seat that is free. All that glitters is not gold. There is little / nothing that I can do. No
11、thing is difficult for one who sets his mind to it., He is the only person that is reliable.These are the very points that interest me. The first step that we are to take is very difficult. She has become one of the best actresses that appear on Chinese screens., Who that have studied with him do no
12、t admire him? Who is the man that you were talking to when I saw you yesterday? She is not the girl that she was three years ago. Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.,介词+关系代词不定pron. / 数词 + 介词 + 关系代词which / whom / whose + n. 介词判定依据： 介词与关系代词 (即先行词)为固定搭配 介词与从句中某一词为固定搭配,This is the room where
13、 / in which they lived for ten years. This is the room that / which they lived in for ten years. It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand., Agriculture was a step in human progress _ which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our
14、own machine age.A to B for C in D from,A, I bought a dozen eggs, _ broke when I dropped the box at the door.A six eggs B six eggs of themC six of them D six of which,D, He introduced me to his students, _ offered to go with me as a guide.A one of them B one student C one of whom D one of which,C, Th
15、e residents, _ had been damaged by the fire, were given help by the Red Cross.A all of their homes B all their homesC whose all homes D all of whose homes,D, This is the theory _ which his experiment is based.A from B to C on D for,C,时状常见引导词： when, while, until / till, as, before, after, since, when
16、ever, as soon as, once, n.短语：the moment / each time / every time / the distance + clause no soonerthanhardly/ scarcelywhen,考点： 1 when “正在这时” 2 It is a long time before / after 3 It is / was since （完成时） 4 no soonerthan hardly/ scarcelywhen 时态:主句用过去完成时; 从句用过去时. 否定副词提到句首, 句子要部分倒装.,5 until / till not un
17、til 强调句式: It is/was not until +从句 + that +主句 not提到句首,句子倒装Not until +时间状语（从句）+部分倒装的主句,1 I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _ I heard voices.A as B when C after D while,B,2 No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _ we all sat down to rest.A when B then C than D until,C,3 D
18、oing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _ it comes to classroom tests.A when B since C before D after,A,4 A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time _ the guards discovered what had happened.A before B until C since D after,A,5 You
19、see the lightning _ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.A the instant B for an instant C on the instant D in an instant,A,6 It was almost 10 years _ I had seen her last time.A before B after C when D since,D,地点状语从句常见引导词：where, wherever Boys always go to swim where the water is deep. Where the
20、re is a will, there is a way.,原因状语从句常见引导词：because, as, for（并列句）, since, that, in that, now thatseeing (that); given (that),She was disappointed that her services had been overlooked by her superiors. Seeing (that) he was better, they didnt send for the doctor.,Given (that) she is interested in child
21、ren, Im sure teaching is the right career for her. = Given her interest in children, Im sure teaching is the right career for her.,结果状语从句常见的引导词：so(并列句), that, so that; sothat; suchthat;So much so that表示程度，引导结果分句,-Does Allen like hamburgers? -Yes. So much so that he eats them almost every day. It was
22、 so cold that the river had frozen. It was such an interesting story that I couldnt stop reading it.,目的状语从句常见引导词：that, so that; in order that; lest, for fear that (虚拟语气); in case (虚拟语气),Man does not live that he may eat, but eats that he may live. Here is my telephone number so that you can call me
23、when you arrive here next time. The driver looked at the engine carefully lest it (should) go wrong on the way.,条件状语从句常见引导词：if, unless, as /so long as, in case (虚拟条件句用虚拟语气),on condition that,providing / provided (that) suppose / supposing (that),You cant pass the exam unless you work harder. If it r
24、ains tomorrow, I will go to school by taxi. I can lend you my dictionary as long as you can keep it clean. Please let me know in case he comes.,She would be prepared to come to the party, provided / providing that she could bring her daughter. Supposing / Suppose all the doors were locked, how would
25、 you get into the house?,让步状语从句常见引导词:though, although, as, even if/ though, whilefor all that.（尽管whetheror（省略倒装）; no matter + 特殊疑问词 / 特殊疑问词+-ever,Even if it is raining very hard, he would still go to take care of the young trees in the schoolyard. He is a good comrade for all that he may have shortc
26、omings and faults.,1as引导让步状语从句,必须用倒装语序; though引导让步状语从句可倒装可不 倒装;although引导让步状语从句不能 倒装. 倒装情况： a 把从句中作表语的adj./n.提到句首；若表语为单数可数名词，提前时要省略（即去掉）不定冠词. b 把从句中作状语的adv.提到句首. c 有时把从句中的谓语动词原形提到句首.,Air exists everywhere although we cant see it. Though it was very late, they went on working. Child as he is ,he can
27、speak English fluently. Much though he likes her, he doesnt love her. Fail as he did, he would try again.,2 no matter+特殊疑问词or特殊疑 问词+-ever引导让步状语从句 注意词序： no matter how / however + adj./adv. no matter what / whatever + n. + 从句中有时要用虚拟语气:may+动词原形或直接用动词原形；有时还要用倒装语序;,However rich people are, they always se
28、em anxious to make money. No matter what difficulties we may have, we have confidence in ourselves.,Whatever may come, we wont leave the work half done. Come what may, we wont leave the work half done. Whoever you be, you have no right to do such a thing.,3 whetheror引导让步状语从句，常省略whether,且把动词原形be提到句首.
29、 Be rich or poor, he is kind to everybody. (Whether he is rich or poor) Be friend or foe, the law regards him as criminal. (Whether he is a friend or a foe, ),方式状语从句常见引导词：as, as if / though (虚拟句用虚拟语气) When in Rome, do as the Romans do. He looks as if he is ill. He talks as if he were a scholar. He s
30、peaks as if he had seen it with his own eyes. It looks as if it might rain.,比较状语从句常见引导词：as /soas; than ; The more, the more; the same as; suchas no less than no more than =not any more thannot so much as Eg, no lessthan 表示“在方面不比差” John is no less hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exa
31、m., Anotany more than BAno morethan B“正如A不能, B也不能”“A和B一样都不” He is no more able to read Spanish than I am. = He is not able to read Spanish any more than I am., It is not so much A as B“与其说A, 毋宁说B” It is not so much the language as the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understand.,
32、He knew about the newcomer as much as I did. He finished the exam earlier than his classmates did. She is the same age as you. We are not such fools as to believe him. The harder you work, the more achievement you will make., 排斥问题 China is larger than any country in Africa. China is larger than any
33、other country in Asia.,替代问题: 替代词one / ones, that / those that 指物,代可数名词单数和不可数名词; those指物或人,代替可数名词复数； one 指人或物,代替可数名词单数; ones 指人或物,代替可数名词复数； 名词后有of 短语时,常用that / those; 名词前有形容词修饰时,常用one/ones;,The up trains are fuller than the down _. The engine of your car is better than _ of mine.,ones,that,比较对象一致、主谓一
34、致及时态语态等问题 The population of China is larger than America. The population of China is larger than that of America.,类比状语从句常见引导词：what, as “A is to B what C is to D” 表示A与B的关系和C与D的关系具有可比性.如果A, B, C, D为数字时, 则用as,表示比例上的相等。 Eg,The people is to the Partys army what/as water is to fish. 人民的军队离不开人民, 就象鱼离不开水。 I
35、ntellect is to the mind what /as sight is to the body. 智力之于大脑, 犹如视力之于躯体。,Twelve is to three as four is to one. 12之于3等同于4之1。 The blueprint is to the builder what /as the outline is to the writer. 蓝图对于建筑设计师就象提纲对于作家一样。,Reading is to the mind what /as exercise is to the body. 读书对于思想, 好比运动对于身体一样。 Leaves do for plants what /as lungs do for animals. 叶子对于植物的作用,正如肺对于动物的作用一样。,
