1、About Phonetics,Phonetics,What is Phonetics Organs of Speech Classification of Consonants and Vowels,Lips Teeth Teeth ridge (alveolar) Hard palate Soft palate (velum) Uvula Tip of tongue Blade of tongue Back of tongue Vocal cords Pharyngeal cavity Nasal cavity,Exercises: underline the words that beg
2、in with a sound as required.,A bilabial consonant: mad sad bad cad pad had lad A velar consonant: nod god cod pod rod Labiodental consonant: rat fat sat mat chat vat pat An alveolar consonant: nick lick sick tick kick quick A palatal consonant: sip ship tip chip lip zip A dental consonant: lie buy t
3、high thy tie rye A glide: one war yolk rush,Exercises: underline the words that begin with a sound as required.,A bilabial consonant: mad sad bad cad pad had lad A velar consonant: nod god cod pod rod Labiodental consonant: rat fat sat mat chat vat pat An alveolar consonant: nick lick sick tick kick
4、 quick A palatal consonant: sip ship tip chip lip zip A dental consonant: lie buy thigh thy tie rye A glide: one war yolk rush,Phonetics,What is Phonetics Organs of Speech Classification of Consonants and Vowels,Phonetics:- a branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds a
5、nd provides the methods for the classification, description and transcription of speech sounds.,Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds-sounds that convey meaning in human communication.,Three branches of phonetics,articulatory phonetics （发音语言学） acoustic phonetics （声学语言学） au
6、ditory phonetics （听觉语言学）,The process of speech production and perception,Production transmission perception speaker sound waves listener articulatory phonetics acoustic phonetics auditory P （发音语言学） （声学语言学） （听觉语言学）,Articulatory Phonetics:,a branch of phonetics which studies the phonetics from the spe
7、akers point of view and examines the way in which a speech sound is produced, that is, how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds, which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate in the process.,Acoustic Phonetics:,: a branch of phonetics, which studies the physical proper
8、ties of sounds produced in speech or the transmission of sounds by looking at the sound waves.,Auditory Phonetics:,: a branch of phonetics which studies the phonetics from the hearers point of view and studies how sounds are are perceived by the hearer.,Speech organs:,Pharyngeal cavity - the throat;
9、 The oral cavity - the mouth; Nasal cavity - the nose.,Lips Teeth Teeth ridge (alveolar) Hard palate Soft palate (velum) Uvula Tip of tongue Blade of tongue Back of tongue Vocal cords Pharyngeal cavity Nasal cavity,Orthographic representation of speech sounds,- A standardized and internationally acc
10、epted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).,The principle of IPA is to use Roman alphabet letter, using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sound, and using new letters and diacritics only when necessary. The basic principle of the IPA is using
11、 one letter to represent one speech sound.,Diacritics: （Linguistics / Phonetics & Phonology) Also called diacritical mark a sign placed above or below a character or letter to indicate that it has a different phonetic value, is stressed, or for some other reason,Broad transcription - used in diction
12、ary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics. Narrow transcription - used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics.,Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps. Rather, sounds continually show t
13、he influence of their neighbors. For example, pat, spat.,Place your hand in front of your mouth. Say “pat” and “spat” alternatively. You feel more air against your hand in the production of “pat” than “spat”. In phonetic terms, that extra puff of air in “pat” is know as Aspiration, and is represente
14、d in the transcription by the right superscript h.,p is aspirated in “pat ”and unaspirated in “spat”. This aspirated voiceless bilabial stop is thus indicated by the diacritic h, as ph, whereas the unaspirated counterpart is transcribed as p. This difference in pronunciation is not random, and there
15、 are rules by which we can predict where a certain feature can occur.,When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a broad transcription, pt, The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription. pht, Both are phonetic trans
16、criptions so we put both forms in square brackets .,Classification of Speech sounds,English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories:Vowels Consonants Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no
17、obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.,Classification of consonants：English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions: -place of articulation. -manner of articulation.,English vowels,Exercises: underline the
18、words that begin with a sound as required.,A bilabial consonant: mad sad bad cad pad had lad A velar consonant: nod god cod pod rod Labiodental consonant: rat fat sat mat chat vat pat An alveolar consonant: nick lick sick tick kick quick A palatal consonant: sip ship tip chip lip zip A dental conson
19、ant: lie buy thigh thy tie rye A glide: one war yolk rush,Underline the words that end with a sound as required:,A fricative: pay horse tough rice breath push sing wreathe hang cave message A nasal: train bang leaf limb A stop: drill pipe fit crab fog ride laugh rack through tip An affricate: rack s
20、uch ridge booze,Place of articulation:,Bilabial two lips; Labiodental upper teeth and lower lip; Dental upper teeth, tip or blade of tongue; Alveolar tongue tip or blade, alveolar; Palatal tongue front, hard palate; Velar tongue back, soft palate; Glottalvocal folds pushed towards each other;,Manner
21、s of articulation,1) Stops (爆破音/塞音)The sounds produced when articulators are close together so as to completely shut off the airflow through the vocal tract.,2) Fricatives （摩擦音）Fricatives are sounds produced which are partially obstructed in the vocal tract. The air is allowed to flow through a narr
22、ow passage by friction.,3)Affricates （破擦音） An affricate is a sound which begins as a stop（with a total blocking of the vocal tract） but ends as a fricative（with a narrow opening through the vocal tract）,4)Liquids （流音）The airstream is obstructed but is allowed to escape through a narrow opening betwe
23、en the tongue and the palate. l (latertal) ,r (retroflex),5）Nasals (鼻音）When the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate, ans the air is allowed to pass through it.,6)Glides (滑音/半元音)Glides, sometimes called semivowels, are produced with little or no obstruction of the air in the vocal tra
24、ct though the passage for the airstream is narrowed. They must always occur immediately either before or after a vowel.,English vowels,Classification of vowels,- English vowels can be divided into two large categories:Monophthongs Diphthongs,The criteria of description of vowels According to the par
25、t of the tongue that is raised - front, center, or back b. According to the extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate. Normally, three or four degrees are recognized: high, mid （mid-high, mid-low）, low c. According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowel
26、s and unrounded vowels. d. According to the length of the sound, they can be classified into long vowels and short vowels.,-According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as: front vowels: /i:/ /e/ / / / /a / central vowels: /:/ / /back vowels: /u:/ /u/ /:/ / /：/,High: closer to the palate than the “low” position Front: nearer to the lips than the “back” position,
