1、.页眉.页脚PART1: ReadingHow to quickly read an English paper?要求：通过阅读提高英文词汇，掌握科技英文结构、写作方式词汇：Metalworking Glossary Cutting Tool Engineering, November, 2000, 209-238The metalworking glossary defines terms common to those who cut and grind metals and other materials. The terms are divided into 11 categories
2、: 1. Manufacturing Definitions; 2. Machining Operations;3. Machine Tools and Ancillary Equipment;4. Cutting Tools and Related Terminology5. Coolants, Lubricants, and Related Terminology6. Accessories and Attachments;7. Alloys, Coatings, Material Compositions, and Related Terminology;8. Heat-treating
3、 and Special Processes;9. Inspection, Measurement, and Quality Control;10. Robotics and Automated Assembly;11. Nontraditional MachiningHow to Make Use of the Linguistic Features of Scientific Papers(科技论文的语言特点)1. Linguistic Style(语体)科学技术领域，科技工作者的任务：描述自然现象分析自然现象产生的规律研究自然现象应用于人类生产实践的方法表达所取得的成果及其应用思维形式：
4、概念、公式或公式化的概念思维活动的语言表达：按照严格的逻辑程序导出的判断和推理，科技文体具有抽象性、概念性和高度的逻辑性内容：写实语言风格：准确严谨、合乎逻辑，非形象性(理性)、客观性、无明显感情色彩、简洁明快。Literature1. Conference paper2. Journal paper 3. Lecture4. Book (Dissertation or Thesis)5. Report (News)6. Manual and SpecificationPaper and Experimental Report: Title, Abstract, Introduction, R
5、esults and Analysis, Conclusion and DiscussionBook Second, promote a number of new high-tech products; third, train a group of entrepreneurs.Fill in a tube with cold water, and then heat the tube to 100C.See Table 4.More Complex Sentences由于科学技术所研究的事物互相关联、互相制约，为了准确反映事物之间的内在联系，就需要严密的逻辑思维，而这种思维的内容反映在语言
6、的形式上，就必然是并列关系和多种主从关系的长句增多，并大量使用非谓语动词短语，出现复杂的句子结构。An electric current which reverses its direction at regular intervals, and which is constantly changing in magnitude is called an alternating current, which is usually abbreviated to a. c. .Numerical control machines made on the principle of mechatron
7、ics are most useful when the quantities of the products to be produced are low or medium; the tape containing the information required to produce the part can be stored or modified when required, thus bringing about further savings and higher productivity. More Sentence Patterns of “It be +adj. or p
8、articiples+that .”.页眉.页脚It is evident from the foregoing discussion that basic research is applicable to the facts upon which a science is developed, and the principles or laws of science as compared to applied research directed toward using knowledge gained by basic research to make things that wil
9、l serve a practical purpose.It is concluded that the behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.It has been shown through the experiment that the charges of the nucleus and electrons are equa
10、l so that the atom is electrically neutral. More short Form Sentences Led by “as”英文科技论文中常用由“as” 引出的多种主动、被动、简略形式，如 as the illustration shows, as has been stated above, as in figure 2, as follows 等等。More Present, Past and Present Perfect Tenses科技论文所描述的主要对象是客观存在的事实、现象或真理，谓语动词的时态主要采用一般现在时。在表示过去的时间状语，或叙述
11、过去发生过的事实时，才用一般过去时。若强调过去发生的事实对现在仍有影响，则用现在完成时。The solar system consists of the Sun and many smaller bodies that revolve around the Sun.With the acceptance of the Copernican system, the Earth was added to the number of planets revolving around the Sun, and the Moon was recognized as the Earths satellit
12、e.Uranus, which is barely visible to the unaided eye, was discovered in 1781.Based on these facts, it has been theorized that the Moon has a crust perhaps a few kilometers thick and a mantle about 70 kilometers thick.More Passive Voice英语科技论文中的被动语态较多，这是因为：第一， 被动结构比主动结构的主观色彩更少，描述客观事物，进行逻辑推理，正需要这种特性；第二
13、， 被动结构更能突出要论证、说明的对象，把它放在句子主语的的地位上，就更能引人注目；第三， 被动结构比主动结构在很多情况下更简短。目前，科技论文中主动语态有增多的趋势， 如This paper reports, The author concluded., We made the analysis, The researchers have carried out等等。在侧重被动语态的同时，最好是主动语态交替使用，意使句型多样化。More Subjunctive Mood科技论文内容很多是对事物和现象的论证和讨论，因此，常常涉及到各种条件，所以有必要应用虚拟语气。另外，表达对问题的看法时，为了
14、使口气委婉，也往往采用虚拟语气。It would then appear that a better compromise could have been achieved.In a frictionless machine, the inequality of the above equation would become an equality.For example, it would be better to use four 2-volt cells in parallel. In this case, each cell would deliver 5-ampare current
15、 which would reasonably be carried by one cell.还有如 suppose, suggest, assume, let, to(为了 .目的) 等科技领域中经常用到的词，都必须伴随虚拟结构。4. Figures, Table & Formulae, etc. 这类非语言符号具有叙述简明、形象、直观的特点，特别是在国际科技界具有统一性和通用性，因此越来越受到人们的重视。General Principles for Collecting Information1、 远近兼顾新文献：接触最新的发展，最新的成果.页眉.页脚旧文献：了解历史，启发新的研究思路2、
16、 大小并重注意某些短小、零碎的信息，如国际会议中展示的资料，免得日后“踏破铁鞋无觅处”3、 一视同仁阅读不同见解的文章、著作，可以了解双方的论点和论据，明确其优缺点，以取人之长补己之短4、 先粗后精运用速读方法抓住文献的纲领和主要结论，然后再重点精读有关章节和结论，以便点面结合，在广度和深度两方面采集信息5、 鉴别分析The fool collects data and the wise man select dataWays of Fast ReadingMethods of Guessing and Awakening1. Definition CluesPhilatelist is a
17、person who collects stamps.A micropyrometer means an optical instrument to measure the temperature of small glowing bodies.2. Synonym CluesThe events and games are of several different types. There are individual contests, where each athlete competes alone.Most of us are afraid of something at least
18、 one in our life. And not all fears are bad.3. Antonym CluesEveryone has strong points as well as drawbacks.Few women are professional, most of them are spare-time players.The desert is hot and dry, but the coast areas are warm and humid.4. Explanation CluesTo go into effect, the act had to be ratif
19、ied or approved, by 38 states by 1979. Every human being needs sodium chloride (salt).You may have what is called a phobia a great fear of something.Suites, which include two or more rooms connected together perhaps a bedroom and a living room, are for people who are very rich or every important. 5.
20、 Correlation CluesRanchers raise cattle for the meat that people eat. Most ranches are located in flat open country where there is plenty of grass for the cattle to feed on.If we introduce into the device first one number and then another, the result will give the sum of these numbers. Subtraction i
21、s essentially the addition of negative numbers. Multiplication is done by repeating addition of the necessary number of times, and division by repeating subtraction.6. Context CluesSimple distillation works well to separate one component from a mixture of liquids if boiling points of the components
22、are far apart.The spacecraft were equipped with sensitive radars and eavesdropping radio receivers. Their sole mission: surveillance. Now as the space spies looked downs from their 600-mile attitude, they plotted the movement of ships back and forth across the water below.页眉.页脚Exercise 1：专题：(1)Compu
23、ter-Aided Production and Control Systems(2)Computer-Aided Design(3)Computer-Aided Manufacturing(4)Computer-Aided Process Planning(5)Flexible Manufacturing (6)Computer Integrated Manufacturing(7)Intelligent Manufacturing(8)Agile Manufacturing(9)Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing(10) Environmentally
24、Conscious Design and Manufacturing(11) Nanotechnology and Micro-Machine(12) Industrial Robot or Advanced Robot(13) MRP, ERP and IRP (Material Requirement Planning, Enterprise Resource Planning and Intelligent Resource Planning)(14) Nontraditional Mechanical Process (特种加工)(15) Industrial Design(16) BioManufacturing (生物制造)查阅相关英文资料三篇并翻译其中一篇（提交纸质作业）
