1、.页眉.页脚语法专项句子简单句和并列句一、 简单句的五种类型及句子成分类型 谓语动词举例或说明 例句分析S+Vi sleep, walk, happen, come, go, stay, arrive, laugh 等They are talking.S ViS+V(系动词) +Pbe, become, look, get, feel, seem, turn, keep, sound 等I felt very happy.S V PS+ Vt+ O 及物动词后必须跟宾语，不及物动词不能直接跟宾语。She speaks English very well.S Vt OS+Vt+O+O give,
2、 pass, lend, send, show, buy, make, find, draw 等He teaches us English.S Vt O OS+Vt+O+C make, call, find, have, ask, tell, keep, want, hear 等He found the book on the desk.S Vt O C注：S=主语，Vi=不及物动词，Vt= 及物动词，P=表语，O=宾语，C= 宾语补足语。二、常见的并列句用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫做并列句。并列句的构成：简单句+并列连词 +简单句。常见的用于连接两个简单句的并列连词有： an
3、d, but, or, so, for.1and“和；并且”，表示顺延关系，并列等关系。Use your head, and youll find a way.动动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。（相当于 If you use your head, youll find a way.）2but“但是”，表示转折关系。He is old but he is in good health. 他年纪大了，但是身体很好。3or“否则；或者；或”，表示选择关系。Hurry up, or youll be late. 快点，否则我们会迟到。 =If you dont hurry up, youll be late
4、.4so“所以，因此，于是”，表示因果关系。The girl works carefully, so she seldom makes mistakes. 那个女孩工作很认真，因此她很少出错。5for“因为”，表示因果关系。I soon went to sleep, for I was tired. 我很快入睡了，因为我太累了。三、其他的并列句其它的并列连词有：then, while, when, yet, not onlybut also, neithernor, eitheror 等。1“You can draw such a beautiful horse in five minutes
5、, yet you keep me waiting for a year.”the King said.“你能在五分钟之内画出这么漂亮的马，然而你却让我等了一年。” 国王说。yet 在上句中意为“ 然而” ，表示转折关系。2I like English while my brother likes maths. 我喜欢英语，我弟弟却喜欢数学。while 在此表示对比关系。复合句一、 状语从句在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的句子叫状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意义的不同可分为：时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句和让步状语从
6、句。如果状语从句放在主句前，通常在从句后用逗号隔开。.页眉.页脚从句的分类 从句的引导词 例句时间状语从句when/ while/ as（当时），before（在之前），after（在之后），since（自从），until （直到才），as soon as（一就）I was doing my homework when he came in.He didnt finish his homework until his father came back yesterday.条件状语从句if（如果）, as long as （只要），unless（除非=ifnot ）Ill go to the p
7、ark if it is fine tomorrow. Unless bad weather stops me, I go for a walk every day.原因状语从句 because（因为），since （既然），as（由于） I like English because its very useful.Since everyone is here, lets begin our class.目的状语从句 so that（以便，为了） She came to my home so that she could borrow my bike yesterday.结果状语从句 so t
8、hat（结果是）, sothat/ suchthat（如此 以至） Its so cold outside that nobody wants to go out.让步状语从句though/ although（尽管；虽然），even if（即使），whatever （无论什么），wherever（无论哪里），whenever（无论何时）等Though they are poor, they are very happy.I wont mind even if he doesnt come here.比较状语从句than（比），asas （和一样），not as/ soas（不如）He does
9、nt run so/ as fast as Bill.John is taller than his brother.注意：1状语从句的时态当主句时态是过去时，从句通常要使用过去时的某种形式，即和主句时态要一致。I was driving to the airport when it began to rain.I didnt buy that sweater yesterday because it was very expensive.2在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时或含有将来的意味时，从句要用一般现在时代替将来时。We are going to play footb
10、all if it doesnt rain this afternoon.Please buy your ticket as soon as you get to the station.sothat 与 suchthat 的区别： 它们词义相同，但结构不同，请对比下面的句型结构 .页眉.页脚This is such a good film that everyone wants to see it.=This is so good a film that everyone wants to see it. 这是一部很好的影片，大家都想看。These are such good books t
11、hat we want to read them. 这些书真好，我们都想读。There are so many books in the library that you cant read them all. 这家图书馆有那么多的书，你是看不完的。It is such fine weather that we want to swim. 天气这么好，我们想去游泳。We have so much time that we can finish the work. 我们有足够的时间，能完成这项工作。在 while 引导的时间状语从句中，谓语动词必须是延续性动词。The train had jus
12、t started when we arrived at the station.（句中 arrive 是瞬间动词，从句要用 when 引导，不能用 while 引导。）主句动作和从句动作都已完成，则先发生的动作可用过去完成时态，后发生的动作用一般过去时态。When they got to the cinema the film had been on for five minutes. 他们到电影院时，电影已放映了五分钟。When he had finished his homework, he went to play football. 他做完了作业后，便出去踢足球了。地点状语从句表示地
13、点、 方位， 这类从句通常由 where 引导。例如： Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者， 事竟成。/ They will go where they are happy. 他们想到他们觉得快乐的地方去。 (1)地点状语从句由 where，wherever ，引导，如： We must camp where we can get water. 我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。 （2）地点状语从句与定语从句的区别 where 引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而状语从句前则无需先行词。如：Go back where you c
14、ame from.(where 引导地点状语从句） 你从何处来到何处去。 Go back to the village where you came from.(where 引导定语从句，修饰 village) 回到你来的那个村子里去。二、 宾语从句宾语从句概说 宾语从句是在复合句中起宾语作用的从句。在谓语动词，介词和某些形容词等后面都可以接宾语从句。同学们要掌握好宾语从句，主要应该注意以下三个关键：1连接词：根据从句类型而定。2语序：用陈述句语序。3时态：根据主句中谓语动词的时态而定。（自然、科学规律及真理可以除外）连接词：引导词 引导词的作用 例句That 本身无意义，只起连接作用，口语中
15、可省略。He said （that） the fastest way to travel was by plane.if/ whether 意为“是否”，不作句子成分，但不能省略。Lets see if/ whether we can find out some information about that city.what, which, who, whose, whom 等连接代词在从句中做一定的成分，如主语、宾语、定语等。Please tell me who/ whom we have to see.when（指时间）， where（指地点），why（表原因），how（表方式）等连接副
16、词在从句中做状语 Do you know where we can stay on the island?He asked me when I was goingto write a letter to Jim.注意：.页眉.页脚1主句与从句时态一致的问题：宾语从句中如果主句是现在的时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现成完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。I know he lived in a city four years ago. 我知道四年前他住在城里。He says he is going to swim with his friend tomorrow. 他说明天要和朋友去游泳
17、。（1）宾语从句中如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），那么从句中一定要用过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。He said that he had seen the film. 他说他曾看过这部电影。She said that she would come. 她说她要来的。We discussed whether we should let him off. 我们商量是否应该放过他这一回。（2）如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。My father told me (that) the sun rise
18、s in the east. 爸爸告诉我太阳从东方升起。（真理）He said that Yao Ming is much taller than him. 他说姚明比他高得多。（事实）2宾语从句的语序：宾语从句的语序要用陈述句的语序。在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时，要特别注意从句的语序。Where does Jims father work? Do you know? Do you know where Jims father works?3宾语从句的连接（1）当宾语从句是陈述句时，用 that 引导。They were good doctors. He told us.
19、He told us that they were good doctors.（2）当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，构成宾语从句用 whether 或 if 连接，句尾的标点符号取决于主句。Are you a student? He asks me. He asks me if/ whether I am a student.Does your sister get up early? Do you know? Do you know if/ whether your sister gets up early?（3）当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词就用原来的疑问词，但一定要注意用陈述句语序。When
20、 did he buy this new bike? Could you tell me? Could you tell me when he bought this new bike?4否定的转移当主句的谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose 等，而主句的主语又是第一人称时，后接从句的否定词常要前移，即否定主句动词。I dont think he will come with you. 我认为他不会和你一起来的。这种前置否定的宾语从句变反意疑问句时，反意疑问句的主、谓语要与从句一致。We dont think Tom is right, is he?5、直接引语与间接引语
21、 在学习宾语从句的过程中，有一个重要的知识就是：如何将直接引语变为间接引语。在直接引语变间接引语时，要注意以下事项：1人称代词和物主代词要做相应的调整。He said, “Im glad to meet you.“ - He said that he was glad to meet me.但如果说话者转述自己的话，则不用变人称。I said to them, “Ill leave a massage on his desk.“ - I said to them that I would leave a message on his desk.2在一些情况下，如果人称代词所指代的名词容易发生混
22、淆，则最好将人称代词改为它所指代的名词。My father thought, “Maybe he is right.“ - My father thought that maybe the man was right.3当直接引语中出现 when, while, since 等词引导的表示过去的时间状语时，在变间接引语时，只改变主句的时态，不改变该从句的时态。Our teacher told us, “Jim has made great progress in Chinese since he came to China.“- Our teacher told us that Jim had
23、 made great progress in Chinese since he came to China.4直接引语变间接引语时，如果报告动词用 say，则不必加间接宾语。如果要加的话，say 后就一定要加介词 to. The old man said, “Its going to rain.“- The old man said that it was going to rain. - The old man said to us that it was going to rain.5直接引语的报告动词是 say to sb 时，在变间接引语时，常改成 tell sb.The polic
24、eman said to the woman, “ You should turn right at the first crossing.“.页眉.页脚- The policeman told the woman that she should turn right at the first crossing.6如果报告动词在句末，在变为直接引语时，应该把它移到句首。“Is it the right address?“ he wondered. - He wondered whether it was the right address.7在疑问句变为直接引语时，应该注意原来的直接引语中的问
25、号要变成句号，疑问语序要变成陈述语序，直接引语中的助动词 do 等要去掉，动词做相应的变化。The girl asked me, “ How did you finish the work so well?“- The girl asked me that how I finished the work so well.8如果直接引语是祈使句，我们经常不提出说话的对象；但是在变间接引语时，说话的对象必须出现。The angry man said, “ Shut up!“ - The angry man ordered us to shut up.9如果是以 Lets 开头的祈使句来变间接引语，
26、我们通常用 “Suggest +动名词（或从句）“ 结构。The twins said happily, “ Lets go scuba diving this afternoon.“- The twins suggested happily that they can go scuba diving that afternoon.10如果直接引语是两个或两个以上不同类型的句子，可分别将各部分转换为间接引语，并用 and 连接。The manager said, “ You did a very nice job. What are you thinking about now?“- The
27、manager said to the young man that he did a very nice job and asked him what he was thinking about at that time.11如果直接引语是反意疑问句或是选择疑问句，变间接引语时与一般疑问句一样，在从句前加连词 if或 whether。 He asked me, “There is lots of rice in the bag, isnt there?“- He asked me whether/ if there was lots of rice in the bag.三、定语从句（Att
28、ributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等。关系副词有：when, where, why 等。关系代词、副词 作用 先行词 例句Do you know the girl who/ that is wearing a red coat?that, who, whom（只做宾语）主语、宾语、表语 人 I dont know the girl who/ that/ whom you are waitin
29、g for.She cant find the pen that/ which I lent to her.The school that/ which we visited is very beautiful.that, which 主语、宾语、表语 物、时间、地点、原因Do you remember the days that/ which we spent together?whose 定语 人 The boy whose mother is a teacher studies very hard. whose 定语 物 The house whose window is open is
30、 mine. when 状语 时间 I still remember the day when you came here.where 状语 地点 This is the factory where my father works.why 状语 原因 Do you know the reason why he was late?注意：1在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般须跟在先行词之后，如果引导词在从句中用做主语，从句的人称、数必须和先行词一致。（1）The river（主语为先行词）which runs through the city（定语
31、从句）is a beautiful sight.穿过这座城市的那条河流是一道美丽的风景。（2）I dont know the men（宾语为先行词）who are working over there（定语从句）.我不认识正在那边工作的那些人。（3）This is the hospital（表语为先行词）where my aunt works.（定语从句）这就是我姑妈工作的那所医院。.页眉.页脚2只用 that 引导的定语从句（1）先行词是不定代词 all, everything, nothing, anything, much, little, few 等时。Is there anythin
32、g (that) you dont know?（2）先行词被 all, every, any, no, little, much 等修饰时。I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun.（3）先行词被序数词及形容词最高级修饰时。This is the second book (that) I borrowed from the school library.（4）先行词被 the only, the last, the same 修饰时。（当先行词是人时，也可用关系代词 who, whom） He is the only pe
33、rson that/ who I know here.（5）当有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时。We are talking about the people and the things (that) we have visited in the country.（6）主句以 who, what, which 开头的特殊疑问句时。Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat?3只用 which 引导的定语从句 （1）引导非限定性定语从句（主句和从句用逗号分开的）时。The meeting, which was held in our schoo
34、l, was a great success.（2）当关系代词之前有介词时。 This is the house in which I was born.关于 that 和 which 引导定语从句的用法区别，请记住下面的顺口溜：that, which 可互换，下列情况勿照办。 that 情况比较多，先来对你说一说：不定代词这一伙，全用 that 准没错。 先行词前有修饰，千万不要用 which。要用 which 别着急，介词提前逗隔离。四、由复合句并列句变为简单句的几种方法1将宾语从句变为简单句（1）将宾语从句变为“疑问词+不定式”结构。I dont know how I can get t
35、o the post office. I dont know how to get to the post office.（2）将宾语从句变为非谓语动词。Toms father saw that he was sitting on some eggs. Toms father saw him sitting on some eggs.2将状语从句变为简单句（1）把句型 sothat 转换成“tooto 或 enough to”结构。The box was so heavy that she couldnt carry it. The box was too heavy for her to c
36、arry.（2）如果可用名词或名词短语代替从句中的主谓结构，则可把这个状语从句转化为介词短语。I finished the work because they helped me. I finished the work with their help.Fish cant live if there is no water. Fish cant live without water.（3）如果从句的谓语动词和主句的主语有主动关系，可将从句改为现在分词短语；如果是被动关系，可将从句改为过去分词短语；如果从句的谓语是“be+表语”结构，可将从句改为“being+表语” 结构。If we had b
37、een given more time, we could have done it better. Given more time, we could have done it better.As we are young students, we should study hard. Being young students, we should study hard.3将定语从句变为简单句（1）当定语从句是主动语态并且用的是进行时态时，可将定语从句改为现在分词短语。The man who is talking with Mary is my brother. The man talkin
38、g with Mary is my brother.（2）当定语从句中的谓语动词是表示经常性的动作时，可将定语从句改为现在分词短语。A chemists shop is a shop which sells medicine. A chemists shop is a shop selling medicine.（3）当定语从句是被动语态时，可将定语从句改为过去分词短语。This is a book which was written by a worker. This is a book written by a worker.（4）当定语从句是表示将要发生的动作或具体某种情态意义时，可将定
39、语从句变为不定式短语。There is a lot of homework that we should do. There is a lot of homework for us to do.（5）当定语从句中含有介词短语或形容词短语做表语时，可将定语从句改为介词短语。The girl who is in a hat is Lucy King. The girl in a hat is Lucy King.4将并列句变为简单句.页眉.页脚（1）可将两个简单句改为“tooto”或“enough to”结构。Jim runs very fast and he can catch up with
40、Bill. Jim runs fast enough to catch up with Bill.（2）用 bothand, neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also 等词连接两个句子的相同部分。You may stay at home, you may also go out with us. You may either stay at home or go out with us.Mike went to swim and Bill went to swim, too. Both Mike and Bill went to swim.一、单项选择1It
41、s raining outside. Put on more clothes, _ you may catch a cold.Aand Bbut Cor Dthough2It was raining heavily outside. The father made the children _ in the room.Ato say Bstay Cstaying Dstayed3Oh, dear, you have made my dress dirty. Oh, _. Im terribly sorry.Aso have I Bso did I Cso I have DI do so4Wou
42、ld you like some tea _ shall we start out talk now?Aand Bthen Cor Dbut5Excuse me. Which is the way to the nearest bookshop?Walk along this road, _ youll find it at the first crossing.Aor Bbut Cand Dthough6It has been four months _ I studied English.Awhile Bsince Cfor Dafter7Do you remember our pleas
43、ant journey to Xian?Of course. I remember everything _ it happened yesterday.Aas soon as Beven though Crather than Das if8It was _ cold _ everything _.Aso; that; freeze B so; that; froze Csuch; that; freeze Dsuch; that; frozen9What did your son say in the letter?He told me that he _ the Disney World
44、 the next day.Awill visit B has visit Cis going to visit Dwould visit10She said she _ me five letters in one month.Ahas written Bwill write Chad written Dwrote11What did your parrot say, Bill? It asked us _.Awhat is the weather like today Bwhat the weather is like todayCwhat does the weather like to
45、day Dwhat did the weather like today12I wanted to know _.Awhat did he say Bwhy she went to bed late Cwhy does she go to bed late Dwhy she goes to bed late13Alice asked me _.Adid I wear what size skirt BI wore what size skirtCwhat size skirt I wore Dwhat size skirt did I wear14Did your sister know _
46、with you?Awhat wrong was Bwhat was the matter Cwhat is wrong Dwhat the matter is15Could you tell me _ the film tickets?Awhen does to book Bwhen booking C when to be booked Dwhen to book16The old coach doesnt know _.Awho is Father Christmas Bwho Father Christmas isCwho are Father Christmas Dwho Fathe
47、r Christmas are17We dont know if it _ next Tuesday. If it _, we will not go to the Palace Museum.Awill snow; snows Bwill snow; will snow Csnows; will snows Dsnows; snows18Is this cup the one_ I paid fifty dollars?.页眉.页脚Ato which Bfor which Con which Dwhich19She told me all _ was important in the new
48、spaper.Aof which Bthat Cin which Dof that20Last Sunday my sisters and I visited exhibition _ a large number of products were on display.Awhich B there Cwhere Din that21Please ask our aunt _.Awhat is wrong with her B where shall we live Cwhy she did that for Dwhat is her father22Mrs Smith has five children, two _ are in high school now.Awhom Bof whom Cin whom Dfor whom23Ive read all
