1、1. 他(她)挺有修养的。有修养 第一反应：(To be well cultivated/educated/civilized) 教育程度跟修养还是有一定的区别She is very graceful. He is a decent man. He is full of dignity. 优雅指的更多的是行 为举止，修养还有内在的一些因素所以我们想到应该有更地道的表达方式，让目标语言更加 native, 我 们看看 natives 是怎样来表达的He is a real gentleman. She is such a lady.2The amicable flash of her white
2、 teeth was very impressive.Amiable(love) amicable(friendly)她洁白的牙齿友善一闪，印象深刻。她温和地一笑就露出洁白的牙齿，给人印象很好。Well, these two translation is a little bit too colloquial. And look at the sentence itself, it is flattering a girl by using some nice words, such amicable and impressive which we dont use quite often i
3、n our spoken English. And that is when we think of translating it in a more poetic way. 盈盈一笑皓齿露，美伦美奂实难忘。我们似乎已经感受到了在翻译的过程中所需要的信达雅的三种境界，而更多的看到的是语言的使用场景与翻译之间的关系，这一点在一些特殊场景的对话中体现的特别明显。比如：大家看到了很多美剧，其间有诸多的 situation， 句子听起来并不难 ，但在特定的场景下，句子的翻译就要有一些 difference.比如下面的几句：She doesnt intend to commit suicide and
4、pretends every make-believe details beforehand. Sadly for her, someone suddenly knocked the door and the timing is fatally flawed. 疯狂的主妇第四季 Edie 自杀的片断中的旁白，既要有客观性的评述，又要很符合语言所要表达的真实内容：她从来没有想过要自杀，而且事先伪装了一切令人信服的细节，可是很不幸，突然有人敲门，对她来说，真是造化弄人呀！（生不逢时）真的不掉线吗？、？“I am gonna be sick.” “Right there with you, lady
5、.” 观看话剧的时候，两个邻座的人的对话。影射了对话剧本身的评价。Sometimes people need certain tragedies to realize the happiness. 越狱第二季中，Theodore Bagwell 曾对 Susan 说过的一句话。请注意 T-bag 是一个非常虚 伪的教徒，说起话来总是很有哲理性，可能可以掩盖他的劣根性把You have cancer? I cant believe it. I am your friend, why did you shut me out?（守口如瓶）He has six sisters and that is
6、why every sentence of his buttons to the left. 大家通过上面的几个例子已经感觉到，在这组句子翻译当中， 更多的是一些词汇的细节处理问题, 特别是最后一句话当中的 button, 更让我们感到一个词的翻译的准确与否甚至可以影响整个句子的表达，这就是我们所熟知的一词多义在不同环境和场景下处理。第一节，词精译关于英语单词一词多译对于学英语的同学是不陌生的， 但是由于文章上下文环境的不同导致一些多义词的翻译甚至是语义单一的词汇的翻译成为了难点。1 Every time when he takes part in those parties held by
7、those government officials, he gets used to take off his coat and put it in the cloak room before he enters the hall.Taking off from an Atlantic coast airport, the plane is soon flying over the gentle slopes of the Appalachian Mountains. (飞机从大西洋沿岸的机场起飞，不久便飞跃阿巴拉契亚山脉平缓的山坡)I am gonna take off now, see
8、u tomorrow. Take one day off, ask for a day off, ask for a leaveThe computer towns have taken off in a big way, scattering all over the UK.2 It is true, of course, that the already-developed countries are responsible for the large majority of the greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere today.
9、(不可否认（诚然），发 达国家的确对大气中积累的大部分温室气体负有责任)Shanghai Housing Project. Basic requirements of human beings include the need for clothes, food, shelter and transportation.Year 8 and 9 students may be housed together in the annexed building. ( 安排，设)The NYSE, housed (locating) in a large building on Wall Street,
10、 does the bulk of trading in listed securities. (纽约证券交易所 设在华尔街的一座大楼里，上市的证券大部分在这里进行交易)The brokerage houses are in charge of buying and selling stocks for the public.(office or company) A large amount of money will be needed to house the refugees. (收容)A lot of precious oil paintings are housed in this
11、 museum. (展出)3. The District of Columbia is the seat of the national government. (哥伦比亚特区是全国政府的所在地) 。真的不掉线吗？、？Buckle the seatbelt pls.Each state is assigned two seats in Senate.May I sit here?The Oriental Pearl Tower sits (situates/lies/stands/erects) in the center of Shanghai.The Court sits for at l
12、east four days a week, and any individual who has grievance against the government can apply for help. (最高法院每周至少 4天办公，任何人对政府不满，均可以求助于最高法院（apply, turn to, resort to）apply to (适用于)The tribunal sat in private.(法庭秘密开庭 )2 The Constitution outlines the structure of the national government and specifies it
13、s powers and activities. (联邦宪法概括了全国政府的 结 构并规定了其权力和职责(extra curriculum activites, super power(超级大国)(power, rights, authority(position, 权威), charisma) big powers(大国 Kennedys writing: the rise and fall of great powers) superpowerism hegemonism (higemenizem)If an entrepreneur was suddenly given as much
14、money as he wanted, would he stop his activities or use the money to develop new ones? (事业)4. She is intelligent, ambitious and hard-working.Some Americans have the feeling that idealism has gone out of politics and that personal ambition and money have taken the place. (有些美国人觉得理想主义已经从政治中消失， 取而代之的是个
15、人的野心和金钱。Ambitious,( insatiable- , greedy,-) aggressive, enterprising, promising（Back in 1972, $1 million was still an eye-popping amount of cash. (2) But to Robert Hecht, an enterprising American antiquities dealer living in Paris, it was not too much to charge the Metropolitan Museum of Art for an
16、exquisite Greek vase created 500 years before the birth of Christ and painted by one of the acknowledged masters of the craft.） 2.词看似认识却翻不出来。比如第二句中的 enterprising ，不少考生只知道 enterprise 是企业的意思，或者词汇量稍微大一点的考生知道 entrepreneur 是企业家的意思，但眼前这 个词看似熟悉却拿它没办法。这时也可以通过上下文或词根的含义猜。想想企业家有什么特点：有创业精神，积极进取的精神，很会经营 企业，等等，就不
17、难猜到 enterprising 是“经营有方”的意思了；又比如第四句当中的 traffic ，一般考生都只知道 traffic 是交通的意思，但这里显然行不通。从交通这个意思可以引申为运输（事实上，毒品运输就用 traffic 这个 词），但 说“古董运输”显然又偏离了句子的意思了，所以这里继续往下猜就能猜到“古董买卖”了，只要胆子大，猜测就可以做到八九不离十正确。 Ameri 真的不掉 线吗？、？7. cans tend to be reserved in relating to strangers. (与陌生人有所保留 )Eventually, you speak out your re
18、servation. (心里话)I reserved a table at the restaurant where we could talk about the business without any interruption. (预定)12 China will be the largest economy in the world in the near future. (中国会在不久的将来成为世界上经济最强大的国家)(经济体)By the middle of this century, some two thirds of the worlds nations, with at l
19、east five billion people, will enjoy a standard of living which only the advanced economies now have.(到本世纪中叶， 世界上约有三分之二的国家，约 50 亿人口将享受到目前只有经济发达的国家采用有的生活水准。 )collectively, the Asian countries will have a larger economy than the rest of the world put together. (亚洲国家的整体经济规模将超过世界上其他国家和地区经济规模的总合)Of all t
20、he economically important plants, palms have been the least studied. .在所有的经济作物中，棕榈树得到的研究最少。market-driven economy, economics, economical, economic development3 What is happening in China will have consequences for our entire system. ( 中国正在 发生的事情将对我们整个制度产生影响)（制度）For its own benefit, as well as that of
21、 the world, China will need to participate increasingly in the processes that create international public goods-collective actions from which the entire world benefits-such as robust international trading system and steps to reduce global warning. (为了中国自身的利益， 也是为了国际大家庭的利益， 中国需要更多的参与创建公益事业的进程， 即全世界从中
22、受益的集体行动， 比如强有力的国际贸易体系， 以及减缓全变暖的步骤。) （体系）The Windows XP operation system helps a lot in peoples life. (操作系 统)4 There were a lot of things to do in building a new city and everyone had to help the construction. ( 参与)Help! Help! (救命)I cant help crying when I read the moving story. (抑制)His wife even hel
23、ps him with gardening. (帮助)5 The hostess will cook and serve the dinner. (上菜端汤)There is no more servant class now.(仆佣) （public servant）(governemnt officials)The majority of families cannot afford to pay for what people charge for their services such as housework and gardening. (服务)Service Industry (
24、第三产业)A man goes to work for the government service. (政府部门)The civil service(文职部门)；The diplomatic service ( 外交机构)； The Immigration and Naturalization Service (美国移民规划局) Travel Service (旅行社) News Service (通讯社)The amount of money needed to operate these schemes is enormous 真的不掉线吗？、？6 and a large part of
25、 the money comes not from the contributions but from taxation. （实 施这些计划需要具额资金，其中大部分不是来自人们缴纳的保险金，而是来自税收）High cost is contributed to the ever-changing price of materials and high wages of workers. (归因于)The tradition of working with ones hands have contributed to keeping alive the spirit of “DIY”(自己动手干
26、活的传统促成了 DIY 精神的长久不衰)7 Question（回答）, issue(controversial), problem（解决） , matter (问题)China always insists on the ONE CHINA principle on Taiwan issue.They held friendly talks on education, healthcare and technology development concerned by both parties. Some people prefer the old version to the new one
27、, it is just a matter of taste. (爱 好问题)8 举办世博会对中国的影响是十分积极地。（Hosting the Exposition will have a positive impact on China）2008 年奥运会对中国经济，社会发展具有广泛深远的影响（The 2008 Olympic Games will exert an extensive and far-reaching influence on Chinas economic and social development）这些摩擦与纠纷是中美经贸关系的支流，不应当影响两国经贸合作的主流（Su
28、ch frictions and disputes are minor issues, they should not affect the main trend of the economic and trade cooperation between the two countries）参加亚太经合组织对中国的影响是多方面的（the APEC membership has influenced China in several respects. (词性转换)）Impact (可数名词，positive negative) effect(客观存在的影响)influence( 长远的，深远的
29、，有意义的，词性可以转换)Persist in: 原则，立场/stick to:opinion 原则立场观点/insist on: terms and conditions/adhere to: 原则，立场，道路（词性转换）/persevere in: 毅力/hold on: physical他们坚持认为那个决定是错误的（宾语从句）（They persisted in the belief that the decision was wrong）(立场) 中国坚定不移地走和平发展道路，是基于中国国情的必然选择.（完整句子作主语）能作主语的成份：名词，代词，动名词，动词不定时，主语从句，形势主语
30、 Chinas unswerving persistence in taking the road of peaceful development is the inevitable choice based on its national conditions. (句型讲解， 强调句型，主语从句，能作主语的成份分析)It is an inevitable choice based on its national conditions that China persists unswervingly in taking the road of peaceful development. 推动经
31、济 社会发展，不断改善人民生活始终是中国的中心任务。It is the central task of China to promote economic and social development while continuously improving its peoples life. 坚持走和平发展道真的不掉线吗？、？路，是中国实现国家富强、人民幸福的必由之路。To stick to the road of peaceful development is the only way for China to attain national prosperity and strength
32、, and its peoples happiness. 中国人民最需要、最珍爱是和平的国际环境，愿尽自己所能，为推动各国共同发展作出积极贡献。What the Chinese people need and cherish most is a peaceful international environment. They are willing to do their best to make energetic contributions for the common development of all countries. 9 如果每个人都坚持己见，恐怕很难找到解决问题的办法（if
33、everyone sticks to his own view, we can hardly find any solution to the problem.）（观点）和子公司坚持项目规定的条款和条件（The joint venture company insisted on the terms and conditions set out for the project. 坚持一个中国的原 则是实现 和平统一的基础和前途。 （Adherence to the One-China Principle is the basis and prerequisite for peaceful reu
34、nification.）再干一个小时，你能坚持的了吗？（Can you hold on for another hour?）（身体）尽管最初的实验失败多次，但科学家仍坚持研究。 （despite the failure of his early experiments, the scientist persevered in his research）（意志）19. Chinas accession/admission to the WTO, Chinas entry into WTO, Chinas WTO membership 第二节：定语从句的译法(非限定性 vs 限定性)She, wh
35、o is her mothers daughter, is a girl of beauty which is envied by a girl named Lily, whose ugliness is very famous in the New York City where there are many poor people whose children cant afford to go to school where they can learn how to live in the society, which we all know. 非限定性定语从句的翻译， 一般来说当作独
36、立分句来处理， 2 个非限，第一个是插入语， 与前句不可分割， 后面一个在众多信息后出现， 独立分句无疑，（这些我们都知道）限定性定语从句， 与主句不能分割，但出于语言的逻辑与习惯， 应把限定性的定语从句也按独立分句来处理， 在汉语翻译中不大体现其定语的功能。但是独立分句主语的处理上面，要有重复的句子成分出现。3.定语就位置而言，有前置、后置和插入。就性质和功能而言，可以译成条件、原因、结果、目的、让步和转折等状语从句；就译文的形式来讲，可以译成并列句、独立句和复合句等。a) 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句对其所修饰的先行词起限制性作用，与先行词关系非常密切。翻译这类句子可以采用以下方法：真的不
37、掉线吗？、？1后置：尊重英语中的本来语序其实是把结构复杂且较长的定语从句后置， 译成并列分句。翻译时可以用两种方法来处理：A 重复先行词。（通常引导词所替代的内容为一句话，一件事情，一个复杂的词组，而定语从句本身的结构也比较复杂, 此时要重复先行词）例如：China and Japan reached agreement on the issue of agriculture which was a major barrier for their bilateral relation since 1996. 中日两国最终就农业问题达成了协议，而农业问题自一九九六年起就是两国关系发展的主要障碍。
38、Although he is a greenhand, he has enterprise and creativity which are decisive in winning success in the field.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创 造力，而 这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。He has great determination and courage which I need badly as a manager. 他为人果敢，而我作 为经理，缺得正是这一点。I met an old man last year who was once regarded as the
39、best master of Chinese painting. 我去年遇到一位老人，这位老人曾经被认为是中国顶尖的国画大师。B 省略先行词。（引导词代替的是主句中的宾语成分，此时可以省略先行词，保持句子的简洁和整体性）例如：It is she who wrote the letter that announced the break out of the war. 是她写了这封信说战 争爆发了。I gave him a gift which I didnt see at all. 我送了他一份礼物，他竟然看都没看。They worked out a new method by which e
40、fficiency has now been dramatically improved. 他们制订出一种新方案，采用之后工作效率大大提高。2 前置（定语从句修饰主语时通常前置，体现句子的完整性，符合中文的主谓宾句子结构）把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语，从而把复合句译成简单句。反之亦然。例如：He who doesnt want to be a general isnt a good soldier. 不想当将军的士兵不是好士兵。Gui Lin is a place where there are gorgeous mountains and rivers. 桂林是个有山有水的地方。H
41、armonious interpersonal relationship is the primary reason why I enjoy working here. 同事之间关系融洽是我喜欢在这工作的主要原因。一些较短且具有描述性的非限定性从句，可以译成带“的”的前置定语。例如：真的不掉线吗？、？John,who has grey hair,is believed to be one of the most attractive figure.满头银发的约翰被 认为是最有吸引力的人物之一。You, whose predecessors scored initial success in m
42、edical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect. 你们的先 辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。Law offers us our best hope of overcoming the differences that prevail the world.有法可依，让我们对克服世上普遍存在的分歧充满希望。( 法律使我们对 克服世界上普遍存在的分歧有了最大的希望。)3 融合法A 定语从句的主句里有“there be”、“强调 句型“时，可以把原句中的主语和定语
43、从句融合在一起，译成简单句。例如：There are some students in the class who dislike studying. 在班上总有一些学生不 爱学习 。It is the very period when time is always anticipated and feared by people. 强调句型， 定语从句， 被动语态人们总是在这段时间内怀着又期待又害怕的心情。B 定语从句的动词在整个复合句中分量较重，可将其主句压缩成词组译作主语，而把定语从句的动词译作其谓语。例如：“The best way to play basketball well is
44、 to take it easy and enjoy it,”said an American basketball player. 一位美国的篮球运动员曾说过：“要想打好篮球，最好的办法就是享受篮球。”He had great success in football which made him an idol in the eyes of every football player. 他在足球领域取得的成就使他成为每一个足球运动员的偶像。b)就性 质和功能而言，可以译成条件、原因、结果、目的、让步和转折等状语从句；就译文的形式来讲，可以译成并列句、独立句和复合句等。非限定性定语从句对先行词
45、不起限制作用，只对其加以描写，叙述或解释。翻译这类从句有以下方法：1 译成带有状语性质和功能的定语从句A表原因Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to 真的不掉线吗？、？document observations that can be checked by others. 人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。B 表结果The two countries estab
46、lished formal diplomatic relation, which paved the way for the further communication.两国正式建立了外交关系，从而为双方进一步的交流铺平了道路。They quarelled with each other everyday, which led to their divorce. 他们夫妻二人天天吵架，最终导致离婚。Charlie, who never believed in interfering if it could be avoided, left her alone, hoping that she
47、would eventually come around.查理一向认为只要能避免，就不要插手，所以就没有管，希望她终究会回来。C 表让步He insisted on buying another car, which he actually didnt need. 他坚持要再 买一辆车，尽管他并不需要。My father, who thought it might not work, supported me. 尽管父亲认为这个办法可能不会起作用，但还是支持我。D 表目的This company, which wants to get their new product sold well i
48、n the market, is trying hard to perfect its packing and workmanship. 为了使新产品在市场热销，这个公司正在全力改进工艺和外包装。E 表转折To succeed in this area, one needs profound knowledge and experience, which few has. 要想在这 一领域取得成功，需要渊博的知识及丰富的经验，而很少有人能具备这两点。F 表条件或假 设Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and ra
49、tional are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence. 49.父母的教导如果坚定，始终如一和理性，孩子就有可能充满自信。A new product which has beautiful packing,good quality and advertising may very likely be a hit in market. 一种新 产品，只要包装精美，质量过硬，宣传得力，就能在市场中热销。Any one who works hard and never gives up will succeed. 任何人，只要努力工作永真的不掉 线吗？、？不放弃，就能够成功。练习：2. In instances where such control does not exist by virtue of the venture capitalists equity ownership or Board re
