1、Chapter III Freight Transport,Outline-1,Part I Function and Modes of Transportation Introduction to transportationFunctions of transportation Product movementProduct storage Five modes of transportation Rail transport Road transportPipeline transport Air transportWater transport,Outline-2,Part II Co
2、ntainer Transportation and Inter-modal Transport Container transportationThe business courses in container transport the course of full container loadthe course of less container load Inter-modal transportationContainersthe advantage of containerthe disadvantage of container,Outline-3,Part III Suppl
3、ementary ReadingTransport Participants Shipper and consignee Carrier agents Government Internet Public,Part I Function and Modes of Transportation Introduction,Transportation is one of the most significant areas of logistics management because of its impact on customer service levels and the firms c
4、ost structure. Transportation refers to the physical movement of goods from a point of origin to a point of consumption and can involve raw materials being brought into the production process/or finished goods being shipped out to the customer. Transportation is a very visible element of logistics.
5、Consumers are accustomed to seeing trucks and trains transporting product or parked at business facilities. Few consumers fully understand just how dependent our economic system is upon economical and dependable transportation.,Functions of Transportation,Transportation enterprises provide two major
6、 services: product movement and product storage.Whether in the form of materials, components, work-in-process, or finished goods, the basic value provided by transportation is to move inventory to the next stage of the business process. The primary transportation value proposition is product movemen
7、t up and down the supply chain. The performance of transportation is vital to procurement, manufacturing, and market distribution. Transportation also plays a key role in the performance of reverse logistics. Without reliable transportation, most commercial activity could not function. Transportatio
8、n consumes time, financial, and environmental resources.,A less visible aspect of transportation is product storage. While a product is in a transportation vehicle, it is being stored. Transport vehicles can also be used for product storage at shipment origin or destination, but they are comparative
9、ly expensive storage facilities. Since the main value proposition of transportation is movement, a vehicle committed to storage is not otherwise available for transport. A trade-off exists between using a transportation vehicle versus temporarily placing products in a warehouse. If the inventory inv
10、olved is scheduled to move within a few days to a different location, the cost of unloading, warehousing, and reloading the product may exceed the temporary charge of using the transportation vehicle for storage.So although costly, product storage in transportation vehicles may be justified from a t
11、otal cost or performance perspective when loading or unloading costs, capacity constraints, and ability to extend lead times are considered.,Transportation Modes,Rail Motor Air Water Pipeline Intermodal,Five Modes of Transportation,The five primary modes of transportation are rail, road, pipeline, w
12、ater, and air. Each has different economic and service characteristics. The logistics manager must consider a number of trade-offs when selecting a mode of transportation: cost versus speed, packaging expense versus risk of damage, flexibility versus dependability. These are all very complex issues.
13、 For example, if hazardous material is to be moved by air, it may require more and different kinds of packaging than would be required by a motor carrier. Furthermore, most movements involve the services of more than one mode of transport.,Rail Transportation,Rail transportationRailroads offer the l
14、ogistics manager cost-effective, energy-efficient transport of large quantities of goods over long distances. Though often associated with the movement of low-value/high-volume cargo like coal, railroads also move a large number of containers in inter-modal movements. Rail movements are virtually un
15、constrained with respect to size, weight, or volume, but fixed tracks can limit their ability to provide complete customer support. For example, if both the shipper and receiver possess railroad sidings, then door-to-door service can be provided. However. If no sidings are available, the movement of
16、 goods must be completed by some other mode. Similarly, on-time delivery and frequency of service may not be as responsive as with other modes simply because multiple handlings are more common in rail movements.,Road Transportation,Road transport,Road transport offers more flexibility and versatilit
17、y to the shipper than virtually any other form of transportation. This mode tends to be used for higher-value/lower-volume cargo than that moved by rail and can offer essentially door-to-door service from seller to buyer. However, the global logistics manager will find that trucking can vary dramati
18、cally from country to country.,Pipelines,Pipelines are primarily used to move petroleum, natural gas, and chemicals. For suitable commodities, pipelines are the most efficient mode of transport. They offer a closed system with little risk of loss or damage to the products moved, and extremely low co
19、sts because minimal labor is involved in their operation. However, they typically serve a limited area over fixed routes. In addition, they only offer one-way service, although product can move 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Though naturally limited in their application, pipelines have been
20、utilized to move coal and are being evaluated for other types of freight as well.,Airway Transportation,Air transport,Air transport is often viewed as a premium, emergency-type service that is used when all else fails. The most expensive of all the modes, airfreight offers the logistics manager fast
21、, ontime service, but at a relatively high price. However, for firms supporting global markets, air may in fact be the most cost-effective mode of transport when inventory and customer service issues are considered.Air transportation is best suited to moving relatively small high-value / low-volume
22、items long distances, although things as diverse as livestock and automobiles routinely move by air as well. Like trucking, the air transport industry is made up of many small companies dominated by a few large airlines. Many of the worlds air carriers are government owned or controlled to some degr
23、ee situation that is slowly changing as governments are moving to put their airlines into private hands.,Water Transportation,Water transportation,Water transport occurs on inland waterways (i.e. rivers, lakes, and canals) and oceans. Though slower than other modes, this form of movement is also rel
24、atively inexpensive. Traffic moving on inland waterways tends to be low value high volume: coal, building materials, agricultural products, etc. However, in countries like Germany, with its vast network of navigable rivers, the variety of freight moved by water carriers may include bulk products, co
25、ntainers, and motor-vehicles.,In general, domestic water carriers compete with railroads for freight, relying on their price advantage to offset the slow transit time. Ocean-going ships, on the other hand, carry all types of cargo, although increasingly that freight moves in containers that are stac
26、ked on top of each other aboard the vessel. Air transport competes with ocean shipping, but the high cost and limited carrying capacity make air movement prohibitive for many items. In fact, rail may also compete via land-bridge services such as that provided by the Trans Siberian railway, which mov
27、es containers from the Far East across Russia to Western Europe that would otherwise go by ship.,New Words and Phrases,dependable di5pendEbl adj. diversion dai5vE:FEn n. unconstrained 5QnkEn5streind adj. premium 5primjEm n. cost effective dominate 5dCmineit v. prohibitive prE5hibitiv, prEu- adj. ina
28、ccessible 7inAk5sesEbl adj.,可靠的 转移，转向 非强迫的，未受约束的 奖金，佣金，保险费 省成本的，划算的 支配，控制， 禁止的，抑制的 达不到的，难得的,Part II Container Transportation and Inter-modal Transport Container Transportation,The transportation of international trading is nowadays frequently carried out in containers. Scheduled ocean container oper
29、ations now provide the key liner cargo services between the main markets of the industrialized world. Roll-on/roll-off operations are also flourishing on long-haul routes due to their “flexibility”, while this same factor is similarly contributing to the important growth of unitized services to deve
30、loping areas of the world. Other forms of unitized services, such as pallets and LASH barges, are also used.,The business courses in container transport,The business courses in container transport is that the exporter, having made arrangements with a forwarder or directly with the office of a contai
31、ner shipping line, sends his goods to the nearest container loading depot of the forwarder or shopping line. These depots, called container freight stations (CFSs), are situated in all major industrial centers inland or at the ports.,Containers are particularly suitable for inter-modal transport. If
32、 the goods have to pass through three stages of transportation, viz., they are first carried by land, then by sea, and finally again by land, they will travel in the same container from the place of loading to that of discharge and the physical labor as well as the cost of conveying them from one ve
33、hicle of transportation to the next are saved. In addition, the danger of theft and pilferage is reduced.,The course for FCL,If the exporter intends to fill a full container load (FCL), the forwarder or shipping line will be prepared to send an empty container to the exporter for loading. If the exp
34、orter has arranged for the delivery of the goods to the overseas buyers place of business, the container would be a door-to door container. It is important that the door-to-door container is properly sealed with the carriers seal, this is sometimes done by the shipper, and in other cases by the driv
35、er of the collecting vehicle. The exporter should make sure of this because, if there is a claim for shortage of or damage to the cargo carried in the container, the state of the carriers seal may allow an inference of what has happened. If it is broken, it would indicate that the cargo has been tam
36、pered with during the transport.,The course for LCL,If the cargo is less than a full container load (LCL), the exporter sends it to the container freight station, where it will be consolidated with the goods of other exporters in a groupage container. On arrival at the place of destination it will b
37、e taken to a container freight station, where it will be “de-grouped”, i.e., the parcels contained therein will be separated and delivered to the various consignees.,Inter-modal transportation,Inter-modal transportation refers to the movement of a shipment from origin to destination utilizing two or
38、 more different modes of transport. At its heart, however, the term refers to how goods are moved between those modes. Certainly the transfer could be done by hand. That is, each individual box is unloaded from, for example, a ship, and reloaded piece by piece onto a railroad car. This manual techni
39、que is time consuming, and increases the chance of theft, loss, and damage. Today the term inter-modal transportation denotes a systematic transfer of goods from one mode to another in a way that minimizes handling and total transit time. (This definition implies that freight being shifted from mode
40、 to mode in some non-systematic fashion is really not being handled inter-modally: rather it is moving multi-modally via two or more different forms of transportation.),Containers,This exchange may mean placing a trailer onto a rail flatcar for onward movement. But general inter-modal systems are st
41、ructured around the use of containers.,A container is a metal box that resembles a trailer without wheels. It generally measures 8 feet by 8.5 feet by 20 or 40 feet, although larger containers are becoming more common. In fact the 20-foot container has become the standard unit of measure, with ship
42、capacities, for example, quoted in terms of “TEUs” or twenty-foot equivalent units. (One 40-foot container equates to two TEUs: six 20-foot and five 40-foot containers equal 16TEUs, and so on.) The container can be mounted onto a frame with wheels facilitating truck movement: cranes lift the contain
43、er off the frame so that the boxes can then be stacked aboard shops or rail cars.,The advantage and disadvantage of containers,The advantage of containers from the shippers point of view is that freight can be loaded and the box sealed before it leaves the warehouse. From this point on, only the con
44、tainer is handled: the goods themselves are not touched again until the customer receives the container and opens it. Containers, however, have a restricted application in inland transport. Because containers on ships must be stacked, they must be sturdy in construction. In turn, this makes them hea
45、vy too heavy for road transport since they unduly restrict payloads. Consequently, in Europe the preferred technologies for combined transport restricted to inland movements are unaccompanied road-rail transport (trailers, semi-trailers, and demountable bodies known as swap bodies which resemble con
46、tainers but cannot be stacked),and accompanied road-rail transport (complete vehicles comprising tractor units and semi-trailers together with drivers).The whole intent of inter-modal transport is to allow the shipper to take advantage of the best characteristics of all modes: the convenience of mot
47、or freight, the long-distance movement efficiency of rail, and the capacity of ocean shipping.,New Words,flourishing flQrIFINadj. Inter-modal transport forwarder 5fC:wEdE n. unitize 5ju:nitaiz v. pilferage 5pilfEridV n. groupage n. shortage n. equate i5kweit vt. unduly 5Qn5dju:li adv. shipper 5FipE
48、n. carrier 5kAriE n. consignee kEnsai5ni: n.,繁荣的 多式联运 代理人 使成为一电位或一整体 偷窃，赃物 使成组，拼箱 短缺 相等，同等对待 过度地，不适当地 托运人 承运人 收货人,Part III Supplementary Reading Transport Participants Overview of transport participants,The transportation environment impacts the decisions that can be implemented in a logistical syst
49、em. Transportation decisions are influenced by six parties: (1) shipper; (2) destination party, traditionally called the consignee; (3) carriers and agents; (4) government; (5) Internet; and (6) the public. The following figure illustrates the relationship among the involved parties. To understand the complexity of the transportation environment it is useful to review the role and perspective of each party.,Public,Government,
