1、 英语本科生期末课程论文论文题目： Foreign Language Teaching in Qing Dynasty and the Inspiration 清朝外语教育以及对现在的启示 课程名称： 中国外语教育史 学生姓名： 学号： 院 系： 外 国 语 学 院 英 语 系 班 级： 序号： 任课教师： 职称： 提交时间： 成 绩： 1CatalogueAbstract: .21. Introduction .32. Historical Background.42.1Chinese Effect .42.1.1 History of Qing Dynasty .42.1.2 Econom
2、ic and Some Culture Background .52.1.3 Changes in Late Qing Dynasty.62.2 Influence from the World .72.2.1 Change of the World .72.2.2 Invasion from Western Countries.82.3 The Changes of people in Qing Dynasty towards Foreign Languages.93. Foreign Language Teachers in Qing Dynasty.103.1 Missionaries
3、as Language Teachers .103.2 Businessmen Learning and Teaching English.113.3 Language Teachers in the late Qing Dynasty.124. Foreign Language Schools in Qing Dynasty.134.1 Tongwen College .134.2 Saint Johns University .145. The Enlightenment of English education in Qing Dynasty.15Reference.172Foreign
4、 Language Teaching in Qing DynastyAnd the InspirationAbstract: There are so many reasons to learn a foreign language. Maybe they are glamorous and romantic, like France. Maybe they are practical but boring, like English. The reasons are various, but theres only one goal, which is to learn it well or
5、 command it and even master it. But how can we master a foreign language? Nowadays, more and more people in China are learning English. They have foreign teachers and even go to USA to study it. But many people feel they can not speak it well, let alone master it. In Qing Dynasty, there were not so
6、many foreign teachers teaching in China, and there were no videos or listening tapes that time. But language schools at that time brought along many famous people that changed the history of our country. So how did they learn English and what was the teaching method? There must be something in it th
7、at we can learn.Key words: foreign language teaching; teaching method; history; language teaching philosophy 3Foreign Language Teaching in Qing Dynasty and the Inspiration1. Introduction People use a language in one of three ways: as a native language, as a second language, or a foreign language. Th
8、ere is no doubt that English is one of the worlds most widely used languages. As a second language, English is often necessary for official business, education, information and other activities in many countries. It is said that English has become the language of international trade and transport. A
9、lmost 60 percent of the worlds radio broadcasts and 70 percent of the worlds mails use English. There are many other foreign languages that are very important for Chinese people to learn. Because they are the bridge between China and western countries and the worlds prosperity and stability will dep
10、end on how well China and western countries understand each other. But how can we learn them well? Maybe We should study the language teaching history and find something inspiring. In fact, there were many foreign language teachers in Qing Dynasty and many language schools were built at that time. M
11、oreover, the teaching method was good and inspiring. 2. Historical Background4As we all know the society had a great influence on the culture. When talking about the Foreign Language teaching in Qing Dynasty, this one should be taken into consideration. And as for social effect, it can be divided in
12、to two parts: Chinese effects and the influence from the world.2.1Chinese Effect2.1.1 History of Qing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
13、The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in contemporary Northeastern China. The Aisin Gioro leader, Nurhachi, who was originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, began unifying the Jurchen clans in the late sixteenth century. By 1635, Nurhachis son Hong Taiji could claim they constitut
14、ed a single and united Manchu people and began forcing the Ming out of Liaoning in southern Manchuria. In 1644, the Ming capital Beijing was sacked by a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the Shun Dynasty. T
15、he last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against Ming general Wu Sangui, the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchurian army. Under Prince Dorgon, they seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li
16、 Zichengs short-lived Shun Dynasty. Complete pacification of China was accomplished around 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor.Over the course of its reign, the Qing became highly integrated with Chinese culture. The imperial examinations continued and Han civil servants administered the empire alongside
17、Manchu ones. The Qing reached its height under the Qianlong Emperor in the eighteenth century, expanding beyond Chinas prior and later 5boundaries. Imperial corruption exemplified by the minister Heshen and a series of rebellions, natural disasters, and defeats in wars against European powers gravel
18、y weakened the Qing during the nineteenth century. “Unequal Treaties“ provided for extraterritoriality and removed large areas of treaty ports from Chinese sovereignty. The government attempted to modernize during the Self-Strengthening Movement in the late 19th century yielded little lasting result
19、s. Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 18941895 was a watershed for the Qing government and the result demonstrated that reform had modernized Japan significantly since the Meiji Restoration in 1867, especially compared with the Self-Strengthening Movement in China.2.1.2 Economic and Some Culture
20、BackgroundIn Qing Dynasty, and of course in the long history of China, agriculture was the basic of all. Grain crops and economic crops were widely spread. The handicraft industry in Kangxi after metaphase was gradually restored and developed. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, The further development
21、of agriculture and handicraft were based on the business was also developed; commodity money economy was more active than ever before. The agriculture commodity production expanded, agricultural products increasingly became commodities, there were many specialized economic crop area, as the handicra
22、ft industry to provide raw materials, or directly supply to consumers.The commerce with European countries did not exist a lot. But the emperor did business himself. He allowed several ports to send goods to western countries and do business with Westerners. So, it was a need of English speakers. Bu
23、t there were no exact English teachers in early Qing Dynasty. And the so called textbooks were just teaching some transliteration works.The Qing government was to implement the ban policy and policy of seclusion, Preventing foreign advanced culture communication in China. Put many intellectuals into
24、 prisons because of the article they wrote, crowding the heretical thought, Confucianism Authority maintenance. They pretended to learn the advanced western 6culture, but still propagated Confucian thoughts, and the consolidation of the feudal rulers of the position.2.1.3 Changes in Late Qing Dynast
25、y19th-century China struggled with the concept of international and state to state relations. Prior to the 19th-century, the Chinese empire was generally the hegemonic power in East Asia. Under its imperial theory, the Chinese emperor had the rights to rule “all under heaven“. Depending on the perio
26、d and dynasty, it either ruled territories directly or neighbors fell under its hierarchical tributary system. Historians often referred to the underlying concept of the Chinese empire as “an empire with no boundary“. However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expanded across the w
27、orld, as European states developed stronger economies built on maritime trade. European colonies had been established in nearby India and on the islands that are now part of Indonesia, when the Russian Empire had annexed the areas north of China. In 1793, Great Britain attempted to forge an alliance
28、 with China, sending the Macartney Embassy to Hong Kong with gifts for the emperor, including examples of the latest European technologies and art. When the British delegation received a letter from Beijing explaining that China was unimpressed with European achievements, and that George III was wel
29、come to pay homage to the Chinese court, the deeply offended British government aborted all further attempts to reconcile relations with the Qing regime.In the Kang Youwei era, there are many foreigners and Chinese who can speak English. After the second Opium War, the Qing government set up Tsungli
30、 Yamen under the Tongwen college for the convenience of dealing with European and American affairs , where many people learned a foreign language as a translator and diplomatic personnel.When Chinese signed of Treaty of Nanjing, Chinese people who spoke English although rare, there was still somebod
31、y. For example, in the smoking ban announced 7by Lin Zexu and the fight against the British invasion forces had already had the Chinese translation for English one. This was also very good understanding, at that time although the Qing government adopted a policy of seclusion, but not entirely retire
32、d, and the Qing government allowed thirteen lines in Guangzhou and Western countries trade, Chinese merchants could speak a little English or hire some people who spoke English in Guangzhou to do business before the Opium War. There were also many foreign nationals and missionaries in Guangzhou. Lea
33、rning English is actually not too difficult. Not only was it easy to learn languages when doing business, but also there were someone studied English in the coastal area. And even when government wanted to find an English man even in the first Opium War Qing for a translator was difficult.2.2 Influe
34、nce from the WorldWhen China was still governed by Qing Dynasty, great changes had taken place in the western countries. These countries made great economic progress and set up the new political systems. They also had liberation thoughts and ideas. But the resources in their countries were limited a
35、nd they needed to go to other counties for resources to develop their industry. So they began to conquer other countries including China.2.2.1 Change of the World Many western countries were involved in the Industrial Revolution. The two industrial revolutions greatly improved the social productive
36、forces, enriched peoples material life, and consolidated the rule of capitalist countries. The capitalist production system finally achieved dominance. Relations of production further adjustment: monopoly and monopoly organization form, main capitalist countries entered into the stage of imperialism
37、.Many countries also established capitalist parliament system: The British established a constitutional monarchy; the United States established a presidential 8Republic, and the German established federal constitutional monarchy.The significant increase in the strength of the capitalist powers began
38、 to seek new sources of raw materials and commodities markets.2.2.2 Invasion from Western CountriesIn 1793, the Qianlong Emperor stated to the British ambassador Lord Macartney that China had no use for European manufactured products. Consequently, Chinese merchants only accepted bar silver as payme
39、nt for their goods. The huge demand in Europe of Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funnel-led their limited supplies of silver into China. By the late 1830s, the governments of Great Britain and France were deeply concerned about their stockpiles o
40、f precious metals and sought alternate trading schemes with China the foremost of which was addicting China to opium. When the Qing regime tried to ban the opium trade in 1838, Great Britain declared war on China in the following year.The First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese mi
41、litary. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using modern rifles and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces in ground battles. The Qing surrender in 1842 m
42、arked a decisive, humiliating blow to China. The Treaty of Nanjing, which demanded reparation payments, allowed unrestricted European access to Chinese ports, and ceded Hong Kong Island to Great Britain. It revealed many inadequacies in the Qingg government and provoked widespread rebellions against
43、 the already hugely unpopular regime.The Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, only gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nien Rebellions. Chinas income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of farmland were destroyed, millions of lives lo
44、st, and countless armies raised and equipped to fight the rebels. In 91854, Great Britain tried to re-negotiate the Treaty of Nanjing, inserting clauses allowing British commercial access to Chinese rivers and the creation of a permanent British embassy at Beijing. This last clause outraged the Qing
45、 regime, which refused to sign, provoking another war with Britain. The Second Opium War ended in another crushing Chinese defeat, whilst the Treaty of Tientsin contained clauses deeply insulting to the Chinese, such as a demand that all official Chinese documents be written in English and a proviso granting British warships unlimited access to all navigable Chinese rivers.2.3 The Changes of people in Qing Dynasty towards Foreign Lang
