1、Yibin University本科生毕业论文题 目从德伯家的苔丝中分析哈代小说中的宿命论思想 Analysis on Hardys Fatalism in the Tess of the dUbervilles 系 别 外语系 10 级 3班 专 业 英语专业 学生姓名 邹丹 学 号 100403022 年级 10 级 指导教师 钱晓 职称 讲师 教务处制表2014 年 5 月 8 日Analysis on Hardys Fatalism in the Tess of the dUbervillesZou Dan邹丹SupervisorQian XiaoAn Essay Submitted
2、as a Partial Requirement forthe Degree of B. A. in EnglishSchool of Foreign Languages Yibin UniversityMay, 2014中文摘要从德伯家的苔丝中分析哈代小说中的宿命论思想摘要：宿命论是指一个人的悲惨命运是一些不可避免的因素造成的，这些因素可以预知，但是不可改变。一切事情的发生都是注定的，也不是简单的推理比如死亡。此文主要分析苔丝悲剧，从而了解哈代小说中的宿命论思想。托马斯.哈代是一个著名的现实主义小说家。德伯家的苔丝出版于 1891年，小说表达了他对英国下层阶级特别是农村妇女在道义上的同情。苔
3、丝的悲剧不是偶然，她生在一个道德虚伪、民主虚伪和男权统治的社会。苔丝是一个穷苦的农村姑娘，在经受无止尽的苦难的同时也在执着的反抗这些苦难。阿莱克和安琪克莱尔都直接或者间接的影响着苔丝的命运，他们与苔丝的命运息息相关。在小说中，苔丝反抗虚伪的社会，虚伪的宗教，反抗阿莱克和男性统治的社会，她追求真爱，渴望快乐的生活，但是最后注定是悲惨的结局。关键词：苔丝; 悲剧; 宿命 Analysis on Hardys Fatalism in the Tess of the dUbervillesAbstractFatalism, that is, the miserable fate of someone
4、is because of the inevitable factors. That can be predicted but cant be changed. Everything is doomed to happen, which is not a kind of a simple inference, such as death. This essay is mainly about the causes of Tesss tragedy. So, we can learn about the fatalism in the novel of Hardy. Thomas is a fa
5、mous realistic writer. Tess of the DUrbervilles was published in the 1891. Hardy demonstrates his deep sense of moral sympathy for Englands lower class, particularly for rural women. Tesss tragedy is not an accident. Tess, a poor peasant girl, inevitably leads a tragic life and struggles against the
6、 tragic life. In addition, two persons who are very closely related to Tesss fate, Alec and Angel, both directly and indirectly affect her. Tess goes after the true love and she is thirst for the happy life. But it is doomed to a tragedy. Key words: Tess; tragedy; fatalismAcknowledgementsMy deep gra
7、titude goes to Qian Xiao, my teacher, who has guided me through the various stages of writing this thesis, from whose valuable suggestions and direction, I have learned a lot. It is her painstaking efforts in correcting the errors to my drafts and polishing my paper that have put the finishing touch
8、es to the present paper.I am also give my thanks to my other teachers during my university studies and life, whose scholarship has profoundly impressed me. Last but not least, I should also give thanks to my classmates, who gave me much help and advice on my essay. Their kindness is deep in my mind
9、and I will never forget that they have helped me solve my problems.My thanks should also be extended to my dear friends, who have given me warm-hearted help.Contents中文摘要 .iAbstract .iiAcknowledgements.iiiChapter One Introduction.1Chapter Two Analysis of the Fatalism.32.1 The definition of fatalism a
10、nd the fatalism details in the novel .32.2 The origin of the fatalism .42.3 The development of the fatalism .6Chapter Three The Performance of Fatalism in Tess of dUbervilles. .83.1 Social backgrounds .93.3.1 Natural environment.93.3.2 Hypocritical religion idea.103.3.3 Traditional morals .113.2 Sym
11、bols and signs of fatalism showed in this novel.123.3 The Main characters weaknesses in personality .14Chapter Four Conclusion .16Works Cited.18Chapter One IntroductionThomas Hardy is a famous realistic writer. He was born in a small town of England. His father was an architect. Hardy left school to
12、 become a trainee. He went to London to go to college in the 1862, and committed himself into the novel. He would receive the tradition from the predecessor of Victorian age. He published his last novel named Tude and obscure. After this novel, he was trapped in the poetry. His novels are full of th
13、e color of tragedies and sorrows. Especially, he was good at fatalism. Hardy lived in the Victorian age (1837-1901). Victorian age was a flourishing age because of the Industrial Revolution. The culture also reached a peak. People regarded a persons morals and characters as the most important things
14、. The development of printing promoted the culture. At the same time, China was trapped into the society of semi-feudal. During this period of time, there were a lot of schools, such as classism, neo-classism, romanticism and naturalism. Hardy was naturalistic and realistic, and his works were good
15、at the details of dialogue and surroundings, especially in the description of the character of human beings. Environmental description also reached a certain level. In his novel, he expresses his feelings through the sentence without sign, that is, Hardys talent. Tess was Hardys masterpiece. We can
16、see many of his concepts in this novel. Hardy expresses his deep sense of morals and show his sympathy for the farmers in the lower classes, especially the women in the countryside. This novel tells us that the capitalist class brought the lower class lots of sorrows. Tess is a beautiful and kind co
17、untryside girl. The series of novels sorrows are triggered by a horse. In this novel, the roads are used to predict the fate of Tess in many aspects. The change of the season also predicts the life of Tess. Just as the old seeing goes, her life is full of ups and downs. He hardly used the adjective
18、words to express his feelings but all kinds of colors. It just sounds like a piece of music. The whole novel gives us a kind of visual and hearing feast. It also reflects the changes of Tesss fate.The Anatoly Lunacharsky have pointed out that the fate is leaded by all kinds of things such as illness
19、,and disaster. At the same time, it is the feeling of the human beings. Hardy used the fatalism to write Tess. Coincidence and prediction always co-exists in this novel. Owing to the limits of capitalist, Hardy could not understand the great change of the society and economy. He also could not find
20、the right way to solve this kind of situation. So he considered the fatalism as the reason of this change. In the present-day society, as for Tess, our China has many translation books. Different times have different ideals and limits, so the translation of this novel can not reach an agreement. Cer
21、tainly, different translators have the different ways to translate this novel because of the different conditions.My essay mainly includes the following 3 parts. First of all, it talks about the details of the fatalism in this novel, such as definition of the fatalism, the origin of fatalism and the
22、 development of fatalism. Then it analyses the performance of the fatalism in Tess. Finally, it is the conclusion of this novel. To conduct this study, the research methods such as document analysis and text analysis are adopted in this paper. The goal of this paper is to show readers a detailed ana
23、lysis the fatalism of this novel and help the readers to have a clear understanding of the fate and humans true love, such as love, family love, friendship and so on.Chapter Two Analysis of the Fatalism2.1 The definition of fatalism and the fatalism details in the novelFatalism, that is, the miserab
24、le fate of someone is because of the inevitable factors. That can be predicted but not be changed. Everything is doomed to happen, which is not a kind of a simple inference, such as death. People are doomed to die. The potential meaning is related to the mysticism, such as the god or the deities. Th
25、e concept of the fatalism is widely circulated in countries. Human beings try to work out the mystery of human life. After all, that is not the normal social formation and it is also harmful for the life targets. As a matter of fact, you need to confess that the basic concepts of the fatalism let us
26、 down.The fatalism may give a heavy blow to our value of efforts. However, the culture will not let you down completely. Nothing is absolute. Even though, the fatalism is close to the god. However, there is also some space for liberalism. Hence, we can not regard the fatalism as the superstition ful
27、ly. It is not just the production of the history, but also the symbol of the times and culture. As for some people, the fatalism is very funny in the history and our life. It suggests us that the fatalism is essential, and our effort is necessary. Fatalism is not getting rid of the subjective effort
28、s. Just as the old saying goes：“man proposes and god disposes.” The successful thing needs your good plan or to plan ahead. We would be wise to take precautions or predictions. Chances favor the prepared minds. Therefore, prediction and plan play a very important role in our enterprise. Why not plan
29、 ahead or predict properly. This is called positive fatalism. The fatalist firmly hold the idea that everything is doomed to happen and the tragedies of the people can not escape from the gods plan to live a tragedy life. No matter how you fight against the situation, it can not be changed. You can
30、not escape from the tragedies, after reading Tess, I am sorry for Tesss tragedies. I am surprised at the heavy atmosphere in this novel. It is just like an endless river crossing this novel. We are upset at the darkness of the society and hypocritical morals in the capitalist society. Hardy creates
31、Tess who is very beautiful, kind, naive, clean and honest. But Tess becomes the victim of the society of capitalism. Owing to the great change of the society and economy, Hardy also could not have a clear understanding of the hypocritical morals and the male-dominated society. He tried his best to c
32、hange the situation. He despised the common customs and the common morals of the capitalist society. In the Victorian times, people regarded the purity as the good morals. But, in this novel, the Hardy treats Tess as the pure and kind woman. At that time, this novel made a big splash in the society.
33、 The ending of Tess is also very sad, that is to say, we can not prevent the development of story. Tesss death is a kind of fate that is can not be turned around. Tess becomes the sacrificial lamb in this kind of society. There are many predictions in this novel, such as the words of the priest, the
34、 death of the horse, the roads in this novel, and the change of the seasons. It is a picture full of the color of grey.2.2 The origin of the fatalismThe fatalism appears in the early age, especially in the Mesopotami, Egypt and the stream of the east culture. There exists some destiny in the fatalis
35、m. After the idea of ghost spreading among the Greece, the idea became a branch of the Greece philosophy. And then, the Aryans brought the idea to India. As a matter of fact, the Vedic civilization has already been under discussion in India. After that, it became the important ideological trend in I
36、ndia. Different from the fate, fatalism deny the subjective initiative. The origin of the fate is depended on the original cosmos and god and it can not be changed, in other words, which happens gradually and naturally or happens purely by accidence. But people put the god and fate together with the event, so that people named them fatalism. As for China, the Confucian schools firmly believe the idea of the Fatalism. But, what is the fate on earth? There is an old
