1、 送东阳马生序原文、译文及英文翻译1劝学全文阅读： 出处或作者： 荀子 君子曰：学不可以已。青，取之于蓝而青于蓝；冰，水为之而寒于水。木直中绳，輮以为轮，其曲中规；虽有槁暴，不复挺者，輮使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砺则利，君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也；吾尝跂而望矣，不如登高之博见也。登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远；顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。假舆马者，非利足也，而致千里；假舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河。君子生非异也，善假于物也。积土成山，风雨兴焉；积水成渊，蛟龙生焉；积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。故不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。骐骥
2、一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇鳝之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。劝学全文翻译： 君子说：学习是不可以停止的。靛青，是从蓝草中提取的，却比蓝草的颜色还要青；冰，是水凝固而成的，却比水还要寒冷。木材笔直，合乎墨线，（如果）它把烤弯煨成车轮，送东阳马生序原文、译文及英文翻译2（那么）木材的弯度（就）合乎圆的标准了，即使再干枯了，（木材）也不会再挺直，是因为经过加工，使它成为这样的。所以木材经过墨线量过就能取直，刀剑等金属制品在磨刀石上磨过就能变得锋利，君子广泛地学习，而且每天检查反省自己，
3、那么他就会聪明多智，而行为就不会有过错了。我曾经整天发思索，（却）不如片刻学到的知识（多）；我曾经踮起脚远望，（却）不如登到高处看得广阔。登到高处招手，胳臂没有比原来加长，可是别人在远处也看见；顺着风呼叫，声音没有比原来加大，可是听的人听得很清楚。借助车马的人，并不是脚走得快，却可以行千里，借助舟船的人，并不是能游水，却可以横渡江河。君子的本性跟一般人没什么不同，（只是君子）善于借助外物罢了。堆积土石成了高山，风雨就从这儿兴起了；汇积水流成为深渊，蛟龙就从这儿产生了；积累善行养成高尚的品德，那么就会达高度的智慧，也就具有了圣人的精神境界。所以不积累一步半步的行程，就没有办法达到千里之远；不积累
4、细小的流水，就没有办法汇成江河大海。骏马一跨跃，也不足十步远；劣马拉车走十天，（也能走得很远，）它的成功就在于不停地走。（如果）刻几下就停下来了，（那么）腐烂的木头也刻不断。（如果）不停地刻下去，（那么）金石也能雕刻成功。蚯蚓没有锐利的爪子和牙齿，强键的筋骨，却能向上吃到泥土，向下可以喝到泉水，这是由于它用心专一啊。螃蟹有八只脚，两只大爪子，（但是）如果没有蛇、蟮的洞穴它就无处存身，这是因为它用心浮躁啊。劝学对照翻译： 送东阳马生序原文、译文及英文翻译3君子曰：学不可以已。君子说：学习是不可以停止的。青，取之于蓝而青于蓝；冰，水为之而寒于水。木直中绳，輮以为轮，其曲中规；虽有槁暴，不复挺者，輮
5、使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砺则利，君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。靛青，是从蓝草中提取的，却比蓝草的颜色还要青；冰，是水凝固而成的，却比水还要寒冷。木材笔直，合乎墨线，（如果）它把烤弯煨成车轮，（那么）木材的弯度（就）合乎圆的标准了，即使再干枯了，（木材）也不会再挺直，是因为经过加工，使它成为这样的。所以木材经过墨线量过就能取直，刀剑等金属制品在磨刀石上磨过就能变得锋利，君子广泛地学习，而且每天检查反省自己，那么他就会聪明多智，而行为就不会有过错了。吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也；吾尝跂而望矣，不如登高之博见也。登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远；顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。假舆马
6、者，非利足也，而致千里；假舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河。君子生非异也，善假于物也。我曾经整天发思索，（却）不如片刻学到的知识（多）；我曾经踮起脚远望，（却）不如登到高处看得广阔。登到高处招手，胳臂没有比原来加长，可是别人在远处也看见；顺着风呼叫，声音没有比原来加大，可是听的人听得很清楚。借助车马的人，并不是脚走得快，却可以行千里，借助舟船的人，并不是能游水，却可以横渡江河。君子的本性跟一般人没什么不同，（只是君子）善于借助外物罢了。积土成山，风雨兴焉；积水成渊，蛟龙生焉；积善成德，而神明自得，送东阳马生序原文、译文及英文翻译4圣心备焉。故不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。骐骥一跃，不能
7、十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇鳝之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。堆积土石成了高山，风雨就从这儿兴起了；汇积水流成为深渊，蛟龙就从这儿产生了；积累善行养成高尚的品德，那么就会达高度的智慧，也就具有了圣人的精神境界。所以不积累一步半步的行程，就没有办法达到千里之远；不积累细小的流水，就没有办法汇成江河大海。骏马一跨跃，也不足十步远；劣马拉车走十天，（也能走得很远，）它的成功就在于不停地走。（如果）刻几下就停下来了，（那么）腐烂的木头也刻不断。（如果）不停地刻下去，（那么）金石也能雕刻成功。蚯蚓没有
8、锐利的爪子和牙齿，强键的筋骨，却能向上吃到泥土，向下可以喝到泉水，这是由于它用心专一啊。螃蟹有八只脚，两只大爪子，（但是）如果没有蛇、蟮的洞穴它就无处存身，这是因为它用心浮躁啊。荀子 Hsun-TzuTranslated by Burton Watson 劝学篇第一 ENCOURAGING, LEARNING (SECTION 1)君子曰：学不可以已。青、取之於蓝，而青於蓝；冰、水为之，而寒於水。木直中绳，輮以为轮，其曲中规，虽有槁暴，不复挺者，輮使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砺则利，君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。The gentleman says: Learning should
9、never cease. Blue comes from the indigo plant but is bluer than the plant itself. Ice is made of water but is colder than water ever 送东阳马生序原文、译文及英文翻译5is. If the gentleman studies widely and each day examines himself, his wisdom will become clear and his conduct be without fault.故不登高山，不知天之高也；不临深溪，不知地
10、之厚也；不闻先王之遗言，不知学问之大也。干、越、夷、貉之子，生而同声，长而异俗，教使之然也。诗曰：嗟尔君子，无恒安息。靖共尔位，好是正直。神之听之，介尔景福。神莫大於化道，福莫长於无祸。If you do not climb a high mountain, you will not comprehend the highness of the heavens; if you do not look down into a deep valley, you will not know the depth of the earth; and if you do not hear the word
11、s handed down from the ancient kings, you will not understand the greatness of learning. Children born among the Han or Yeh people of the south and among the Mo barbarians of the north cry with the same voice at birth, but as they grow older they follow different customs. Education causes them to di
12、ffer. The Odes says:Oh, you gentlemen,Do not be constantly at ease and rest!Quietly respectful in your posts,Love those who are correct and uprightAnd the gods will hearken to youAnd aid you with great blessing.1There is no greater godliness2 than to transform yourself with the Way, no greater bless
13、ing than to escape misfortune.吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也。吾尝跂而望矣，不如登高之博见也。登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远；顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。假舆马者，非利足也，而致千里；假舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河。君子生非异也，善假於物也。I once tried spending the whole day in thought, but I found it of less value than a moment of study.3 I once tried standing on tiptoe and gazing 送东阳马生序原文、译文及英文翻译6
14、into the distance, but I found I could see much farther by climbing to a high place. If you climb to a high place and wave to someone, it is not as though your arm were any longer than usual, and yet people can see. you from much farther away. If you shout down the wind, it is not as though your voi
15、ce were any stronger than usual, and yet people can hear you much more clearly. Those who make use of carriages or horses may not be any faster walkers than anyone else, and yet they are able to travel a thousand li. Those who make use of boats may not know how to swim, and yet they manage to get ac
16、ross rivers. The gentleman is by birth no different from any other man; it is just that he is good at making use of things.南方有鸟焉，名曰蒙鸠，以羽为巢，而编之以发，系之苇苕，风至苕折，卵破子死。巢非不完也，所系者然也。西方有木焉，名曰射干，茎长四寸，生於高山之上，而临百仞之渊，木茎非能长也，所立者然也。蓬生麻中，不扶而直；白沙在涅，与之俱黑。兰槐之根是为芷，其渐之滫，君子不近，庶人不服。其质非不美也，所渐者然也。故君子居必择乡，游必就士，所以防邪辟而近中正也。In th
17、e south there is a bird called the meng dove. It makes a nest out of feathers woven together with hair and suspends it from the tips of the reeds. But when the wind comes, the reeds break, the eggs are smashed, and the baby birds killed. It is not that the nest itself is faulty; the fault is in the
18、thing it is attached to. In the west there is a tree called the yeh-kan. Its trunk is no more than four inches tall and it grows on top of the high mountains, from whence it looks down into valleys a hundred fathoms deep. It is not a long trunk which afford the tree such a view, but 送东阳马生序原文、译文及英文翻译
19、7simply the place where it stands. If pigweed grows up in the midst of hemp, it will stand up straight without propping. If white sand is mixed with mud, it too will turn black.4 The root of a certain orchid is the source of the perfume called chih; but if the root were to be soaked in urine, then n
20、o gentleman would go near it and no commoner would consent to wear it. It is not that the root itself is of an unpleasant quality; it is the fault of the thing it has been soaked in. Therefore a gentleman will take care in selecting the community he intends to live in, and will choose men of breedin
21、g for his companions. In this way he wards off evil and meanness, and draws close to fairness and right.物类之起，必有所始。荣辱之来，必象其德。肉腐出虫，鱼枯生蠹。怠慢忘身，祸灾乃作。强自取柱，柔自取束。邪秽在身，怨之所构。施薪若一，火就燥也，平地若一，水就湿也。草木畴生，禽兽群居，物各从其类也。是故质的张而弓矢至焉；林木茂而斧斤至焉；树成荫，而众鸟息焉。醯酸而蟥聚焉。故言有招祸也，行有招辱也，君子慎其所立乎！Every phenomenon that appears must have a
22、 cause. The glory or shame that come to a man are no more than the image of his virtue. Meat when it rots breeds worms; fish that is old and dry brings forth maggots. When a man is careless and lazy and forgets himself, that is when disaster occurs. The strong naturally bear up under weight; the wea
23、k naturally end up bound.5 Evil and corruption in oneself invite the anger of others. If you lay sticks of identical shape on a fire, the flames will seek out the driest ones; if you level the ground to an equal smoothness, water will still seek out the dampest spot. Trees of the same species grow t
24、ogether; birds and beasts gather in herds; for all things follow after their own kind. Where a target is hung up, 送东阳马生序原文、译文及英文翻译8arrows will find their way to it; where the forest trees grow thickest, the axes will enter. When a tree is tall and shady, birds will flock to roost in it; when vinegar
25、 turns sour, gnats will collect around it. So there are words that invite disaster and actions that call down shame. A gentleman must be careful where he takes his stand.积土成山，风雨兴焉；积水成渊，蛟龙生焉；积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。故不积跬步，无以致千里；不积小流，无以成江海。骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹八跪而
26、二螯，非蛇鳝之穴，无可寄托者，用心躁也。是故无冥冥之志者，无昭昭之明；无昏昏之事者，无赫赫之功。行衢道者不至，事两君者不容。目不能两视而明，耳不能两听而聪。螣蛇无足而飞，梧鼠五技而穷。诗曰：尸鸠在桑，其子七兮。淑人君子，其仪一兮。其仪一兮，心如结兮。故君子结於一也。Pile up earth to make a mountain and wind and rain will rise up from it. Pile up water to make a deep pool and dragons will appear. Pile up good deeds to create virtue
27、 and godlike understanding will come of itself; there the mind of the sage will find completion. But unless you pile up little steps, you can never journey a thousand li; unless you pile up tiny streams, you can never make a river or a sea. The finest thoroughbred cannot travel ten paces in one leap
28、, but the sorriest nag can go a ten days journey. Achievement consists of never giving up. If you start carving and then give up, you cannot even cut through a piece of rotten wood; but if you persist without stopping, you can carve and inlay metal or stone. Earthworms 送东阳马生序原文、译文及英文翻译9have no sharp
29、 claws or teeth, no strong muscles or bones, and yet above ground they feast on the mud, and below they drink at the yellow springs. This is because they keep their minds on one thing. Crabs have six legs and two pincers, but unless they can find an empty hole dug by a snake or a water serpent, they
30、 have no place to lodge. This is because they allow their minds to go off in all directions. Thus if there is no dark and dogged will, there will be no shining accomplishment; if there is no dull and determined effort, there will be no brilliant achievement. He who tries to travel two roads at once
31、will arrive nowhere; he who serves two masters will please neither. The wingless dragon has no limbs and yet it can soar; the flying squirrel has many talents but finds itself hard pressed. The odes says:Ringdove in the mulberry,Its children are seven.The good man, the gentleman,His forms are one.Hi
32、s forms are one,His heart is as though bound.6Thus does the gentleman bind himself to oneness.昔者瓠巴鼓瑟而流鱼出听；伯牙鼓琴而六马仰秣。故声无小而不闻，行无隐而不形。玉在山而草木润，渊生珠而崖不枯。为善不积邪，安有不闻者乎！In ancient times, when Hu Pa played the zither, the fish in the streams came forth to listen; when Po Ya played the lute, the six horses of
33、the emperors carriage looked up from their feed trough. No sound is too faint to be heard, no action too well concealed to be known. When there are precious stones under the mountain, the grass and trees have a special sheen; where pearls grow in a pool, the banks are never parched. Do good and see
34、if it does not pile up. If it does, how can it fail to be 送东阳马生序原文、译文及英文翻译10heard of?经典文言文：硕鼠 陋室铭 蜀道难 一剪梅 行路难 如梦令 小石潭记 鱼我所欲也 湖心亭看雪 雁门太守行白雪歌送武判官归京 钗头凤 过秦论 鸿门宴 使至塞上 送杜少府之任蜀州 江城子 密州出猎相见欢 十一月四日风雨大作 过故人庄 夜雨寄北 苏幕遮 买椟还珠 归园田居其一 秋兴八首旅夜书怀 五柳先生传 鹊桥仙 湘夫人 短歌行 李凭箜篌引 水龙吟 酬乐天扬州初逢席上见赠商山早行 秋词 涉江采芙蓉 关山月 春夜洛城闻笛 公输 江南逢李
35、龟年 峨眉山月歌 望海潮扬州慢 石钟山记 扁鹊见蔡桓公 将进酒余幼时即嗜学。家贫，无从致书以观，每假借于藏书之家，手自笔录，计日以还。天大寒，观冰坚，手指不可屈伸，弗之怠。录毕，走送了，不敢销逾约。以是人多以书假余，余因得遍观群书。既加冠，益慕圣贤之道。又患无硕师名人与游，尝趋百里外从乡之先达执经叩问。先达德隆望尊，门人弟子填其室，未尝稍降辞色。余立侍左右，援疑质理，俯身倾耳以请；或遇其叱咄，色愈恭，礼愈至，不敢出一言以复；俟其欣悦，则又请焉。故余虽愚，卒获有所闻。 当余之从师也，负箧曳屣，行深山巨谷中，穷冬烈风，大雪深数尺，足肤皲裂而不知。至舍，四支僵劲不能动，媵人持汤沃灌，以衾拥覆，久而乃
36、和。寓逆旅主人，日再食，无鲜肥滋味之享。同舍生皆被绮绣，戴朱缨宝饰之帽，腰白玉之环，左佩刀，右备容臭，烨然若神人；余则緼袍敝衣处其间，略无慕艳意，以中有足乐者，不知口体之奉不若人也。盖余之勤且艰苦此。 今诸生学于太学，县官日有禀销之供，父母岁有裘葛之遗，无冻馁之患矣；坐大厦之下而诵诗书，无奔走之劳矣；有司业、博士为之师，未有问而不告，求而不得者也；凡所宜有之书皆集于此，不必若余之手录，假诸人而后见也。其业有不精，德有不成者，非天质之卑，则心不若余之专耳，岂他人之过哉？ 东阳马生君则在太学已二年，流辈甚称其贤。余朝京师，生以乡人子谒余。撰长书以为贽，辞甚畅达。与之论辨，言和而色夷。自谓少时用心于
37、学甚劳。是可谓善学者矣。其将归见其亲也，余故道为学之难以告之。 我小时候就特别喜欢读书。家里贫穷，没有办法买书来读，常常向藏书的人家去借，（借来）就亲书抄写，计算着日期按时送还。天很冷时，砚池里的水结成坚硬的冰，手指（冻得）不能弯曲和伸直，也不因此停送东阳马生序原文、译文及英文翻译11止。抄写完了，赶快送还借书，不敢稍稍超过约定的期限。因此人家多愿意把书借给我，我于是能够阅读很多书。到了成年以后，更加仰慕古代圣贤的学说，又担心没有才学渊博的老师和名人相交往（请教），曾经跑到百里以外向同乡有名望的前辈拿着书请教。前辈道德、声望高，高人弟子挤满了他的屋子，他从来没有把语言放委婉些，把脸色放温和些。
38、我恭敬地站在他旁边。提出疑难，询问道理，弯着身子侧着耳朵请教。有时遇到他人斥责人，（我的）表情更加恭顺，礼节更加周到，一句话不敢回答；等到他高兴了，就又请教。所以我虽很笨，终于获得多教益。 当我去求师的时候，背着书籍，拖着鞋子，在深山大谷中奔走，深冬刮着凛冽的寒风，大雪有几尺深，脚上的皮肤冻裂了不知道。等走到旅舍，四肢冻僵了不能动弹，服侍的人拿来热水（给我）洗手暖脚，拿被子（给我）盖上，过很久才暖和过来。在旅馆里，每天只吃两顿饭，没有鲜美的食物可以享受，一起住在旅馆的同学们，都穿着华美的衣服戴着红缨和宝石装饰的帽子，腰上佩带白玉环，左边佩着刀，右边挂着香袋，闪光耀眼好像仙人。而我却穿着破棉祆旧
39、衣衫生活在他们中间，毫无羡慕的心思。因为我心中有自己的乐趣，不感到吃穿的享受不如别人了。我求学时的勤恳艰辛情况大体如此。 现在这些学生在大学里学习，政府天天供给膳食，父母年年送来冬服夏装，（这就）没有挨冻挨饿的忧虑啦；坐在高大宽敞的房屋之下读着诗书，这就）没有东奔西走的劳累啦；有司业、博士做他们的老师，没有问而不告诉，求知而得不到的啦；一切应有的书都集中在这里，（这就）不必象我那样亲手抄写，向别人借来然后才能看到啦。（要是）他们学业（还）不精通，德行（还）有不具备的，（那就）不是（他的）智力低下，而是（他的）思想不象我那样专注罢了，难道是别人的过失吗？ 马生君在大学学习已经两年了，同辈的人称赞
40、他贤能。去官之后进京朝见皇帝，他以同乡晚辈的身份拜见我。写了一篇长信做见面礼，言辞很流畅通达。同论的文相比，语言委婉、神色和悦。自称小时候学习用功、刻苦。是可以称得上爱好学习的人。他将要回家乡探视他的双亲，我特意告诉了他求学的艰难。A Farewell to Ma Junze of Dongyang Song LianIn my adolescence I was fond of reading. My family being poor, I had no access to books, which I had to borrow from bibliophiles, taking who
41、le passages down before I returned them on the appointed date. Although the frigid weather caused the inkstone to be crusted with ice and made my fingers unable to bend or stretch, I could not afford to be slow. Having copied what I needed, I sent the books back to the owner, not daring to delay a s
42、ingle day. Thus many gentlemen were glad to lend me books, and I was fortunate enough to read over piles of them.After I had come of age, I worshipped all the more the teachings of sages. As I feared lest I should be out of contact with great masters and notables, I had to walk a hundred li in order
43、 to seek instructions in the scriptures from an eminent local scholar. Since he possessed good virtues and enjoyed high prestige, his room was filled with pupils, before whom he never relaxed a little his severe countenance. I stood there, waiting upon him patiently. When it was the right moment, I
44、made bold to ask him some questions to solve my puzzles and elucidate the reasons, bowing to him all the time with great attention. Or I might be given a reproval, then I became even more deferential and more submissive, not daring to utter a single word to contradict him. Only when he was good-humo
45、ured again, did I continue to ask him. Thus, stupid as I was, I gained eventually some learning.The day when I first went to school, I, burdened with my suitcase and dragging my feet, trudged into unfrequented mountains and valleys, braving the vehement winter gale and crunching through snow several
46、 feet deep, unaware that my legs had become chapped. When I arrived at our inn, my limbs were numbed and stiff, and it was a long time before I was warmed up with the help of a servant, who gave me hot water to drink and tucked me in with a quilt. The innkeeper offered me only two meals a day, witho
47、ut any dainty food. My fellow students lodging in the same inn were all dressed in silk and satin, wearing hats decorated with tassels of precious stones and girded with sashes of white jade hung with swords on the left and sachets on the right, looking as bright as fairies, while I, in striking con
48、trast, was clothed in an outworn padded robe and a shabby dress. Living among them, I was not in the least envious of their foppery. Because I was contented with the happiness of learning and was unconscious of my 送东阳马生序原文、译文及英文翻译12inferiority to others in terms of physical gratification. Such was m
49、y diligence and hardship. Although I am now stricken in years and have few achievements, I am fortunate enough to place myself in the ranks of gentlemen, bask in the grace of the Sovereign, attach myself to the retinue of nobility and wait upon the Emperor in the capacity of counselor. The whole nation also designs to blaze my name. How much more exalted must be people who are more talented than I? Now you young scholars studying at the Imperial College are granted stipends by the government and provided with fur coats and summer wears by your parents, free of cold and s
