1、1句子成分 高一英语 2016. 09（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示句子所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、动词不定式、动词-ing、主语从句或相当于名词的词或短语来担任。如：（1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语） （2）He reads newspapers every day. （代词作主语）（3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语）（4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.（不定式作主语）（5）What we should do is
2、not yet decided. （主语从句作主语）（二）谓语： 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。 谓语 必须由动词充当 ，具体表现为某种时态的形式， 在祈使句中表现为动词原形。 谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它一般在主语后面。如：His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语） We study hard. （行为动词作谓语）We dont finish reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）（三）宾语：宾语是动作、行为的对象。一般由名词、代词
3、、数词、不定式、动词-ing、宾语从句或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它一般放在及物动词或介词之后。She is doing her homework now. （名词作宾语）She says（that）she is ill. （宾语从句作动词宾语）We often help him. （代词作宾语）He likes to play basketball. （不定式作宾语）We enjoy listening to the music. （动名词短语作宾语）说明 1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。动词不定式可作动词宾语。介词后面的名词、代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。说明
4、2：及物动词后面要跟宾语。有一些动词，如：give, show（给看） ，bring, pass, buy , promise（答应）, refuse（拒绝）等，可以跟两个宾语，称为双宾语，双宾语分 直接宾语和间接宾语。 直接宾语 指物 ，是及物动词的直接对象；间接宾语 指人 ，通常是及物动词的动作所及的人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。如：（1）Our teacher tells us a story. （2）The sun gives us light.表示“人”的间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在间接宾语之前要加介词 “to”或“for” 。 间接宾语前加“to”的动词有： give, s
5、how, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, offer, tell, return, write, throw 等。间接宾语加“for”的动词有：make, buy, do, get, play, order（命令）, sing, pay , choose, sing , fetch, find等。如：（1）I give him a book. 改成： （2）He passes me the book. 改成： （3）He writes me a letter. 改成： （4）He will buy me some books. 改成： （
6、5）She is making me a cake. 改成： （四）宾语补足语：在某些宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词等可用作宾语补足语。如：They make her happy.（形容词） I see her dance.（不定式） Please let him in.（副词）Well help you to make the Olympics a success.（名词） We heard her singing a song.（分词短语）（五）表语：表语只出现在系动
7、词后面，说明某人或某物“是什么”或者“怎么样”。 常见的系动词有： be 动词（am，is，are, was, were）保持类：keep, stay, remain 等变化类：get， become， turn, go, fall 等感觉类：feel，sound（听起来） ，look（看起来） ，taste （尝起来） ，smell表象类 seem，appear 等如：It sounds interesting. （sound 为系动词，interesting 为表语）We should all remain careful. （remain 为系动词， careful 为表语）表语通常由名
8、词、形容词、某些副词、介词、不定式、动词-ing、过去分词、表语从句及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。如：I am a teacher.（名词） He is always happy.（形容词）They are on the playground now.（介词短语） It gets cold.（形容词）（六）定语：定语是用来修饰名词或代词的句子成分。一般由形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式、动词-ing、过去分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词或短语等来担任。单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。亦有些例外。如：The black bike is mine. （形容词）What
9、s your name? （代词） They make paper flowers. （名词）短语或从句 作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：The boys in the room are in Class Four. （in the room 是介词短语作 the boys 的后置定语。 ）说明：定语 修饰复合不定代词 ：nothing, anything, everything, something 等时，要放在复合不定代词后面。 如：I tell him something interesting. （interesting 作不定代词 something 的后置定语）He
10、has something to do. （to do 为不定式作后置定语）（七）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分。状语有的放在句末，有的放在句首，有的放在句中。一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担任。状语可以表示动作行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度、结果等意义。如：He did it carefully. （副词） We often help him. （副词）Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday. （介词短语）2When I grow up, I am going to be a teache
11、r. （从句作时间状语） He sits there. （副词地点状语）练习：(一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother doesnt do his homework.A B C D People all over the world speak English.A B C D You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.A B C D How many new words do you learn ?A B C D Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, ho
12、w about you?A B C D(二) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man is feeling very tired.A B C D Why is he worried about Jim?A B C D The leaves have turned yellow.A B C D Soon They all become interested in the subject.A B C D She is the first to learn about it.A B C D(三) 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name.A
13、 B C D What is your given name?A B C D On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.A B C D I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.A B C D The man downstairs was trying to sleep.A B C D（四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.A B C D He asks her
14、 to take the boy out of school.A B C D She find it difficult to do the work.A B C D They call me Lily sometimes.A B C D I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.A B C D(五) 挑出下列句中的状语 There is a big smile on her face.A B C D Every night he heard the noise upstairs.A B C D He began to learn English when he was el
15、even.A B C D The man on the motorbike is travelling too fast.A B C D With the medicine box under her arm , Miss Li hurried off.A B C D 简单句的基本句子结构基本句型 一：（主语） （系动词） （表语） 1. This 2. The dinner3. Everything4. He 5. The trouble6. Our well 7. He8. His face is smells looks is growing is has gone becameturn
16、ed an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。good. 午餐的气味很好。different. 一切看来都不同了。 tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。dry. 我们的井干枯了。a teacher when he was 21. 他二十一岁时做了老师。red. 他的脸红了。基本句型 二: （主语） （不及物动词）1.The sun 2.The moon3.Who 4.We all 5.What he said 6.They 7. The pen8.The plan
17、e which started from HongKong at noonwas shining. rose. cares? breathe, eat, and drink. does not matter.talked for half an hour.writes smoothly arrived here at four p.m.1. 太阳在照耀着。2. 月亮升起了。3. 管它呢？ 4. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. 他所讲的没有什么关系。6. 他们谈了半个小时。7. 这支笔书写流利。 8. 中午由香港起飞的那架飞机下午四时到达了这里。基本句型三: （主语） （及物动词） （宾语） 1.
18、Who 2.She 3.He 4. He 5. They 6. He7. I knows smiled has refused enjoys ate saidwant the answer? 谁知道答案？ her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。reading. 他喜欢看书。what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。“Good morning.“ 他说：“早上好！”to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。38. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。基本句型四: (主语) （及物
19、） （多指人） （多指物）1. She 2. She3. He 4. He 5. I 6. I 7. I 8. Heordered cooked brought denies showed gave toldshowedherself her husbandyouher him my car him me a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。 a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔。a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。my pictures. 我给他看我的照片。a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。that the
20、bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。注意：直接宾语与间接宾语对调时，间接宾语前加介词 to 的动词有：give, tell , lend , sell, teach, send，write, show , return, bring, pass, leave, offer, hand 等。间接宾语前加介词 for 的动词有：buy, choose, get , make, order, sing , do , play, fetch, find 等。基本句型五 (主语) （及物） （宾语） （宾补）1. They2. T
21、hey3. This4. They5. What6. We7. He 8. Iappointedpaintedsetfound makes saw asked sawhimthe doorthemthe househimhimmethemmanager. 他们任命他当经理。green. 他们把门漆成绿色。thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。think so? 他怎么会这样想？out. 我们送他出去。to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。注意：宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。常见的接复合宾语的动词有： ask, tell, want, wish, like, hate, see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, have, let, consider, think, believe, discover, judge, suppose 等。答案： (一)DDBAB (二)DBDCB (三)CCABB （四)CCCCD (五)DADDA
