1、采矿专业英语,COAL MINING TECHNOLOGYLECTURED BY ZANG CHUANWEI,Outline,4.1 Elements of mining4.2 Concept of mining method4.3 Class and application of mining method4.4 Factors of mining method selection,4.1 Elements of mining,A mining system is the result of integrated planning for these unit and auxiliary o
2、perations and involves determining the most effective employment of equipment and machinery. Because of the wide variety of natural conditions encountered underground, different mining systems have been developed. The ultimate objective is, of course, to provide the greatest possible production and
3、productivity consistent with maintaining health and safety.,New words,Wall mining： Driving two or more entries/gates some distance apart, interconnecting, mining the rib of the opening-cut on a longwall. 工作面：working face； 采煤工作面：coalface 切眼：open-off cut 区段平巷：panel entry 工作面顺槽：gate entry 区段运输巷：head ga
4、te， 区段轨道巷：tail gate 工作面运输巷（下顺槽）：head entry 工作面回风巷（上顺槽）：tail entry 区段回风巷：bleeder entry 联络巷：crosscut采空区：gob / goaf 端头：end,New words,Classification of wall mining system： (1) according to the length of the working face: a. Longwall mining b. Shortwall mining c. Pillar mining (2) according to the mining
5、 direction a. longwall mining on strike 走向长壁开采(a) mining in advance / wall advancing mining 前进式开采(b) mining in retreat / wall retreating mining 后退式开采 b. inclined longwall mining 倾斜长壁开采(a) underhand mining 俯采(b) overhand mining 仰采,New words,Three basic equipments: Coal mining machine, coal-getting ma
6、chine 采煤机； Shearer，滚筒采煤机 Plow，planer 刨煤机 Face conveyor 工作面运输机 Pan line,”溜子” Chain conveyor 链式运输机 Scraper chain conveyor 刮板输送机 Armored chain conveyor 铠装运输机 Roof support system：顶板支护系统 Friction prop 摩擦支柱 Friction metal prop 金属摩擦支柱 Hydraulic prop 液压支柱 Single/Individual hydraulic prop 单体液压支柱 Hydraulic po
7、wered self-advanced support 液压自移式支架 Roof support 顶板支架,New words,Match-up 配套： （1）Conveyor as the track or guide of the shearer； （2）pull supports by conveyor; （3）push conveyor by support. Other equipments in gate entries Stage loader：转载机 Panel belt conveyor 区段皮带运输机 Electrical control center 电力控制装置/设备
8、Hydraulic pump station 液压泵站,New words,Belt feeder 胶带给料机 Crusher 破碎机 Wooden cribs 木垛 Permanent stopping 永久性风墙，密闭 Regulator 调节风窗 Check curtain 调节风帘 Intake air 进风 Return air 回风 Shuttle car route 梭车运行路线,4.1 Introduction,Though the use of continuous mining machines consolidated the operation of cutting,
9、drilling, blasting in one machine that would theoretically provide uninterrupted production, it was soon realized that the face haulage and roof support operations remained as major impediments to continuous production. The ability to provide not only continuous cutting and loading, but also continu
10、ous haulage and roof support, was the basis for the introduction of mechanized longwall systems in this country from Europe in 1951.,4.1 Introduction,The early systems employed friction props for roof support, but were to become obsolete shortly after introduction of the first hydraulically powered,
11、 self-advancing supports in 1960. Since then, use of longwall technique has grown to the point where it is currently providing more than 5% of the annual output of underground coal mines in the United States.,4.1 Introduction,The short wall system provides for continuous cutting, loading, and roof s
12、upport, but has not experienced the widespread popularity of longwall due to its inherent inability to easily provide for continuous haulage. Both of these systems provide uninterrupted roof support for face operation by means of hydraulically powered steel roof supports. In each case, the coal remo
13、val consists of open-end cuts made from the narrow end of a large rectangular pillar (panel) which has been blocked out by continuous miners developing entries around its perimeter. However this is the extent of the similarities between the two systems.,4.2 Concept of mining method,1）stope 采场 2）coal
14、 face 采煤工作面 3）mining works/operations 回采工作 4）winning/mining technique 采煤工艺 5）mining system 采煤系统 6）mining method 采煤方法,1）Stope 采场,The place where a lot of coals are extracted directly.用来直接大量采出煤炭的场所。 Working space “作业空间”,2）Coal face 采煤工作面,The wall where the coal is mined in the stope.采场内进行回采的煤壁。“狭义” Co
15、alface = stope 采煤工作面=采场。“广义”,3）mining works/operations 回采工作,Mining works “采煤作业” Basic operations 基本工序： Coal Breaking 破煤 Coal Loading 装煤 Coal Hauling 运煤 Auxiliary operations 辅助工序： Roof support 工作面支护 Gob treatment 采空区处理 Auxiliary transportation 辅助运输, ventilation通风, drainage 排水,power supply供电, emulsion
16、 supply供液（乳化液）等。,4）winning/mining technique 采煤工艺,The method completing all the extracting operations according to certain order in the coalface and the match-up of these operations. 在采煤工作面内按照一定顺序完成各项工序的方法及其配合。 Breaking, loading, hauling, roof support, gob treatment. “破煤”、“装煤”、“运煤”、“工作面支护” 、“采空区处理”。,
17、5）Mining system 采煤系统,Mining system is referred to layout of mining roadways, it is the driving sequence of mining roadways and the location relationship of mining roadways. -回采巷道布置系统，回采巷道在时间上的配合以及空间上的相互位置关系。,6）Mining method 采煤方法,The integration of mining system and mining technique, and the match-up
18、 of them in space and time. 采煤系统和采煤工艺的综合及其在时间和空间上的配合。,4.3 Class and application of mining method采煤方法的分类及应用概况,4.3.1 Wall mining method 壁式体系采煤法 Dip 倾角：走向长壁开采，倾向长壁开采；近水平45。大倾角- Thickness 厚度：full-seam mining整层开采; slicing mining分层开采。薄1.3 m，中厚3.5 m ，厚5 m 。极薄，特厚 4.2.2 Pillar mining method 柱式体系采煤法,Mining me
19、thod classification,1 Dry mining 旱采 1）Wall system壁式 （1）Full-seam 整层 I单一长壁 single longwall i 走向长壁 longwall on strike ii 倾向长壁inclined longwall II放顶煤 Sublevel caving III掩护支架 Shield （2）Slicing method分层 I倾斜分层 Inclined slicing II水平分层 Horizontal slicing III斜切分层Oblique slicing IV水平分段放顶煤 horizontal sublevel
20、caving 2）Pillar system柱式 （1）Room and pillar mining method 房柱式 （2）Room method 房式 2 Hydraulic mining水采 3 Underground liquefaction and gasification 地下液化和气化,4.3.1 Wall mining method 壁式体系采煤法,1） Single longwall mining method in thin or middle thick coal seams薄及中厚煤层单一长壁采煤方法 Longwall on strike, longwall on
21、the inclination 走向长壁，倾向长壁； Roof caving 垮落法（自然垮落、强制放顶）、packing 充填法、pillar support刀柱式 2） Slicing mining method in thick coal seams 厚煤层分层开采的采煤方法 （1）gently inclined or inclined 缓斜、倾斜厚及特厚： （2）steeply inclined 急倾斜厚煤层： （3）steeply inclined coal seam with a huge thickness 急倾斜特厚煤层 3） Full-seam mining method i
22、n thick coal seams厚煤层整层开采的采煤方法 一次采全厚： Sublevel caving 放顶煤、mining with large mining height大采高； steeply inclined急倾斜厚煤层：mining overhead 工作面俯斜布置； Shield 掩护支架采煤法。 4）mining technique 回采工艺：blasting mining炮采、conventionally mechanized mining普采、fully mechanized mining综采。,4.3.1 Wall mining method 壁式体系采煤法,1） Si
23、ngle longwall mining method薄及中厚煤层单一长壁采煤方法 Longwall on strike, longwall on the inclination走向长壁，倾向长壁； Roof caving 垮落法（自然垮落、强制放顶）、packing 充填法、pillar support刀柱式,1） Single longwall mining method 单一长壁采煤法,Fig. 2 Single longwall mining method on strike 图2 单一走向长壁采煤法示意图,2-tail entry 区段回风平巷,1-headentry 区段回风平巷,
24、3-coalface 采煤工作面,Fig. 3 Single longwall mining method along dip 图3 单一倾向长壁采煤法示意图,4, 5-strip inclined haulage or return-air roadway 分带运输和回风斜巷,Fig. 4 Mining with coal pillar supporting method 图4 刀柱式采煤法示意图,4.3.1 Wall mining method 壁式体系采煤法,2） Slicing mining method in thick coal seams 厚煤层分层开采的采煤方法 （1）gent
25、ly inclined or inclined 缓斜、倾斜厚及特厚： （i）inclined slicing method with downward caving way 倾斜分层下行垮落； （ii）inclined slicing method with upward packing way倾斜分层上行充填。 （2）steeply inclined 急倾斜厚煤层： 水平分层或斜切分层下行垮落；每个分层23m （3）steeply inclined coal seam with a huge thickness急倾斜特厚煤层 水平分段放顶煤，类似水平分层，按一定厚度分段，分段底部采用水平分层
26、的落煤方法，顶部采用放煤的方法。,Fig. 5 Inclined slicing mining method in thick coal seams 图5 厚煤层开采倾斜分层,Fig. 6 Horizontal slicing mining method in thick coal seams 图6 厚煤层开采水平分层,Fig. 7 Oblique slicing mining method in thick coal seams 图7 厚煤层开采斜切分层,3） Single longwall mining method 厚煤层整层开采,3） Full-seam mining method i
27、n thick coal seams厚煤层整层开采的采煤方法 一次采全厚： Sublevel caving 放顶煤、mining with large mining height大采高； steeply inclined急倾斜厚煤层： overhead mining 工作面俯斜布置； Soft shield 柔性掩护支架采煤法。,Feature of Wall Mining method 壁式采煤法的特点,Features： （1）the coalface is usually long.采煤工作面长度较长； （2）At least 2 entries is needed in the end
28、 of the face and used for ventilation and haulage.采煤工作面两端至少各有一条巷道，用于通风运输; （3）Gob area must be treated according to plan with the advance of coalface.随着工作面推进，有计划的处理采空区; （4）The extracted coal is transported parallel to coalface. 采下的煤沿平行于工作面的方向运出采场。,4.3.2 Pillar mining method 柱式体系采煤法,Short coal face as
29、 the mark.短工作面为其主要标志 Class: Room, room and pillar.柱式体系采煤法包括：房式采煤法、房柱式采煤法。 Coal mining process 采煤过程： Driving rooms 掘煤房； Driving crosscuts 掘联络巷； Extracting coal pillars 回收煤柱； Mining operations工艺： Breaking-continuous miner 破：连续采煤机 Loading 装：连续采煤机 Hauling shuttle car or universal extensible conveyor运：梭车
30、，万向接长机 Support bolting 支：锚杆支护，履带式液压支架 Gob treatment pillar supporting or caving 处：煤柱支撑或垮落法,Feature of Pillar mining method 柱式采煤法的特点,（1）Coalface is short, number is great. The equipment of mining room and extracting pillar is the same.采煤工作面长度短，数目多，采房和回收煤柱设备合一； （2）Ground pressure is weak, roof support
31、 and gob treatment is simple.矿山压力较弱，支护和处理采空区简单； （3）the extracted coal is transported perpendicular to the coalface and the equipments can move by themselves, so they are flexible.采下的煤沿垂直于工作面的方向运出采场，采煤配套设备均能自行行走，灵活性强； （4）ventilation condition is bad and the mining recovery rate is low.工作面通风条件差，采出率低。
32、Adaptable conditions Thin or middle-thick coal seams with a small dip which are not buried deeply 埋藏较浅的近水平薄及中厚煤层。,Room and pillar mining method,1. Room 2. Pillar 3. Pillar recovery,Advancing direction,BASIC MINING METHODS,Coal mining method Surface mining Underground mining Bord（矿房） and pillar minin
33、g Longwall mining Longwall advancing Longwall retreating,BASIC MINING METHODS,Coal seams can be mined both by underground methods and surface mining methods depending on certain conditions, e.g. ,thickness and dip of the seam, depth and occurrence, the ratio of overburden to coal, etc. There two bas
34、ic underground mining methods which are i) bord and pillar mining method; ii) longwall mining method.,Bord and pillar mining method,Fundamentally, the bord and pillar method of mining coal seams involves the driving of a series of narrow headings in the seam parallel to each other and connected by c
35、ross headings so as to form pillars for subsequent extraction, either partial or complete, as geological conditions or necessity for supporting the surface, may permit. Ideally, the pillars should be square but they are sometimes rectangular or rhombus shape and the galleries surrounding the pillars
36、 are invariably of square cross-section.,Bord and pillar mining method,The bord and pillar method of mining is suited to work flat coal seams of average thickness and shallow depths. Coal seams of 1.8 to 3m thickness are best suited for this method, though this method has been successful in thinner
37、seams also down to a thickness of 1.2m and in thicker seams up to 4.8m in thickness. In seams with gradients of more than 1 in 4 difficulties are encounter in manoeuring machines. Most of the bord and pillar method of coal mining has been down in range less than 300 m as at greater depth pillars exp
38、erience crush. However in India in some cases the depth of mining by bond and pillar methods has been around 600m.,Longwall mining method,In the case of retreating longwall the face is retreated backwards, the goaf is allowed to cave in or it is filled and the gate roadway is lost in the goaf. This
39、method can be employed almost in all geological conditions, though it is eminently suited for working thinner seams, i.e., seams less than 1.8m thick; it is also desirable that thick seams (more than 4.8m) be worked by this method in slices of 2 to 3m. It can be practiced in seams at depth and also
40、in gassy seams or seams prone to spontaneous heating.,Shortwall mining method,A variant of longwall method is shortwall mining in which the length of faces is much smaller than is normal with longwall mining. The shortwall was developed to employ the usual room and pillar equipment but with geometri
41、c simplicity and the advantages of self advancing hydraulic roof support.Support design enabled continuous miner and a shuttle car to be used to extracted a coal block. This method is very popular in Australia and USA. This method gives high production and productivity.,Shortwall mining method,Facto
42、rs influencing choice of mining method,Depth of the seam Shape of deposit Thickness of the seam Gradient of the seam Strike of the seam Mechanical property of the coal Coal seam cleavage and dirt band Geological disturbance,Factors influencing choice of mining method,Characteristics of roof and floor Gas content of the coal seam Coal proneness to spontaneous combustion Hydro-geological conditions of the coal measures Availability of machines for mechanization and development in technology Economic value of coal Traditions and availability of trained personnel.,
