1、09 年 12 月Section A Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.Questions 47 to 51 are based on t
2、he following passage.There is nothing new about TV and fashion magazines giving girls unhealthy ideas about how thin they need to be in order to be considered beautiful. What is surprising is the method psychologists at the University of Texas have come up with to keep girls from developing eating d
3、isorders. Their main weapon against super skinny (role) models: a brand of civil disobedience dubbed “body activism.”Since 2001, more than 1,000 high school and college students in the U.S. have participated in the Body Project, which works by getting girls to understand how they have been buying in
4、to the notion that you have to be thin to be happy or successful. After critiquing (评论) the so-called thin ideal by writing essays and role-playing with their peers, participants are directed to come up with and execute small, nonviolent acts. They include slipping notes saying “Love your body the w
5、ay it is” into dieting books at stores like Borders and writing letters to Mattel, makers of the impossibly proportioned Barbie doll.According to a study in the latest issue of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, the risk of developing eating disorders was reduced 61% among Body Proje
6、ct participants. And they continued to exhibit positive body-image attitudes as long as three years after completing the program, which consists, of four one-hour sessions. Such lasting effects may be due to girls realizing not only how they were being influenced but also who was benefiting from the
7、 societal pressure to be thin. “These people who promote the perfect body really dont care about you at all,” says Kelsey Hertel, a high school junior and Body Project veteran in Eugene, Oregon. “They purposefully make you feel like less of a person so youll buy their stuff and theyll make money.”注意
8、：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。47. Were do girls get the notion that they need to be thin in order to be considered beautiful?48. By promoting “body activism,” University of Texas psychologists aim to prevent _.49. According to the author, Mattels Barbie dolls are _.50. The positive effects of the Body Project m
9、ay last up to _.51. One Body Project participant says that the real motive of those who promote the perfect body is to _.Section B Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟) have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy
10、 beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings (幼龟) down to the waters edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead. A formidab
11、le wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines. With all that attention paid to them, youd think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct.But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and
12、 Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds. The South Florida nesting population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin, a marine
13、 biologist with the environmental group Oceana. The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened” to “endangered”meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help.Which raises the obvious qu
14、estion: what else do these turtles want from us, anyway? It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting the turtles for the weeks they spend on land (as egg-laying females, as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years spend in the ocean. “The threat i
15、s from commercial fishing,” says Griffin. Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor) and long line fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on turtles. Of course, like every other environmental issue today,
16、this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems. The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm. Ultimately
17、 we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs (恐龙) will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants to wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。52. We can learn from the first paragraph that _.Ahuman
18、activities have changed the way turtles surviveBefforts have been made to protect turtles from dying outCgovernment bureaucracy has contributed to turtles extinctionDmarine biologists are looking for the secret of turtles reproduction53. What does the author mean by “Nature is indifferent to human n
19、otions of fairness” (Line 1, Para. 2)?ANature is quite fair regarding the survival of turtles.BTurtles are by nature indifferent to human activities.CThe course of nature will not be changed by human interference.DThe turtle population has decreased in spite of human protection.54. What constitutes
20、a major threat to the survival of turtles according to Elizabeth Griffin?ATheir inadequate food supply.BUnregulated commercial fishing.CTheir lower reproductively ability.DContamination of sea water55. How does global warming affect the survival of turtles?AIt threatens the sandy beaches on which th
21、ey lay eggs.BThe changing climate makes it difficult for their eggs to hatch.CThe rising sea levels make it harder for their hatchlings to grow.DIt takes them longer to adapt to the high beach temperature.56. The last sentence of the passage is meant to _.Apersuade human beings to show more affectio
22、n for turtlesBstress that even the most ugly species should be protectedCcall for effective measures to ensure sea turtles survivalDwarn our descendants about the extinction of speciesPassage Two Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.There are few more sobering online activities than
23、 entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank st
24、ocks, should yield huge dividends.A 2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the “labor-market premium to skill”or the amount college graduates earned thats greater than what high-school graduate earneddecreased for much of the 20th century, but has come back with a vengeance (报复性地) since the
25、 1980s. In 2005, The typical full-time year-round U.S. worker with a four-year college degree earned $50,900, 62% more than the $31,500 earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma.Theres no question that going to college is a smart economic choice. But a look at the strange variations in tuit
26、ion reveals that the choice about which college to attend doesnt come down merely to dollars and cents. Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board $49,260 in 2007-08) yield a 40% greater return than attending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out-of-state student ($35,542)?
27、 Probably not. Does being an out-of-state student at the University of Colorado at Boulder yield twice the amount of income as being an in-state student ($17,380) there? Not likely.No, in this consumerist age, most buyers arent evaluating college as an investment, but rather as a consumer productlik
28、e a car or clothes or a house. And with such purchases, price is only one of many crucial factors to consider.As with automobiles, consumers in todays college marketplace have vast choices, and people search for the one that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their budgets. Th
29、is accounts for the willingness of people to pay more for different types of experiences (such as attending a private liberal-arts college or going to an out-of-state public school that has a great marine-biology program). And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of money on very
30、different cars, college students (or, more accurately, their parents) often show a willingness to pay essentially the same price for vastly different products. So which is it? Is college an investment product like a stock or a consumer product like a car? In keeping with the automotive worlds hottes
31、t consumer trend, maybe its best to characterize it as a hybrid (混合动力汽车); an expensive consumer product that, over time, will pay rich dividends.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。57. Whats the opinion of economists about going to college?AHuge amounts of money is being wasted on campus socializing.BIt doesnt pay
32、to run into debt to receive a college education.CCollege education is rewarding in spite of the startling costs.DGoing to college doesnt necessarily bring the expected returns.58. The two Harvard economists note in their study that, for much of the 20th century, _.Aenrollment kept decreasing in virt
33、ually all American colleges and universitiesBthe labor market preferred high-school to college graduatesCcompetition for university admissions was far more fierce than todayDthe gap between the earnings of college and high-school graduates narrowed59. Students who attend an in-state college or unive
34、rsity can _.Asave more on tuitionBreceive a better educationCtake more liberal-arts coursesDavoid traveling long distances60. In this consumerist age, most parents _.Aregard college education as a wise investmentBplace a premium on the prestige of the CollegeCthink it crucial to send their children
35、to collegeDconsider college education a consumer product61. What is the chief consideration when students choose a college today?ATheir employment prospects after graduation.BA satisfying experience within their budgets.CIts facilities and learning environment.DIts ranking among similar institutions
36、.08 年 12 月Section AOne of the major producers of athletic footwear, with 2002 sales of over $10 billion, is a company called Nike, with corporate headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon, Forbes magazine identified Nikes president, Philip Knight, as the 53rd-richest man in the world in 2004. But Nike has n
37、ot always been a large multimillion-dollar organization. In fact, Knight started the company by selling shoes from the back of his car at track meets.In the late 1950s Philip Knight was a middle-distance runner on the University of Oregon track team, coached by Bill Bowerman. One of the top track co
38、aches in the U.S., Bowerman was also known for experimenting with the design of running shoes in an attempt to make them lighter and more shock-absorbent. After attending Oregon, Knight moved on to do graduate work at Stanford University; his MBA thesis was on marketing athletic shoes. Once he recei
39、ved his degree, Knight traveled to Japan to contact the Onitsuka Tiger Company, a manufacturer of athletic shoes. Knight convinced the companys officials of the potential for its product in the U.S. In 1963 he received his first shipment of Tiger shoes, 200 pairs in total.In 1964, Knight and Bowerma
40、n contributed $500 each to from Blue Ribbon Sports, the predecessor of Nike. In the first few years, Knight distributed shoes out of his car at local track meets. The first employees hired by Knight were former college athletes. The company did not have the money to hire “experts”，and there was no e
41、stablished athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowledgeable in the field. In its early years the organization operated in an unconventional manner that characterized its innovative and entrepreneurial approach to the industry. Communication was informal; people d
42、iscussed ideas and issues in the hallways, on a run, or over a beer. There was little task differentiation. There were no job descriptions, rigid reporting systems, or detailed rules and regulations. The team spirit and shared values of the athletes on Bowermans teams carried over and provided the b
43、asis for the collegial style of management that characterized the early years of Nikes.47. While serving as a track coach, Bowerman tried to design running shoes that were _.48. During his visit to Japan, Knight convinced the officials of the Onitsuka Tiger Company that its product would have _.49.
44、Blue Ribbon Sports as unable to hire experts due to the absence of _ in North America.50. In the early years of Nike, communication within the company was usually carried out _.51. What qualities of Bowermans teams formed the basis of Nikes early management style?Section BPassage oneQuestions 52 to
45、56 are based on the following passageSustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in
46、 agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do
47、so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients（营养成分） captu
48、red in the product it was relatively inefficient.Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safer and more reliable. However, these changes have also led
49、 to habitat（栖息地） loss and to diminishing biodiversity.Whats more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was
