1、特 殊 句 式,倒装 省略 强调,倒 装 inversion,定义英语句子的自然语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序被称为“倒装”。,倒 装,分类 分为全部倒装和部分倒装： 谓语全部放在主语之前，为全部倒装； 只把助动词、连系动词或情态动词放在主语之前，为部分倒装。,倒装原因 一、 语法结构的需要（如某些疑问句）； 二、为了强调； 三、保持句子的平衡或是上下文紧密衔接。,全 部 倒 装（谓语全部放在主语之前） 此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时,1.there be句型。 其中be动词有时可用exist, live, stand, lie, seem, ap
2、pear, remain, happen 等词代替。（全部倒装） 1) There is an experienced teacher and many lovely students in the classroom. 2) There lay a winding brook in front of an old house.,2.方位词in, out, there, here, inside, outside, up, down, away, off, downstairs, upstairs等以及now, then置于句首时，谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等，并
3、且句子的主语是名词。为以示强调或为了使情景更生动, 要全部倒装。（全部倒装） 1) Away flew the bird which I bought yesterday. 2) Now comes your turn to sweep the floor. 注意： 主语是人称代词时，仍用自然语序。 Away they went. (=They went away.),3.直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，有时用倒装。 （全部倒装） “Whats up, Tom?” asked Mother.“The car is mine,” said Tom. 注意： 主语是代词时，不倒装。 “The c
4、ar is mine,” he said.,4.为了平衡句子结构的需要,或为了强调状语(常为介词短语)，或为了使上下文紧密衔接时，将状语提前。（全部倒装） 1)They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 2)Nearby were the canoes in which they had come to the island.,5.主语太长，表语太短，为了平衡句子结构的需要,将表语提前。 （全部倒装） 1） Inside the pyramid are the burial rooms for the king
5、s and queens. 2） Gone are the days when we are enslaved. 6.such和be连用作表语时，也常用倒装语序。（全部倒装） 1） Such was not his intention. 2） Such are the facts.,部分倒装把助动词，连系动词或情态动词放在主语之前 1. 用于疑问句。（部分倒装） 1）Shall everything be ready before you arrive? 2） What can I do for you? 注意：疑问词作主语或修饰主语时，主谓不颠倒。 1） Who can work it ou
6、t? 2） How many students have read this book?,2.用于省略if的虚拟条件从句中，should / were / had 置于句首。（部分倒装） 1)Had I not adopted my class teachers advice, I would have made such a serious mistake. 2) Should I earn money, I should live better.,3. so, as, neither, nor, no more 表示前面的情况也适合于另一人或物时。(部分倒装) 1） Tom can spe
7、ak French. So can Jack. 2） If you wont go, neither will I. 注意：若只是表示对前面所述内容的肯定、确认，主谓不倒装。 1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 2) Its raining hard. So it is.,4. 含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首，如hardly, rarely, seldom, scarcely, barely, never, not, few, little, neither, nor, not only, hardlywhen, in no
8、 case, by no means, no soonerthan, many a time, often 等。 （部分倒装） 1)Not until the 19th century was the written examination probably known. 2)Not only was everything he had taken away, but also his German citizenship. 3)Not a single mistake did he make.,注意1：修饰或连接主语时，主谓不倒装 I have never seen such a perfo
9、rmance. 注意2： 如否定词不在句首不倒装 1) Not only is she a good singer, but also she is a good dancer. 2) Neither did he watch TV nor did he go to the cinema.,5.only + 状语（副词、介词短语、状语从句）放在句首时。（部分倒装） 1)Only then did I realize the value of reading aloud every morning. 2)Only by means of talking can we avoid misunder
10、standing each other.,6.“so /such +表语/状语 + that从句”结构中的so 或such引导的表语/状语放在句首时。（部分倒装） 1）So frightened was she in the darkness that she didnt dare to move at all. 2）Such a lovely child is he that all of us love him.,7.用于形容词（名词/动词）+ as/though的让步状语从句中。（特殊倒装） 1)Proud as they are, they are afraid to see us.
11、2)Child as he is, he knows a lot.( A small child as he is, he knows a lot.) 3) Try hard as they would, they could not lift the box.,8.方式副词well或频度副词often, many a time, always, once, every two hours,以及then开头的句子。(部分倒装) 1)Often did I remind him not to do that. 2)Many a time has he made the same mistake.
12、,9.在no soonerthan, hardlywhen, not onlybut also句型中, 前面的句子要部分倒装。 1）No sooner had I reached the station than the train left. 2） Hardly had I reached the station when the train left. 注意: not onlybut also, neithernor连接两个主语时不倒装 Not only he but also I went to the Park.,10. 用于表示祝愿和祝福之类的句子中。(部分或全部倒装) 1）May
13、you succeed / be happy! 2) Long live the Peoples Republic of China!,省 略 ellipsis,省 略 定义为了避免重复，突出关键词语，并使上下文紧密连接，在句子中有时就省去了一个或几个句子成分。这种语法手段就称为省略。省略是重要的修辞原则，因此，只要不损害语法结构，不产生歧异，能省略的就应省略。,简单句中的省略 1.省略主语 祈使句中主语通常省略；其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。 (1) (I) Thank you for your help. (2) (It) Doesnt matter. 2.省略主谓或主谓语的一部分 W
14、hat/How (do you think) about a cup of tea ?,3.在对话或并列句中，如果主语、谓语不同，而宾语相同，则常省去相同的宾语部分。 Tom enjoys dancing, but Peter hates (dancing).,4.省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to，但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态，则须在之后加上be或have: Are you going there? Yes, Id like to (go there). 注意：在下列词后常省略不定式但要保留to: want, wish, like, hate, hope, intend, plan, l
15、ove, refuse, expect，但当want 和like用于从句中时，to常常省略。,5.结构省略 可以根据通常的语法结构加以判断，比如省略表语或同时省略几个成分。但在否定句中不能省略。 We have lived here (for) ten years. I havent seen you for three months.,并列句中的省略 1.在后一并列分句中凡是与上下文相同的成分通常都要省略。 My office was on the tenth floor, and his (office was) on the twelfth (floor). 并列句的省略有时还可出现在前
16、面的分句中，这时被省略的词语便出现在下文。 George will (take the course) and Bob might take the course.,2.省略动词 + 宾语或补语 I will buy a house. He will (buy a house) too. 3.省略主语 + 谓语动词 We still have shortcomings, and (we have) very big ones, too. 注意：出现在并列句中的be, have, do,如果在一个分句中作助动词，而在另一个分句中作行为动词，不可省略。 4.省略主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 They
17、tried to prevent the pollution, but (they did) not (prevent the pollution) very successfully at the beginning.,复合句中的省略 1.复合句中的省略现象常见于从句中，主句中的省略通常出现在句首。 Hope you will have a good journey. 2.有时整个主句都可省略， 这种省略通常出现在简短答语中。 Are you going to buy the house? Unless my wife objects.,3.复合句中的省略现象多出现在状语从句中，在某些状语从
18、句中，从句的主语与主句的主语一致时或主语是it时，可省去“主语+be”部分。 Although hard-working, he couldnt earn enough even to support him. 4.引导宾语从句的从属连词只要从句不长，that通常都可省略。但如果从句较长或从句的语境较复杂, 连词that 不能省略。 1）I hope (that) all will go well. 2） She has made it clear that she will have nothing to do with him.,5.在than或as引起的从句中的省略。 Many othe
19、rs are doing better than we are. 6.省略一个从句或从句的一部分，可用so 或 not代替。常用于此类的动词有believe , think, expect, guess, hope, imagine, suppose, say, tell等以及appear, seem, afraid, etc.。 Is he coming back tonight? I think so.,7.连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化。 Had they time, they would certainly come and help us.,8.不定式符号to的
20、省略。 (1)并列的不定式可省去后面的 to. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment. (2) 某些使役动词（let, make, have）及感官动词（see, watch, hear, notice, observe等）后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去 to, 但在被动语态中须将to 复原。 I saw the boy fall from the tree.,(3)介词but前若有动词do,后面的不定式不带 to. The boy did nothing but play. (4)主语从句中有动词do,后面作表语的不定式的 to可带可不
21、带。 All we can do now is (to) wait.,强 调 emphasis,强 调 定义强调是有效地进行思想交流的重要手段之一。人们在交际过程中，为了使自己的思想能为听者或读者恰当的理解，必须突出重要的内容，这就需要运用强调的手段。在现代英语中，人们可以通过语音手段、词汇手段、语法手段来进行强调。,考点 1）强调句型与定语从句合用，增加试题迷惑性。 It was on the day when he joined the Party that he was killed. 2）强调句型与宾语从句合用，强调句型用于宾语从句。,语音手段 在口语中，人们可以根据交流的需要，通过语
22、句重音来对不同的词语进行强调。 He speaks English well. 这句话，可以通过语句重音来分别对不同的词进行强调。,词汇手段 人们常用一些形容词、副词、否定词等词汇手段来加强语气。 This is the most interesting TV play.,语法手段 1. It is /was +强调部分+that/who/whom +其他成分 这个句型用来强调除谓语以外的各种句子成分，被强调部分必须放在it is/was 后面，如果强调的部分是人，可以用who/whom 来代替that。,They will have a meeting in the hall tomorro
23、w. 强调主语: It is they that/who will have a meeting in the hall tomorrow. 强调宾语: It is a meeting that they will have in the hall tomorrow. 强调地点状语: It is in the hall that they will have a meeting tomorrow. 强调时间状语: It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting in the hall.,2. 强调句型的注意点 (1)主谓一致：被强调部分作主语时，其形式
24、与谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。 It is his parents who have come to China. (2)人称照应：强调主语用主格，宾语用宾格。 It was her whom I saw in the street just now. (3)be前面可加情态动词 It must be Peter who has let this secret out.,(4)问句形式： 一般疑问句：Is/Was it + 被强调部分 + that + Was it yesterday that he was fired? 特殊疑问句：疑问词+is/was +it +that+ What i
25、s it that you want me to do ? (5)当强调notuntil结构时，必须将not until连用,后面接肯定式。 It was not until at that time that I realized what trouble he was in.,3. 强调句型的判断 把“It is/wasthat”去掉，如果剩余部分句子结构仍然完整，那么这个句子就是强调句；如果句子不完整，则不是强调句。It is true that he once went to America.(主语从句) It was at 8 oclock that he came back.(强调
26、句),4. It is/wasthat强调句型的被强调部分如果是原因状语从句，只能由because引导，不能由since、as或why引导。 It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.,5.用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词。 He did send you a letter last week. 6.用主语从句+be+被强调部分，主语从句常用what引导。 What John wants is a ball.,7.用修辞疑问句，表示强调。 疑问句转用作加强语气的陈述句时，即可称为修
27、辞性疑问句。需要注意的是：肯定的修辞疑问句其意义相当于强调的是否定陈述句；而否定的修辞疑问句其意义则相当于强调的是肯定陈述句。 Can anyone doubt the truth of his statement? Surely no one can / would doubt it.) Who doesnt know the sun rises in the east?,8. 一般疑问句的强调： Did you meet your brother at Mc Donald ? Was it your brother that you met at Mc Donald?(强调宾语) 9. 特殊疑问句的强调： Where did you see her cellphone yesterday ? Where was it that you saw her cellphone yesterday? （强调特殊疑问词where）,10.通过改变句子结构或颠倒正常语序的手段来进行强调。 Never will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.,
