1、虚拟语气英语有两种语气陈述语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气表示事实上发生的事情或客观存在的情况。虚拟语气表示假定、想象、愿望等非事实观念。.虚拟语气在条件句中主要有以下几种情况。(1).表达与现在的事实相反的假设或想象： 条件从句 主句If + 主语 + 过去式， 主语 + should/would + 动词原形If + 主语 + were， 主语 + would/should + 动词原形(其中，should 用于第一人称，would 可用于各个人称。)If I had enough money, I should/would buy a camera.If I were rich, I would
2、 help the poor.(2).表达与过去事实相反的假设或想象：条件从句 主句If + 主语 + had + 过去分词， 主语 + should/would have + 过去分词If I had had enough money, I would have bought a car.（= I didnt have enough money, so I didnt buy it.）If it had not rained yesterday, we should have gone fishing.(3)表达与将来事实相反的假设或想象，有三种形式： 条件从句 主句If +主语 + sho
3、uld + 动词原形， 主语 + should/would + 动词原形(表示可能性极小 “万一”)If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go.注意：if 从句的动词形式不分人称与数，一律用“should+动词原形” 条件从句 主句If + 主语 + were to + 动词原形， 主语 + should/would +动词原形If I were to go abroad, I would go to America. 倘若我要出国，我就到美国。 条件从句 主句If + 主语 +动词过去式， 主语 + should/would +动词原形If he w
4、ent to the party, he would be disappointed.(4) 在条件状语从句中，常会出现主句所表示的行为所发生的时间与从句表示的行为的时 间不一致，叫做错综时间虚拟条件句，即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致。如从句指过去，而主句却指现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作出相应的调整。If you had gone to bed early last night, you would not be so sleepy now.If I were you, I wouldnt have gone to the party last nigh
5、t.(5) 假设情况不用 if 从句来表示，而是用 without, but for, otherwise, or, but 等表示一种含蓄条件。表示与现在或将来相反，用“would (should, could, might)+ 动词原形”；表示与过去相反用“would (should, could, might)+have+过去分词”I knew my uncle did have no time. Otherwise he would have kept me company to go hiking.例 1：We _ Johns name on the race list yester
6、day but for his recent injury. (2011江西卷28)A. will put B. will have put C. would put D. would have put 例 2: I _ through that bitter period without your generous help. (2011陕西卷 22) A. couldnt have gone B. didnt goC. wouldnt go D. hadnt gone (5)条件从句 if 的省略：当从句中有 were，过去分词 had, 或 should 时，if 经常省略。此时，主语后
7、面的主动词（were， had，should 等）被移至句首。Were I a bird, I would fly to you.= If I were a bird, I would fly to you,Should it rain tomorrow, I would not go there.= If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go there.例:_ in your position, I would go.A. If I B. Were I C. If was I D. If I am用在从句中的虚拟语气 宾语从句中的应用（1） wis
8、h 后的宾语从句：表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时；表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的主观愿望，常用“would (could)+动词原形”。I wish I knew the answer to the questionI wished I hadnt spent so much money.I wish it would stop raining.I wish you would come soon.例： Where are the children? I wish they _ always late. (2011北京卷
9、 28)A. werent B. hadnt been C. wouldnt be D. wouldnt have been(2) 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide ) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。值得注意的是，如果宾语从句的动词是否定的，否定词 not 的位置应在动词之前，而不是动词之后。I demand that he (should) answer me immediat
10、ely.The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.【注意】(1)suggest 意为“表明，暗示”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气.His pale face suggested that he was in poor health.(2)insist 意为“ 坚持认为，坚持说”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。He insisted that he did not kill the boy.2. 主语从句中的应用It is+形容词/ 名词/ 过去分词+ that 引导的主语从句，主语从句中谓语动词常用 “should + 动词原形”。常用形容词
11、有：necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable 等常用名词有：duty, pity, regret, no wonder, shame 等。常用过去分词有：demanded, suggested, required, requested, ordered, decided 等It is suggested that pupils (should) wear school uniforms. It is important that everyone (should) info
12、rm themselves of these rules.It is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer3.表语从句中的应用上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词构成表语从句，要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”.常用名词形式有：advice, decision, demand, proposal, request, order, suggestion 等。His suggestion was that the meeting (should) be put off.其他形式的虚拟语气 1. 在 Its (high/a
13、bout) time “该干某事了” 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式.It is high time that you went to school.2. 虚拟语气在 as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与 wish 后的宾语从句基本相同）表示与现在事实相反，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大，用“would (could)+ 动词原形”He felt as if he were responsible for what had happened.He treats me as if
14、I were a stranger.Even if she had been ill, she would have gone to her office.3.if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气表示与现在或未来事情相反的愿望，谓语动词用 过去式 或 would/should+动词原形表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用 过去完成式。Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I had followed your advice. If only I had not been busy last week.4. would （had）r
15、ather , would sooner 也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。表示与现在或未来事情相反的愿望，谓语动词用 过去式.表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用 过去完成式.I would rather he went right now. 补充：“情态动词+have done”的用法must have done 表示对过去事情的肯定推测。cant / couldnt have done 表示对过去所发生的事情所做的否定推测。may have done 表示过去所发生的事情作可能性推测。might / could have done 表示对过去所发生的事情作可能性推测，
16、或者表示本来可以做而事实上未做的事情。should / ought to have done 表示本应该做的事情而事实上未做，含有对对方的责备。neednt have done 表示做了本不应该做的事情。例 1：They _ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. (2011新课标卷 32)A. will B. canC. must D. should例 2： I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.
17、 How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone _ it. (2011江苏卷 34)A. will have stolen B. might have stolenC. should have stolen D. must have stolen语法专项练习：1. But for the help of John, he _ last night.A. should have drowned B. would have drownedC. was drowned D. may have drowned2. If it _ fine tomor
18、row, we would go for a swim in the sea.A. would be B. should be C. is D. was to3. He suffered a sudden heart attack and her wife found him dead when she got home from work. But _.A. if his wife came back earlier, he might be savedB. if his wife had come back earlier, he might be savedC. if his wife
19、came back earlier, he might have been savedD. if his wife had come back earlier, he might have been saved4. I would rather she _ tomorrow than by plane.A. travel on train B. traveled by trainC. travels by train D. travelling by the train5. How old would you _ if you _ in 1900?A. be; had been born B.
20、 be; would be bornC. have been; would be born D. have been; were6. _ the sun, nothing on earth could live.A. Were it not to B. If it were not toC. If it had not been for D. If it were not for7. If he _, give him the message.A. were coming B. would come C. should come D. were come8. Were I to move to
21、 a foreign country, I _ away all my furniture in my house here.A. would give B. shall giveC. gave D. will give9. I would go to the concert but I _ no time.A. had B. had had C. have D. has10. Would you have told him the answer?Yes, I would have, but I _ so busy then.A. had been B. were C. was D. am11
22、. Why didnt you buy it?I _ but I didnt have the money.A. would B. would haveC. had had D. had bought12. You should have finished it sooner.I know but I _ the time.A. dont have B. wont have C. didnt have D. had not13. _ water, we could not live a day in the desert.A. Without B. No C. Having no D. But
23、 not for14. If you _ the doctors advice, you would have recovered already.A. followed B. would followed C. will follow D. had followed15. If he had not lost the money, he _ the piano last week.A. could have bought B. had boughtC. would buy D. have bought答案与解析： 1. 选 B。but for 表示“如果不是的话”，与虚拟语气搭配使用。2.
24、选 B。表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用 should do 或者 were to do.3. 选 D。表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。4. 选 B。would rather 后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，形式是：would rather sb. did/had done.5. 选 A。从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。6. 选 D。表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，意思是 “如果不是有太阳的话”。7. 选 C。表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用 should do.8. 选 A。表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，主句用 would/should do.9. 选 C。but 后面的分句表示事实
25、情况，不用虚拟语气。10. 选 C。but 后面的分句表示过去的事实情况，因此用过去时。11. 选 B。虚拟语气和事实情况混合的用法，第一个分句是虚拟，而 but 后面是事实情况。12. 选 C。but 后面的分句表示过去的事实情况，因此用过去时。13. 选 A。without 经常代替虚拟的从句，表示假设。14. 选 D。表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用过去完成时。15. 选 A。could have done 表示“本来可以做某事”。070682. The auto manufacturers found themselves _ (正在同外国公司竞争市场的份额).83.Only in
26、 the small town _ (他才感到安全和放松).84.It is absolutely unfair that these children _ (被剥夺了受教育的权利).85.Our years of hard work are all in vain, _ (更别提我们花费的大量金钱了).86.The problems of blacks and women _ (最近几十年受到公众相当大的关注).071282. But for mobile phone, _(我们的通信就不可能如此迅速和方便)。83. In handling an embarrassing situation
27、, _(没有什么比幽默感更有帮助的了).84. The Foreign Minister said he was resigning , _(但他拒绝进一步解释这样做的原因).85. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, _(而动物的行为主要依靠本能).86. The witness was told that under no circumstances _(他都不应该对法庭说慌).080682. We can say a lot of things about those who have spent their whole liv
28、es on poems (毕生致力于诗歌的人): they are passionate, impulsive, and unique.83. Mary couldnt have received my letter, or she should have replied to me last week (否则她上周就该回信了).84. Nancy is supposed to have finished her chemistry experiments (做完化学实验) at least two weeks ago.85. Never once has the old couple qua
29、rreled with each other (老两口互相争吵) since they were married 40 years ago.86. The prosperity of a nation is largely dependent upon (一个国家未来的繁荣在很大程度上有赖于) the quality of education of its people090682. With the oil prices ever rising, she tried to talk _ (说服他不买车).83. _ (保持幽默有助于) reduce stress and promote cr
30、eative thinking in todays competitive society84. When confronted with the evidence, _ (他不得不坦白自己的罪行).85. When people say, “I can feel my ears burning,” it means they think _ (一定有人在说他们坏话).86. She has decided to go on a diet, but finds _ (很难抵制冰淇淋的诱惑).091282. How long does a jacket like this last me? (这
31、要看你多长时间穿一次).83. The theory he advanced has proved (对许多传统概念的一种挑战).84. The manager (本可以亲自参加会议), but he was called away for some urgent business abroad.85. Both research and practical experience have shown that a (均衡的饮食对健康是必不可少的).86. Much (我感到遗憾), I was unable to finish the work on time.100682. _ (他们的独
32、生儿子从未想过) to leave them and strike out on his own though he is in his late twenties.83. Before you take any action, please remember to _ (权衡你的决定会产生的后果).84. He assured his friend that under no circumstances _ (他会违背还钱的承诺).85. Most educators advise that kids _ (不要沉溺于电脑游戏). 86. Business major as he is, h
33、e has _ (从未考虑过从事推销员工作). 101282. There is no denying that you _(越仔细越好) in dealing with this matter.解析：can never be too careful / can not be too careful【考点解释】本题考查“越仔细越好” “再也不为过”的固定搭配，即can never be too/can not be too + adj.【原句精释】无可否认，处理这件事，越仔细越好。83. Only when I reached my thirties _ (我才意识到读书是不能被忽视的)解析：
34、did I realize that reading cannot be neglected did I realize that reading is unignorable【考点解释】本题考查由 only when 引起的局部倒装。当 only when 置于句首，主句用局部倒装，即将助动词置于主语前面。only when 引导句子时态为过去时(reached)，为保持时态一致，主句助动词用 did;注意被动语态的使用，reading 与 neglect 为被动关系。同时也可以使用 be+adj 的结构。【原句精释】直到三十岁，我才意识不能忽视读书。84. Much _ (使研究人员感到惊
35、讶 )，the outcome of the experiment was far better than they had expected.解析：to the researchers surprise【考点解释】本题考查固定搭配 to ones surprise 使惊讶的是【原句精释】让研究人员大为惊讶的是，实验结果比他们的预计好得多。85. Oh, my, I cant find my key; _(我一定是把它放在哪儿了)。解析：I must have left / put it somewhere.【考点解释】本题考查对过去事情的肯定的猜测，即 must have+过去分词，leav
36、e 与 put 都有放置的意思，但 leave 强调遗忘在，较之 put，leave 更贴合题意。【原句精释】天啊，我找不到钥匙。我一定是把它放在哪儿了。86.I _(宁愿加入你们去做义工)than go to the beach for a holiday.解析：would rather join you as a volunteer【考点解释】考查结构“宁愿也不愿”, 因题干中已存在“than go”的结构，只能使用 “would rather do rather than do”。加入 join sb【原句精释】我宁愿加入你们去做义工，也不愿到海边去度假。111282. You shou
37、ldnt have run across the road without looking. You _ (也 许 会 被 车 撞 倒 的 ).33. By no means _ (他 把 自 己 当 成 专 家 )although he knows a lot aboutthe field.84. He doesnt appreciate the sacrifice his friends have made for him,_ (把 他 们 所 做 的 视 作 理 所 当 然 ).85. Janet told me that she would rather her mother _ (不
38、 干 涉 她 的 婚 姻 ).86. To keep up with the expanding frontiers of scholarship, Edward Wilson found himself_ (经 常 上 网 查 找 信 息 )120682. I think that the meal is well (没有折扣的情况下值 80 美元).83. (面对来自其他公司的激烈竞争), the automobile manufacturer is considering launching a promotion campaign.84. As far as hobbies are c
39、oncerned, Jane and her sister (几乎没有什么共同之处).85. Only after many failures (我才认识到仅凭运气是不能成功的).86. But for the survival instinct which nearly all creatures have, (更多的物种就可能已经在地球上灭绝了).070682. competing with foreign firms for market share83. does he feel secure and relaxed84. are deprived of the rights to r
40、eceive education85. not to mention / let alone the large amount of money we have spent86. have gained / caused considerable public concern in recent decades071282 our communication would not have been so rapid and convenient83 nothing is more helpful than a sense of humor84 but (he) refused to make
41、further explanation( for doing so)/ to further explain why85 while animal behavior depends mainly upon (on) their instinct(s)86 should he lie to the court080682. We can say a lot of things about those who have spent their whole lives on poems (毕生致力于诗歌的人): they are passionate, impulsive, and unique.8
42、3. Mary couldnt have received my letter, or she should have replied to me last week (否则她上周就该回信了).84. Nancy is supposed tohave finished her chemistry experiments (做完化学实验) at least two weeks ago.85. Never once has the old couple quarreled with each other (老两口互相争吵) since they were married 40 years ago.
43、86. The prosperity of a nation is largely dependent upon (一个国家未来的繁荣在很大程度上有赖于) the quality of education of its people081282. He designed the first suspension bridge , which made a perfect combination of beauty and function. (把美观与功能完美地结合起来)。83It was very dark, but Mary seemed to know which way to take
44、 instinctively. (本能地知道该走哪条路。) 84. I dont think it advisable that parents (should) deprive children of their freedom (剥夺孩子们的自由) to spend their spare time as they wish.85. Older adults who have a high level of daily activities have more energy and a lower death rate compared with relatively inactive p
45、eople（与不那么活跃的人相比死亡率要低） 。86Your resume should attract a would-be bosss attention by demonstrating why you would be the best candidate.（为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选） 。090682. over him not to buy a car83. Keeping sense of humor is contributive to84. he had no choice but to confess his guilt85. some one must are sp
46、eaking ill of them86.it difficult to resist the temptation of ice cream091282. It depends on how often you wear it.83. a challenge to many traditional concepts84. Should have been able to attend the meeting in person85. Balanced diet is essential to health86. to my regret.100682. Their only son has never thought83. weigh your decision against its possible consequences84. would he break his promise to pay back the money85. should not be addicted to computer games86. never considered working as a salesman101282.can
