1、一、 非谓语动词作定语和状语（一）综述非谓语动词是指动词不定式、动名词和分词。它们是动词的非限定形式。在句子中它们起着一些特殊的作用。一般来说，动词不定式可充当除谓语以外的其他各种成分；动名词只可作句子的主语、定语、宾语和补语；分词只能作定语、表语、状语及补语。即使是作同一种成分，不同非谓语形式之间仍然存在差异。不定式作状语时，可表示目的、原因、结果和方式等；分词作状语不仅可以表示原因、结果、方式，还可以表示时间、条件、伴随情况及让步等。非谓语动词的时态、语态的表达形式见下表：分词时态 不定式 动名词现在分词 过去分词一般时 to do doing Being done done完成时 to
2、have donehaving done Having done-进行时 to be doing - - -完成进行时to have been donehaving been doingHaving been doing-分词时态 不定式 动名词现在分词 过去分词一般被动式To be done Being done Being done -完成被动式To have been doneHaving been doneHaving been done-（二）重点1. 动词不定式不定式是指带 to 的动词原形（使用中有时不带to） ，在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语和状语。（1）作定语动词不定
3、式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后有必要的介词。例如：Hes a pleasant fellow to work with.Theres nothing to worry about.有些名词后长跟不定式作定语。例如：time, reason, chance, right, ability, willingness, need, anxiety, wish, plan 等。例如：Women should have the right to receive education.There is no time to hesitate.the first, the s
4、econd, the last, the best 等之后用不定式做定语。例如：The monitor will be the first to come.He was the last man to blame.（2）作状语作目的状语不定式作状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，一般置于句子末尾。但是，如果表示强调，亦可置于句首。其否定形式为：在不定式符号前加 not。例如：He went to Shanghai to visit his parents.To save the earth, we must prevent the earth from being polluted.I shut
5、 the door quietly, so as not to wake the baby.作结果状语。例如：We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.She left home, never to return again.作原因状语不定式做原因状语时，一般放在句子末尾。例如：She burst into laughter to see his funny action.The boy was shocked to see the frightening scene.有些固定词组带 to 不定式，表明说话人
6、的立场或态度，在句子做独立成分。这些词有：to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to get(back) to the point, not to make much of it, to tell the truth等。例如：To tell you the truth, I have never been to Beijing.To be honest, I have never heard of Winston Churchill.2. 动名词动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式，由动词原形加词尾-ing 构成。与现在分词构
7、成法相同。它同时具有动词及名词特性。以下主要介绍其作定语及状语的情况。（1） 作定语。例如：None is allowed to smoke in the waiting room.The speeding car came to a stop all of a sudden.（2）作状语介词+动名词可以作状语用，表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式等。例如：After finishing the job, he went home.He was blamed for having done something wrong.They went to Manchester with the obje
8、ct of winning the World Championship.3. 分词分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一，分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。分词可以在句中作状语及定语。（1）现在分词与过去分词的区别现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行。过去分词则表示动作已完成。例如：developing countries （发展中国家）developed countries （发达国家）the touching tale (动人的传说)the touched audience （受感动
9、的观众）（2）现在分词的用法现在分词可在句中作定语和状语。作定语a.现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前；This is a pressing question. 这是一个紧迫的问题。He asked an embarrassing question.他提了一个令人难堪的问题。b.现在分词亦可置于它所修饰的名词之后；例如There were no soldiers drilling（操练）.c. 现在分词短语一般皆置于其修饰的名词之后例如：A little child learning to walk often falls.The men working here are all from
10、 the rural areas.作状语现在分词及其短语也可用作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语动词之前或之后，也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生。a.表示时间。例如：Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw aMagnificent（壮观的） view.He went out shutting the door behind him.强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，现在分词之前可用连词 when 或 while。例如：When leaving the airport, they waved againto us
11、. While flying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite（流星）.b.表示原因。例如Being sick, I stayed at home.She caught cold sitting on the grass.c.表示条件。例如：Adopting（采纳） this method, we will raise the average yield（生产量） by 40 percent.Turing to the right, you will find a path leading to
12、his cottage（小屋）.d.表示让步。例如：Admitting（承认） what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best.e.表示结果。例如：It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.f.表示方式或伴随情况。例如：He ran up to her breathing heavily.Please fill in
13、the form, giving your name, address, etc.（3）过去分词的用法作定语过去分词可以作定语。如果是单词，常置于其所修饰的名词之前，例如：Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier?作状语过去分词也可以用作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。a.表示时间。例如：Heated, the metals expands（膨胀）.When seen through a telescope（望远镜） ，the sun appears darker near the edge.b.表示原因。
14、例如：Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered（迷惑）by the big city.Overcome with surprise, she was unable to utter（说出） a word.c.表示条件。例如：United, we stand; divided, we fall.Given more time, Ill do it better.d.表示让步。例如：Considered as a building material, wood is not very strong.Badly involved in t
15、he accident, the car is still running.e.表示方式或伴随。例如：He came back, utterly（完全地） exhausted（筋疲力尽）.United as one, the people of the whole country are striving（努力） for greater successes in socialist construction.（三）例题1. The students expected there_ more reviewing classes before the final exams.A. is B. to
16、 be C. being D. have been1. 解析： 现在分词短语作 expect 的宾语。由于此句的谓语为过去时，其他选项的搭配在此不符合语法规则。故选 C。2. Where shall I put my boxes? The drawer is the place _.A. to put them B. putting them in C. to put in them D. to put them in2. 解析： 动词不定式做后置定语，如果动词为不及物动词，其后必须有介词。故选 D。3. She has no pencil _ .A. to write about B. to
17、 write withC. to write D. to write in 3. 解析： 动词不定式做后置定语，write 在此处为不及物动词，后面没有跟宾语，介词 with 在此不能省略，意思为“用铅笔写” 。故选 B。4. Though small, the room is comfortable _. A. to live B. to live in C. living in D. live in4. 解析： 参见上题解释，在此动词不定式做后置定语，介词不能省略。故选 B。5. The girl walked quietly into the room _ awake her roomm
18、ates.A. so as to B. in order not toC. so as to not D. for to not5. 解析：不定式的否定形式是在 to 之前加 not。故选 B。6. We were surprised at _ the exam.A. him not pass B. his passing not C. his not passing D. him not to pass6. 解析：动名词作介词宾语用，其否定形式为在其前加 not 即可。由于动名词具有名词的特性，所以可以在前面加人称所有格形式。故选 C。7. _ ones work properly may
19、be worse than not doing it at all.A. Not to do B. Doing not C. Doing D. Not doing7. 解析：参见上题解释。此外，还应该考虑选择内容与连词（than）后面表达法的平衡关系。故选D。8.He prided himself on _ at chess.A. having never beaten B. having been never beatenC. having never been beaten D. never have been beaten8.解析：根据题意，应选择被动语态形式；此外应当选择现在完成进行时
20、，题意为“在下象棋方面，从来没有人打败过他。他为此而自鸣得意。 ”故按其语态和时态意义讲，故选 C。9.“How did you learn to drive?” “_ strict obedience to my tutor.”A. Giving B. By giving C. Give D. To give 9.解析：介词+现在分词表示方式。 By 在此可以理解为“以方式” 。故选 B。10. Jane was scolded by the director because she left the office with the door _.A. unlocking B. not be
21、ing locked C. unlocked D. not locking 10.解析：with+名词+过去分词表示方式。故选 C。11. _ in ancient times, the book still appeals to readers today.A. Though it written B. Though written C. It was writer D. Written it was 11.解析：过去分词做让步状语，意思为“虽然但是” 。Though written= though it was written。其他选项的形式都不符合语法规则。故选B。12.After a
22、whole days heavy work, the old worker returned home, _.A. hungry and felt exhausting B. hunger and exhausted C. hungry and exhausted D. hungry and having been exhausted 12.解析：从时态意义上讲，应该用过去分词，表示伴随情况。此外，还应该考虑连词前后的平衡结构表达法问题。故选 C。13. The old writer could not sleep at night, his wrongs and sorrows _ him
23、no peace.A. gave B. have given C. being given D. giving 13.解析：现在分词短语做原因状语。注意：由于主语与分句之间用逗号隔开，应该判断这不是一个句子，答案不应该是另外一个谓语动词（A 或 B 项选择） ；而 C 项选择的语态不对，如果两个句子之间用句号分开，则 A 项选择是正确答案。故选 D。14. Television has become a major instrument of communication, _ us to see as well as to hear all kinds of programs.A. to pe
24、rmit B. permitted C. being permitting D. permitting 14.解析：现在分词做条件状语。故选 D。15. The decision _, what is to be done now is how to carry it out.A. been made B. has been made C. having been made D. having been making 15.解析：该选择为现在分词做独立主格结构，表示原因。如果两个句子之间用句号分开，则 B 项选择是正确答案。故选 C。16. Some people are sitting on
25、 the grass; others are strolling along the lake side, _.A. chatting and to laugh B. to chat and to laugh C. chatting and laughing D. chatting and laughed 16.解析：现在分词在句中做伴随状语。此外还应该考虑连词前后的平衡结构表达法问题。故选 C。17. I was overjoyed at the news of my hometown _ so much progress.A. to make B. to have made C. made
26、 D. having made 17.解析：现在分词短语做介词宾语的补语，而且表示动作业已发生，故用现在分词的完成时态。故选D。18. Electrical resistance is a common property of all materials, _.A. only differs in degree B. only in degree it differs C. differing only in degree D. and differing in degree only 18.解析：现在分词短语做让步状语，全句意思为“电阻是所有金属的共性，只是存在大小差异罢了。”由于主句与分句
27、之间用逗号隔开，应该判断这是一个句子，答案不应该是另外一个谓语动词（A 或B 项选择） 。故选 C。19. That the brain, once _ oxygen, dies has been proved.A. depriving of B. deprived C. being deprived D. deprived of19.解析：过去分词短语做条件从句，因含有被动之意，并且这个动词是不及物动词要跟上介词 of，故选 D。20. The Red Cross _ help for refugees（难民）, over two million dollars have been raised.A. appeals for B. appeals to C. has been appealing for D. appealing for 20.解析：前半句为独立主格结构，表示原因，如果两个句字之间用句号分开，则 A，B，C 都不符合语法规则。故选 D。
