1、 UNIT 7READINGPassage ANOTES1. white paperA white paper is an authoritative report or guide that often addresses issues and how to solve them. White papers are used to educate readers and help people make decisions. They are often used in politics and business.2. FacebookFacebook is a teenage global
2、 social networking website that is operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. Users can add friends and send them messages, and update their personal profiles to notify friends about themselves. Additionally, users can join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region. The websites
3、name stems from the colloquial name of books given at the start of the academic year by university administrations with the intention of helping students get to know each other better.Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook with his college roommates and fellow computer science students Eduardo Saverin, Du
4、stin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes while he was a student at Harvard University. The websites membership was initially limited to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, and Stanford University. It later expanded further to include any university student
5、, then high school students, and, finally, to anyone aged 13 and over. The website currently has more than 250 million active users worldwide.3. MySpaceMySpace is a social networking website with an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and
6、videos for teenagers and adults internationally. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California, USA, where it shares an office building with its immediate owner, Fox Interactive Media, which is owned by News Corporation. MySpace became the most popular social networking site in the United States
7、 in June 2006. According to comScore, MySpace was overtaken internationally by main competitor Facebook in April 2008, based on monthly unique visitors. MySpace employs 1,000 employees, after laying off 30% of its workforce in June 2009; the company does not disclose revenues or profits separately f
8、rom News Corporation. The 100 millionth account was created on August 9, 2006, in the Netherlands.4. critical thinkingCritical thinking is purposeful and reflective judgment about what to believe or what to do in response to observations, experience, verbal or written expressions, or arguments. Crit
9、ical thinking may involve determining the meaning and significance of what is observed or expressed, or, concerning a given inference or argument, determining whether there is adequate justification to accept the conclusion as true.Critical thinking gives due consideration to the evidence, the conte
10、xt of judgment, the relevant criteria for making the judgment well, the applicable methods or techniques for forming the judgment, and the applicable theoretical constructs for understanding the nature of the problem and the question at hand. Critical thinking employs not only logic but broad intell
11、ectual criteria such as clarity, credibility, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, significance and fairness.5. WebinarA webinar is a neologism to describe a specific type of web conference. It is typically one-way, from the speaker to the audience with limited audience interaction, such
12、as in a webcast. A webinar can be collaborative and include polling and question Journal of Adolescent Reading Research Quarterly publishes contributions in literacy research;Lecturay Vida about literacy education in the Spanish-speaking world.9. UNESCOUNESCO, the shortened form for the United Natio
13、ns Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on 16 November 1945. Its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universa
14、l respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter.10. endnote / footnoteIn the Chicago Notes-Bibliography (NB) system, a note (endnote or footnote) should be included in the research paper each time a source is used, whether through a
15、direct quote or through a paraphrase. Footnotes will be added at the bottom of the page on which the source is referenced, and endnotes will be compiled at the end of the entire document but before the bibliography.11. common citation stylesThere are a number of citation styles. They all include the
16、 same information but vary in punctuation and the order of the authors name, publication date, title, and page numbers. Three common citation styles are the American Psychological Association (APA) style, the Modern Language Association (MLA) style and The Chicago Manual of Style. APA is used in the
17、 social sciences, primarily in psychology, sociology, education, business, nursing, social work and criminology. MLA is often used in literature, arts, and humanities. The Chicago Manual of Style offers two systems of documentation: 1. a note-bibliography style used predominantly in history and some
18、 humanities, and 2. an author-date system used primarily in the sciences.APA requires citations to appear in two places:1. a brief parenthetical citation containing the authors last name and publication year placed in the text itself directing the reader to the full citation, and2. the full citation
19、 found in the References section and arranged alphabetically at the end of the text.An in-text citation in which the writer does not mention the authors name in his or her text would look like this: (Mellers, 2000).With this information, your reader can then check the References and find the work th
20、e writer is referring to:ReferencesMellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910924.(Note: The authors name is inverted in the references, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma, for example, Jo
21、hn Smith becomes Smith, John. The first name and/or middle name are initials.)MLA requires citations to appear in two places:1. a parenthetical reference placed in the text itself that directs the reader to the full citation.2. a Works Cited, an alphabetized list that contains full publication infor
22、mation for each source and is placed at the end of the text.An in-text parenthetical citation in which the writer does not mention the authors name in his or her text would look like this: (Faigley 47).If the authors name is used in the text of the paper, then there is no need to mention it again; j
23、ust the page number serves as a reference: (47).With this information, your reader can then check the Works Cited and find the work the writer is referring to:Works CitedFaigley, Lester. Fragments of Rationality: Postmodernity and the Subject of Composition. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1992.The C
24、hicago Manual of Style offers two systems of documentation:1. a note-bibliography style used predominantly in history and some humanities, and2. an author-date system used primarily in the sciences.The note-bibliography system places a superscript number in the text which points to a note, either a
25、footnote at the bottom of the page or an endnote at the end of the paper or chapter. An alphabetically arranged bibliography at the end of the text or book provides a complete list of all sources used in the work. The paper excerpt that follows demonstrates the in-text number which points to a note
26、referencing a journal article. The note could be either an endnote or a footnote. A bibliography entry for the same text follows:Reflection-in-action is the process of revising and reviewing that takes place while writing; this process was first described by Sharon Pianko in her groundbreaking artic
27、le, “Reflection: A Critical Component of the Composing Process.” According to Pianko, “The ability to reflect on what is being written seems to be the essence of the difference of able and not so able writers.”1. Sharon Pianko, “Reflection: A Critical Component of the Composing Process,” College Com
28、position and Communication 30 (1979): 276-278.BibliographyPianko, Sharon. “Reflection: A Critical Component of the Composing Process.”College Composition and Communication 30 (1979): 276-278.Notice that in the note, the authors name is given first name first because there is no need for alphabetizin
29、g. Notes appears at the bottom of the page (footnote), or in a list arranged in numerical order at the end of the text (endnote). However, since the bibliography is arranged alphabetically, the authors name is given last name first.In the author-date system, the authors last name and the date of pub
30、lication is provided in a parenthetical reference within the text. The parenthetical citation directs the reader to a list of references at the end of the text or chapter. The following excerpt from R.M.M. Crawfords 2003 article provides an example of Chicagos in-text documentation. The entry that w
31、ould appear in the Reference list for this selection follows:Depriving a plant of oxygen at any time of the year is dangerous, but plants are more likely to survive the severe conditions of flooding and the “oxygen deprivation” that can result in summer months than in winter (Crawford 2003).Referenc
32、esCrawford, R.M.M. 2003. Seasonal differences in plant responses to flooding anoxia. Can J Bot 81: 1224-1246.SPEAKINGBrainstormingInternetFacebook MySpace blog e-mail (electronic mail) instant messaging MSN QQ search engine google chat room attachment Internet of Things download upload firewall viru
33、s hacker YouTube Wikipedia Internet caf cyber caf WAN (Wide Area Network) 广域网 LAN (Local Area Network) 局域网 WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网 web site Ethernet wireless connection bandwidth 带宽 Gigabit Ethernet ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) broad band 56Kbps-modem wireless networking Wi-Fi cellula
34、r providers data network internaut (因特网用户，网虫) netizen netspeak (网络语言) netiquette avatar computer network networking tool social networking network administrator Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Explorer (IE) hypertext teleconferencing video conferencing webcam video on demand (VOD) (视频点播) world wide
35、web (WWW) e-commerce home shopping mailing list podcasting broadband 3G technology cell phone server 服务器 workstation C/S (Client/Server) 客户机/服务器 B/S (Browser/Server) 浏览器/ 服务器 BBS (Bulletin Board System) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 文件传送协议 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) 超文本传输协议 TCP/IP (Transfer C
36、ontrol Protocol/Internet Protocol) 传输控制/互联网协议 HTML (Home Page Marker Language) 主页标记语言 hub 网络集线器 router 路由器 .com (commerce) 商业部门的域名 .edu (education) 教育部门的域名 .net 网络服务部门的域名 .org (Organization) 非商业组织的域名 .gov (Government) 政府部门的域名 电子邮件中用户名与域名的分隔符，读音为 at MPEG (Moving Picture Expert Group) 运动图像专家组（一种压缩比率较大
37、的活动图像和声音的压缩标准） BMP (Bitmap) 位图（一种图像格式） MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) 乐器数字接口Mediamass media new media digital media streaming media popular media advertising media electronic media multimedia print media recording media interactive media magazine newspaper radio computer InternetNatural
38、 Disastertsunami SARS HIV-AIDS avalanche earthquake lahar (火山泥流) landslide and mudflow volcanic eruption flood drought blizzard cyclonic storm typhoon acid rain hailstorm heatwave tornado fire famine H1N1 (swine flu) Black Death tuberculosis malaria (疟疾) hemorrhagic fever (出血热)Types of Educationelem
39、entary school high school college / university kindergarten vocational school special school preschool education elementary education secondary education higher / tertiary education undergraduate education postgraduate education compulsory education adult education mainstream education alternative e
40、ducation home schooling charter school (特许学校) public education private schoolPresentational SkillsIm afraid I dont see the connection. I dont think I know that off the top of my head. Can I get back to you on that? I think I answered that earlier. Good point. Well, as I said Im afraid Im not in a po
41、sition to comment on that. I wish I knew. Im glad you asked that. Well, as I mentioned earlier To be honest, I think that raises a different issue. IRRDIFFDIFFUNNECGOODUNNECIRRDIFFGOODUNNECIRRThats a very good question. GOODTRANSLATIONAAlthough the current generation of students may have never known
42、 life without the Internet, they are not necessarily “net savvy.”虽然当今这代学生或许从未体验过没有因特网的生活，但是他们未必能够合理利用网络。1. Know 为 experience（体验）之意。2. without 引导短语作为 life 的后置定语，翻译时前置。Exposed to huge quantities of information on the Web in text, audio, image and video formats sorting valid information from misinforma
43、tion is a constant challenge.面对网上大量的信息（无论是文本、音频、图像还是视频的格式） ，如何区分有效信息与错误信息始终是他们面临的挑战。1. exposed to 处理成主动态，更符合汉语主体意识强的特点。2. 形容词 constant 词性转化为副词。Beyond the quantity and variety of information, students are now creating information, not just consuming it.学生们在接收大量的各类信息之外，也在创造信息。1. 名词 quantity 和 variety
44、转换为形容词。2. consume 不宜直译。This white paper explores the challenges of functioning in an information-rich environment where students must blend skills in finding information, using technology, and thinking critically.该份白皮书探究信息爆炸环境中应如何应对挑战，并指出学生们必须将信息查找、技术运用与批判思维等各项技能结合起来。1. 定语从句采用后置法处理，把原本冗长的句子一拆为二。2. i
45、n 引导的短语作为 skills 的后置定语，翻译时前置。B.Abstract摘要摘要一般分为三类：Descriptive Abstract，Evaluative Abstract 和 Informative Abstract。Descriptive Abstract 只是陈述书籍或论文的主题，并不介绍其中的内容，因而要了解书籍或论文的具体内容和见解，还需阅读全书或全文。Evaluative Abstract一般就论文的准确性、完整性、有用性以及可读性等方面进行评价，比较主观。学术论文的摘要属于 Informative Abstract，一般包括五个部分：（1）研究背景（常可省略） ；（2）研
46、究目的；（3）研究方法；（4）研究结果；（5）结论。To determine the understandability of individual income tax booklets, a Reading Ease score was calculated for the 1977 Federal income tax return form 1040 and tax forms of nine southeastern states. 为测定个人所得税申报表说明的可理解性，特为 1977 年的联邦所得税 1040 申报表说明以及东南部 9个州的所得税申报表说明设计了一个可理解性度量衡。
47、1. 这篇摘要省略了研究背景部分。一般而言，在英语摘要中，研究背景用现在时态。2. 该句言简意赅地指明了报告的研究目的和研究方法。进行摘要翻译时，要牢记简练原则，切莫画蛇添足。3. 在英语摘要中，研究目的和研究方法一般用过去时态。4. 摘要强调客观性，多用第三人称（而非第一人称）作主语（如：This paper / article shows / indicates that，The author / writer of this paper / article concludes / suggests / recommends that ） ，也常采用被动句。汉语中被动句的使用频率远不及英语
48、，此处不妨译为汉语无主句和主动态。The instruction booklets of all states except Virginia were found to be at a reading level higher than the median educational level of the average citizen-taxpayer in those states. 研究结果发现，除了弗吉尼亚州，其他诸州的所得税申报表说明的可理解度都高于这些州的纳税公民的平均教育水平。该句陈述研究结果。在英语摘要中，研究结果一般用过去时态。The South Carolina boo
49、klet was three grade levels above the median education level for the state. 南卡罗莱纳州的所得税申报表说明的可理解度比该州的平均教育水平高三个等级。该句陈述研究结果。The Federal instruction booklet was easiest to read, falling four grade levels below the median education level of U.S. citizens.联邦所得税申报表说明最易读懂，比美国公民的平均教育水平低四个等级。该句陈述研究结果。If an equitable state income tax system is to be maintained, actions must be taken to reduce the disparity between median educ
