1、1UNIT 1READINGPassage ANOTES1. Anna Greenspan (the author)Anna Greenspan works as a Shanghai-based independence scholar in the areas of digital culture and globalization. She has published a book entitled “India and the IT Revolution: Networks of Global Culture” (Palgrave:2005) as well as a number o
2、f articles on the rise of India and China.An associate research scholar with the Globalization Institute at McMaster University in Canada, Ms. Greenspan is currently teaching a course on Western political thought to members of the Shanghai government.She is also a mother living in Shanghai who will
3、soon have to confront questions about cross-cultural learning directly in the education of her young son.Ms. Greenspan has a PhD in philosophy from the University of Warwick, United kingdom. 2. Howard GardnerHoward Earl Gardner (born July 11, 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania) is an American psychologi
4、st who is based at Harvard University. He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences. Multiple intelligence is an idea that maintains there exist many different types of “intelligences“ ascribed to human beings. In response to the question of whether or not measures of intelligence are s
5、cientific, Gardner suggests that each individual manifests varying levels of different intelligences, and thus each person has a unique “cognitive profile.“ The theory was first laid out in Gardners 1983 book, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, and has been further refined in subs
6、equent years. In 1999 Gardner lists eight intelligences as linguistic, logic-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal and intrapersonal.3. conformistConformist is a person who suspends his self-determined actions or opinions in favor of obedience to the mandates
7、or conventions of ones peer-group, or deference to the imposed norms of a supervening authority. One manifestation of conformism emerges in the practice of “going along and getting along“ with people who appear to be more powerful. Conformism holds that individuals and small groups do best by blendi
8、ng in with their surroundings and by doing nothing eccentric or out-of-the-ordinary in any way.4. “The tall nail gets hammered down”It is a Japanese adage, which means an individual who stands out in a crowd would 2face harmful consequences. (枪打出头鸟)5. group-thinkGroup-think is a type of thought exhi
9、bited by group members who try to minimize conflict and reach consensus without critically testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas. Individual creativity, uniqueness, and independent thinking are lost in the pursuit of group cohesiveness, as are the advantages of reasonable balance in choice and th
10、ought that might normally be obtained by making decisions as a group. During group-think, members of the group avoid promoting viewpoints outside the comfort zone of consensus thinking. A variety of motives for this may exist such as a desire to avoid being seen as foolish, or a desire to avoid emba
11、rrassing or angering other members of the group. Group-think may cause groups to make hasty, irrational decisions, where individual doubts are set aside, for fear of upsetting the groups balance. The term is frequently used pejoratively, with hindsight.团体迷思（亦作团体盲思） ，指团体在决策过程中，由于成员倾向让自己的观点与团体一致，因而令整个
12、团体缺乏不同的思考角度，不能进行客观分析。一些值得争议的观点、有创意的想法或客观的意见不会有人提出、或者是遭到忽视及隔离。团体迷思可能导致团体作出不合理、甚至是很仓促的决定。部份成员即使并不赞同团体的最终决定，但在团体迷思的影响下，也会顺从团体。一般认为团体迷思这个概念由美国心理学家 艾尔芬詹尼斯（ Irving Janis）首先提出。但 William Safire 于 2004 年 8 月 8 日纽约时报杂志撰文指出，团体迷思一词实为 William H. Whyte 于 1952 年在财富杂志中首先提出。6. home-schooledHomeschooling or homeschoo
13、l (also called home education or home learning) is the education of children at home, typically by parents but sometimes by tutors, rather than in a formal setting of public or private school. Although prior to the introduction of compulsory school attendance laws, most childhood education occurred
14、within the family or community, homeschooling in the modern sense is an alternative in developed countries to formal education.Homeschooling is a legal option in many places for parents to provide their children with a learning environment as an alternative to publicly-provided schools. Parents cite
15、 numerous reasons as motivations to home school, including better academic test results, poor public school environment, improved character/morality development, and objections to what is taught locally in public school. It is also an alternative for families living in isolated rural locations or li
16、ving temporarily abroad.Number and percentage of homeschooled students, by reason for homeschooling: 1999, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)Reason for homeschooling Number ofhomeschooled students Percent s.e.Can give child better education at home 415,000 48.9 3.793Religious reason 327
17、,000 38.4 4.44Poor learning environment at school 218,000 25.6 3.44Family reasons 143,000 16.8 2.79To develop character/morality 128,000 15.1 3.39Object to what school teaches 103,000 12.1 2.11School does not challenge child 98,000 11.6 2.39Other problems with available schools 76,000 9.0 2.40Child
18、has special needs/disability 69,000 8.2 1.89Transportation/convenience 23,000 2.7 1.48Child not old enough to enter school 15,000 1.8 1.13Parents career 12,000 1.5 0.80Could not get into desired school 12,000 1.5 0.997. globalizationGlobalization has various aspects which affect the world in several
19、 different ways such as: Industrial - emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies. Particularly movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries. Financial - emergence of worldwide financial markets and
20、better access to external financing for borrowers. As these worldwide structures grew more quickly than any transnational regulatory regime, the instability of the global 4financial infrastructure dramatically increased, as evidenced by the financial crises of late 2008. Economic - realization of a
21、global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital. The interconnectedness of these markets, however meant that an economic collapse in any one given country could not be contained. Political - Some use “globalization“ to mean the creation of a world government which regulat
22、es the relationships among governments and guarantees the rights arising from social and economic globalization. Politically, the United States has enjoyed a position of power among the world powers, in part because of its strong and wealthy economy. Informational - increase in information flows bet
23、ween geographically remote locations. Arguably this is a technological change with the advent of fibre optic communications, satellites, and increased availability of telephone and Internet. Language - The most popular language is English. Competition - Survival in the new global business market cal
24、ls for improved productivity and increased competition. Due to the market becoming worldwide, companies in various industries have to upgrade their products and use technology skillfully in order to face increased competition. Ecological - the advent of global environmental challenges that might be
25、solved with international cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species. Since many factories are built in developing countries with less environmental regulation, globalism and free trade may increase pollu
26、tion. On the other hand, economic development historically required a “dirty“ industrial stage, and it is argued that developing countries should not, via regulation, be prohibited from increasing their standard of living. Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of con
27、sciousness and identities which embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to increase ones standard of living and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a “world culture“. Some bemoan the resulting consumerism and loss of languages. Some consider such
28、“imported“ culture a danger, since it may supplant the local culture, causing reduction in diversity or even assimilation. Others consider multiculturalism to promote peace and understanding between peoples. Passage BNOTES1. Crouching Tiger, Hidden DragonCrouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon is a Chinese-l
29、anguage film in the martial-arts style. A China-Hong Kong-Taiwan-United States co-production, the movie was directed by Ang Lee and featured an international cast of ethnic Chinese actors, including Chow 5Yun-Fat, Michelle Yeoh, Zhang Ziyi and Chang Chen. The movie has won over 40 awards and has bec
30、ome the highest-grossing foreign language film in American history. 2. Jet LiLi Lianjie, better known for his stage name Jet Li, is a Chinese martial artist, actor, wushu champion and an international star who is currently residing in Singapore. 3. Zen Buddhism禅宗，属汉传佛教宗派之一，传说始于菩提达摩，盛于六祖惠能，中晚唐之后成为汉传佛
31、教的主流，也是汉传佛教最主要的象征之一。因早期不立文字，又称“佛心宗” 。4. WBWarner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. (also known as Warner Bros. Pictures, or simply Warner Bros. the shortened form of the former official, sometimes still used, formal corporate name: Warner Brothers) is a producer of film and television entertainment.5. fajit
32、aA fajita (pronounced /fhit/) (Spanish pronunciation: faxita) is a generic term used in Tex-Mex cuisine referring to grilled meat served on a flour or corn tortilla. Though originally only skirt steak popular meats today also include chicken, pork, shrimp and all cuts of beef. In restaurants, the me
33、at is often cooked with onions and bell peppers. Popular condiments are shredded lettuce, sour cream, guacamole, salsa, pico de gallo, cheese, and tomato.墨西哥烤肉，有时音译为“法西塔” 、 “法士达” 、 “法吉它”等；是美国的墨西哥风味(tex-mex)菜肴，烤肉 就着墨西哥薄饼(tortilla)食用。最初产生时只用烤牛肉，后来渐渐包括了鸡肉、猪肉和海鲜。法士达一般是将肉类与洋葱和青椒一起烤制。常见的调料有酸奶油(sour cream)
34、、鳄梨酱 (guacamole)、萨尔萨辣酱(salsa sauce)等。6. Iron ChefIron Chef (料理鉄人，lit. “Ironmen of Cooking“) is a Japanese television cooking show produced by FujiTV. The series, which premiered on October 10, 1993, was a stylized cooking competition featuring accomplished guest chefs challenging one of the shows re
35、sident “Iron Chefs“ in a timed cooking battle built around a specific theme ingredient. The series ended on September 24, 1999, although occasional specials were produced until 2002. The series aired over 300 episodes.7. Orientalism Orientalism refers to the imitation or depiction of aspects of East
36、ern cultures in the West by writers, designers and artists. The 20th century scholar Edward Said in his controversial book Orientalism uses the term to describe a Western tradition, both academic and artistic, of hostile and deprecatory views of the East, shaped by the attitudes of European imperial
37、ism in the 18th and 19th centuries. When used in this sense, Orientalism implies essentializing and prejudiced outsider interpretations of Eastern cultures and peoples.8. AsiaphiliaAsiaphilia is a slang term which refers to attraction for people of Asian descent by 6those of non-Asian descent. It ca
38、n also be called “Yellow Fever”. Men with a preference for Asian women have been referred to as Asiaphiles9. BETBlack Entertainment Television (commonly referred to by its acronym B.E.T.) is an American cable network based in Atlanta, Georgia, and targets young African-American audiences in the Unit
39、ed States. Robert L. Johnson founded the network in 1980. Most programming of the network comprises mainstream rap and R men greeting women.2. 3. Not usually appropriate.4. Not common in large cities, but often common in small towns.5. North Americans often arrive a little late.6. Its polite to call
40、 first and ask if its ok.7. If theres plenty of food.8. This is sometimes ok in small towns.9. But friends often take turns paying for the whole check when they go out together regularly.10. 11. But ok among friends.12. 13. 14. 15. High school students call their teachers by Mr. xx or Ms xx. 16. 17.
41、 Parents dont usually interfere with childrens decisions.18. 19. 20. Young people usually live on their own after they get married Presentational Skills 1) The presentation has a clear structure.2) The presenter speaks clearly.3) The content is relevant.4) The PPT slides used are informative and sup
42、port the message.5) The presenter appears confident and positive.6) The different parts of the presentation are linked together. 7) The speaker maintains eye contact with members of the audience.8) The presentation has a clear structure.9) The presenter speaks at an appropriate speed.ORG DELORGVISBO
43、DORGBODORGDEL8TRANSLATIONI.AWestern teachers working at Chinese preschools express shock at the levels of strictness imposed, and the ways in which the most difficult children are chastised. 对于校纪实施的严格程度和对最难管教学生的处罚方式，在中国幼儿园工作的西方教师表示震惊。1英语记述，习惯主观感受在前，客观事实在后，而汉语相反，译时不妨调整语序。2preschool 在美国一般为 “3-5 岁儿童”开设
44、，按年龄段看与国内幼儿园大致相当，而国内开设的“学前班”类似美国的kindergarten，针对 5-6 岁儿童，为进入小学一年级做好准备，所以 preschool 译为“学前班 ”或“学前学校”皆不妥。3difficult children 指“children difficult to teach”，采取增词法明确此意。While this high degree of discipline has the negative effect of making children reluctant to initiate play, it does succeed in teaching s
45、elf-control and respect for authority precisely those qualities that are seen to be lacking in U.S. schools. 如此高度的纪律性虽然产生令孩子们不愿玩耍的消极影响，但也教会他们自控和尊重权威，而恰恰这些品质看来是美国学校所缺少的。1discipline 加范畴词，译作 “纪律性” ，与“高度的”搭配。2initiate 在此所起引导作用大于实质意义，故译时省去，而将后跟的 play 词性转换为动词。3succeed in teaching 译作“教会”比直译“成功地教”更简洁地道。Frie
46、nds and family in North America often tell me that between piano, art and sports lessons, their kids are already overscheduled and subject to pressures beyond their years. 我在北美的家人和朋友常常告诉我，他们的孩子要上钢琴课、美术课、体育课，日程已经排得满满的，承受着超过年龄的沉重压力。1between 不仅表示 “（时间或空间的）两点之间” ，而且往往暗含在两点间“来回”的动态意义，故将其词性转换，译作动词“上”。2be
47、overscheduled 翻译时不保留被动形式，而将该词一分为二，以 schedule（日程）为新的主语，引出一个主动形式的小句。Yet, regardless of the number of extracurricular activities, the lives of Western children are leisurely when compared to Chinese. 不过，虽然课外活动很多，和中国的小孩相比，西方的小孩过的是优哉游哉的生活。1. 依据平行结构原则，此句最后一词 Chinese 应为 the lives of Chinese children 的省略表达。
48、2. lives 和 leisurely 词性转换为live a leisurely life。9BThe differences between methods of learning in the East and the West are thus based on profound cultural differences that will be glacially slow to shift. 因此，东西方学习方法有别，根源还在于巨大的文化差异，改变将是极其缓慢的。1. 此句主语较长，且宾语后跟定语从句，不宜照搬原文语序“一气呵成” ，不妨将主语、谓语和定语从句分别变成小句，靠逗号
49、连接成意合句。2. glacially 指 “in a glacial manner; very slowly”，常态冰川位移缓慢，故有此意。Yet, while only limited change can be expected from domestic education reforms, a global educational environment is emerging which offers an ever-widening variety of choice. 尽管可以预见，国内的教育改革只会发生有限的变化，然而一个全球化的教育环境正在显现，提供了越来越多的选择。1. be expected 要么添加常见主语变成主动句，要么采用无主句。2. a variety of 指多种多样的，而ever-widening 赋予前者动态的特征，直译晦涩复杂，不如化繁为简，意译为“越来越多的” 。In China, more and more parents are sending their toddlers to private American-style preschools
