1、 UNIT 5READINGPassage ANOTES1. Northeastern UniversityNortheastern University (officially NU, formerly NEU), is a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts. Northeastern has six colleges and offers 65 undergraduate majors. At the graduate level, the University offers more than 125 program
2、s and awards masters, doctoral, and professional degrees in law and business. Founded in 1898, Northeastern is a leader in interdisciplinary research, urban engagement, and the integration of classroom learning with real-world experience. The University is the home of more than 35 specialized resear
3、ch and education centers. In 2009, US News it is the largest traditional, non-profit private university in the state. The institution opened in 1950 as Bellarmine College, established by the Archdiocese of Louisville and named after the Catholic Saint Robert Bellarmine. The name was changed by the B
4、oard of Trustees in 2000 to Bellarmine University. ComprehensionII. 1. False. 2. No evidence. 3. False. 4. False. 5. True.6. False. 7. False. 8. True. 9. No evidence. 10. False.Passage BNOTES1. U-M Geriatrics CenterThe University of Michigan Geriatrics Center was established in 1987 by the Regents o
5、f the University of Michigan. The Center is a dynamic collaborative effort among 12 schools and institutes and 178 faculty from 23 departments. The Geriatrics Center is dedicated to providing outstanding educational opportunities, advancing research on the healthcare issues of older adults and provi
6、ding exemplary multidisciplinary care and services for the older population. Opening in May 1997, the Geriatrics Center is the first facility in the United States specifically designed for Geriatrics research and clinical programs. The Geriatrics Center Clinics and Turner Geriatric Clinic, the busy
7、outpatient program of the Geriatrics Center, drew more than 20,000 visits in 2008. A broad range of clinical programs are available and emphasize an interdisciplinary approach to patient care and are particularly sensitive to health promotion, disease prevention and the psychosocial aspects of aging
8、. The geriatric population is growing and the University of Michigan Geriatrics Center has the foresight to see the significance of aging and to respond by taking a leadership position nationally in this evolving field.2. Medicare Part DMedicare Part D is a federal program to subsidize the costs of
9、prescription drugs for Medicare beneficiaries in the United States. It was enacted as part of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) and went into effect on January 1, 2006.3. Blue Cross Blue ShieldThe Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association (BCBSA) is a fede
10、ration of 39 separate health insurance organizations and companies in the United States. Combined, they directly or indirectly provide health insurance to over 100 million Americans. The history of Blue Cross dates back to 1929, while the history of Blue Shield dates to 1939. The Blue Cross Associat
11、ion dates back to 1960, while its Blue Shield counterpart was actually created in 1948. The two organizations merged in 1982, forming the current association.4. Wayne State University Medical SchoolFounded in 1868, the Wayne State University School of Medicine is the largest single-campus medical sc
12、hool in the nation with more than 1,000 medical students. In addition to undergraduate medical education, the school offers masters degree, Ph.D. and M.D.-Ph.D. programs in 14 areas of basic science to about 400 students annually. The schools ties to the community are strong. As the only medical sch
13、ool in Detroit, WSU has a stated mission to improve the overall health of the community. As part of this mission, the School has established, with the help of a $6 million NIH grant, the Center for Urban however, many commentators have disputed the extent of that rejection, noting the widespread con
14、tinuity of values with older and younger generations. In Europe and North America boomers are widely associated with privilege, as many grew up in a time of affluence. As a group, they were the healthiest, and wealthiest generation to that time, and amongst the first to grow up genuinely expecting t
15、he world to improve with time. One of the unique features of Boomers was that they tended to think of themselves as a special generation, very different from those that had come before. In the 1960s, as the relatively large numbers of young people became teenagers and young adults, they, and those a
16、round them, created a very specific rhetoric around their cohort, and the change they were bringing about. This rhetoric had an important impact in the self perceptions of the boomers, as well as their tendency to define the world in terms of generations, which was a relatively new phenomenon.9. pri
17、mary carePrimary care is a term used for the activity of a health care provider who acts as a first point of consultation for all patients. Continuity of care is also a key characteristic of primary care. Primary care is an important form of health access for patients. Primary care involves the wide
18、st scope of health care including all ages of patients, patients of all socioeconomic and geographic origins, patients seeking to maintain optimal health, and patients with multiple chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, depression and back pain. A 2009 report by the New England
19、Healthcare Institute determined that an increased demand on primary care by older, sicker patients and decreased supply of primary care practitioners has led to a crisis in primary care delivery. The research identified a set of innovations that could enhance the quality, efficiency and effectivenes
20、s of primary care in the United States.10. MedicareMedicare is a social insurance program administered by the United States government, providing health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over, or who meet other special criteria. The medicare program also funds residency training progr
21、ams for the vast majority of physicians in the United States. Medicare operates as a single-payer health care system. The Social Security Act of 1965 was passed by Congress in late-spring of 1965 and signed into law on July 30, 1965, by President Lyndon B. Johnson as amendments to Social Security le
22、gislation. At the bill-signing ceremony President Johnson enrolled former President Harry S. Truman as the first Medicare beneficiary and presented him with the first Medicare card.11. 800-pound gorillaAn 800-pound gorilla refers to corporations, organizations or even individuals so powerful and dom
23、inant that they literally control or at least influence all other competitors in their fields. The search engine Google could be considered an 800 pound gorilla in the web search community, for example, because it clearly dominates the field and competitors such as Alta Vista and Yahoo! often find t
24、hemselves reacting to any changes Google chooses to implement. When an 800 pound gorilla moves, its often best to move with it or else give it plenty of room.12. American Geriatrics SocietyThe American Geriatrics Society (AGS): a professional society founded on June 11, 1942 for doctors practicing g
25、eriatric medicine. It is a not-for-profit organization of over 6,700 health professionals devoted to improving the health, independence and quality of life of all older people. The Society provides leadership to healthcare professionals, policy makers and the public by implementing and advocating fo
26、r programs in patient care, research, professional and public education, and public policy. The Societys peer-reviewed journal, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society is one of the top journals on aging. Its other journals include the Annals of Long-term Care and Clinical Geriatrics. The Society
27、 also publishes the Geriatrics Review Syllabus (now in its 6th edition). The Society has published clinical practice guidelines on persistent pain, diabetes mellitus, and falls. Its pocket tool, Geriatrics at Your Fingertips, is one of the most widely used geriatric clinical tools with average annua
28、l sales of over 15,000 copies.13. American Medical Association The American Medical Association (AMA), founded in 1847 and incorporated 1897, is the largest association of physicians and medical students in the United States. While its membership has declined in recent years, it claims approximately
29、 20% of practicing physicians as members. The AMAs stated mission is to promote the art and science of medicine for the betterment of the public health, to advance the interests of physicians and their patients, to promote public health, to lobby for legislation favorable to physicians and patients,
30、 and to raise money for medical education. The Association also publishes the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), which has the largest circulation of any weekly medical journal in the world. The AMA also publishes a list of Physician Specialty Codes which are a standard method in th
31、e U.S. for identifying physician and practice specialties. 汉英对照常见疾病及症状感冒 cold 发(高) 烧 (high) fever 上呼吸道感染 upper respiratory infection 肺炎 pneumonia 肝炎 hepatitis 急性胃炎 acute gastritis 气管炎 trachitis 支气管炎 bronchitis 阑尾炎 appendicitis 抑郁症 depression 中风 troke 高血压 hypertension 关节炎 arthritis 糖尿病 diabetes 乳腺炎 m
32、astitis 胃肠炎 gastroenteritis 肿瘤 tumor 癌症 cancer 禽流感 bird flu / avian influenza 非典 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratary Syndrome) 疯牛病 mad cow disease 黑死病 black death 白血病 leukemia 爱滋病 AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) 流感 influenza 白内障 cataract 狂犬病 rabies 中风 stroke 糖尿病 diabetes 冠心病 coronary heart dis
33、ease 肺癌 lung cancer 肝癌 liver cancer 肺结核 pulmonary tuberculosis 夜盲症 night blindness 肥胖症 obesity 肺气肿 emphysema 胃癌 cancer of stomach 胃病 stomach trouble 心脏病 heart disease 骨质疏松症 osteoporosis 脑膜炎 brain fever / meningitis 消化性溃疡 peptic ulcer 皮疹 rash 帕金森氏症 Parkinsons disease 阿尔茨海默病 / 老年痴呆症 Alzheimers dementi
34、a / Alzheimers disease 牛皮癣 psoriasis 足癣 tinea pedis 肾结石 renal stone 尿毒症 uraemia疼痛 aching 头痛 headache 牙痛 toothache 咳嗽 cough 痒 itching 麻木 numbness 喷嚏 sneezing 虚脱 collapse 喉咙痛 sore throat 肿胀 swelling 拉肚子，腹泻 have the runs 酸痛 aching pain 绞痛 stabbing pain 肚子痛 abdominal pain 僵硬 stiffness 鼻塞 nasal congestio
35、n 没有胃口 loss of appetite 无力 weakness 呕吐 vomit, throw up 失去意识 unconsciousness 感染 infection 病毒感染 viral infection 细菌感染 bacterial infection 喘 wheezing 呼吸短促 shortness of breath 扭伤、拉伤 strain / sprain 过敏 allergy 化脓 suppurate 恶心，反胃 nausea 盗汗 night sweat 昏迷 coma 痉挛 spasm 眩晕 dizziness 充血 congestion 抽搐 convulsi
36、on 瘫痪 paralysis 昏厥 syncope 流血 bleeding 麻痹 palsy 发炎 inflammation 休克 shock 水肿 dropsy 昏睡 lethargy 吐血 vomit blood 发抖 shiver 昏倒 fainting 硬块 lump 呼吸困难 dyspnea 吞咽困难 swallowing difficulty 耳鸣 tinnitus 小便疼痛 urinary pain 小便失禁 urinary incontinenceSPEAKINGBrainstormingArchitecture at Collegecampus commons dorm c
37、lassroom laboratory computer laboratory recreation center lecture theatre / terrace classroom auditorium 会堂 礼堂 library stadium office building teaching building sports ground gymnasium swimming pool tennis court football field basketball court canteen cafeteria storeCommon Chronic Diseasesarthritis
38、diabetes hypertension Alzheimers disease strokes(See the list above)Symptoms of Diseasesswollen painful frail (See the list above)Medical Professionals and SpecialistsM.D. physician nurse geriatrician cardiologist gastroenterologist dermatologist nephrologis surgeon dentist maternity nurse 产科护士，助产士
39、general practitioner 全科医生 plastic surgeon 整形外科医生 neurosurgeon 神经外科医生 neuropathist 神经病学家 urologist 泌尿科医生 pediatrician 儿科医生 gynecologist 妇科医生 accoucheur 妇产科男医师 accoucheuse 妇产科女医师 oncologist 肿瘤学家 endocrinologist 内分泌专家 ophthalmologist / oculist 眼科医生 eye doctor 眼科专家 anesthetist 麻醉师 stomatologist 口腔学家 hae
40、matologist 血液学专家Presentational Skills(a) X (b) X (c ) tick (d) X (e) tick (f) XTRANSLATIONI.Time was when work-study meant taking shifts 1Time was when 意为 there at the campus commons, wearing a paper hat and serving mystery meat and creamed spinach as your classmates shuffled through.在过去，半工半读做的工作就是在
41、学校的公共食堂里上轮班：你头戴纸帽，在同班同学曳着步子走进食堂的时候，端上叫不上名字的肉和菠菜奶油沙司。was once a time when （曾经有一个时候）。2地点状语 at the campus commons 和时间状语 as your classmates shuffled through 译为汉语时需提前。But with dining services mostly outsourced, and everything about college life more complex, work-study jobs have come to fill a variety of
42、 needs beyond the obvious one of putting cash in the pockets of undergraduate and graduate students.然而，随着大部分餐饮服务的外包以及大学生活的方方面面越来越复杂，半工半读工作的目的更加多元化而决不仅仅是让本科生和研究生挣点钱那么简单。1. 译为汉语时，mostly 和outsourced 的词性分别变为形容词和名词。2. putting cash in the pockets of宜抽象化处理。Some want to develop a skill, or beef up a rsum. S
43、ome seek an “in” with a certain professor.半工半读的学生，有的是为了一技之长，有的是为了给自己的简历锦上添花，还有的是为了和某位教授套近乎。1. 这两句英语原文的意思联系紧密，不妨采用合句法。2. beef up 是个口语化的表达，意为“加强，充实，扩大” 。Ms. Rices goal was to make as small a dent in study time as possible.赖斯女士的目标是尽可能使自己的工作少占用学习的时间。dent 原意为“凹痕” ，根据上下文，此处取其引申义“削减” 。Work-study lies somew
44、here between a grant and a loan in the college-aid universe the institution promises to make a job available, at a rate of pay that is at or slightly above minimum wage, up to a maximum that depends on other ingredients of your financial aid package.在大学助学的范畴中，半工半读介于资助和贷款之间学校承诺向学生提供一份工作，工作报酬等于或略高于最低工
45、资，报酬的上限取决于财政援助项目的其他因素。汉语中状语的位置比较固定，没有英语灵活，此处 in the college-aid universe 译为汉语时应前置。The government pays 75 percent of those wages,and the college pays 25 percent.发放给学生的工资中，75%由政府承担，25%由学校支付。of those wages 位置提前。You dont get the money unless you put in the hours.你只有花了时间打工，才能领取工资。1. unless 引导从句位置提前。2. pu
46、t in the hours 具体化译为“花时间打工” 。II.Article VI第六条在法律文书中，article 意为 “条” 。例如：paragraph 1 (a) of Article 2（第 2 条第 1 款(a)项） 。All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confeder
47、ation.本宪法正式通过前订立的一切债务和承担的一切义务，对于实行本宪法的合众国仍然有效，一如邦联时期。1. 在法律文献中，shall 主要与第三人称一起使用，表示命令、义务、职责、权利、特权和许诺等，带有指令性和强制性，充分体现法律文书的权威性和约束力。通常译为 “须” 、 “应” 、 “应当” ，有时甚至省略不译。2. 法律英语的词汇特点之一是大量使用法律专业术语，此处 valid（有效的）即是一例。这些术语词义明确，言简意赅，如alibi（不在犯罪现场） ，appeal（上诉） ，bail（保释，保释金） ，defendant（被告） ，guarantee（担保，保证书） ，lette
48、rs patent（专利证书） ，plaintiff（原告） ，surrender（交出）等。3. 法律英语的句子多运用长句和复杂句来准确完整地表达一个法律概念或法律事实。翻译时先找出句子的主干，如该句的主干是“All Debts and Engagements shall be valid.”，然后再把其余成分按照汉语的表述习惯逐个补充进去，如 contracted 和entered into 译为汉语时放到所修饰的名词Debts 和 Engagements 前面，before 引导的时间状语则置于句首。This Constitution, and the Laws of the Unite
49、d States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land;本宪法和依本宪法所制定的合众国法律，以及根据合众国的权力已缔结或将缔结的一切条约，都是全国的最高法律；1. 法律英语的词汇特点之二是频繁使用正式词汇，由此来体现法律文书严肃而庄重的风格。如此句中 in pursuance of 相对于according to, with regard to, regarding 或concerning 更加正式。又如下句中的notwithstanding 比 though 正式。类似的例子还有：the deceased
