1、7.4 Sample Questions红 色 -main idea;黄 色 -supporting idea;蓝 色 inference;绿 色 application;灰 色 logical structure； 粉 色evaluation.深 蓝 色 tone. ND:not discussed; NM: not mentioned. XF: 相 反 ； 黑 体 字 是 阅 读 和 判 断 选 项 的 点 ，紫 色 字 体 是 解 释 。 出 现 的 行 数 以 OG中 的 行 数 为 准 。Line Ecoefficiency (measures to minimize environ
2、mental impact through the reduction or elimination of waste from production processes) has become a goal for companies worldwide, with many realizing significant(5) cost savings from such innovations.（ 提 出 旧 观 点 ） Peter Senge and Goran Carstedt see this development as laudable but suggest that simpl
3、y adopting ecoefficiency innovations could actually worsen（ N） environmental stresses in the future（ 强 转 折 词 but， 提 出 新 观 点 ） . Such innovations reduce(10) production waste but（ 强 转 折 词 ） do not alter the number of products manufactured nor the waste generated from their use and discard;（ 新 观 点 解释 ）
4、 indeed, most companies invest in ecoefficiency improvements in order to increase profits and growth. Moreover,（ 递 进 副 词 ， 进 一 步 解 释 ） there is no(15) guarantee that increased economic growth from ecoefficiency will come in similarly ecoefficient ways, since in todays global markets, greater profits
5、 may be turned into investment capital that could easily be reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries. Even(20) a vastly more ecoefficient industrial system could, were it to grow much larger, generate more total waste and destroy more habitat and species than would a smaller, less ecoeffic
6、ient economy. Senge and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global(25) environment and sustain economic growth, businesses must develop a new systemic approach that reduces total material use and total accumulated waste.（ 新 观 点 解 释 ） Focusing exclusively on ecoefficiency, which offers a compelling b
7、usiness case according to(30) established thinking, may distract companies from pursuing radically different products and business models.老 观 点 but新 观 点 新 观 点 解 释 ：such/moreover/even/argue.The Official Guide for GMAT Review 12th Edition1Questions 13 refer to the passage above.1. The primary purpose
8、of the passage is to(A) explain why a particular business strategy has been less successful（ ND） than was once anticipated(B) propose an alternative （ NM） to a particular business strategy that has inadvertently caused ecological damage(C) present a concern about the possible consequences of pursuin
9、g a particular business strategy(D) make a case for applying a particular business strategy on a larger scale（ ND） than is currently practiced(E) suggest several possible outcomes of companies failure to understand the economic impact（ ND） of a particular business strategy2. The passage mentions whi
10、ch of the following as a possible consequence of companies realization of greater profits through ecoefficiency?(A) The companies may be able to sell a greater number of products by lowering prices(NM).(B) The companies may be better able to attract investment capital in the global market(NM).(C) Th
11、e profits may be reinvested to increase economic growth through ecoefficiency ND,相 反 .(D) The profits may be used as investment capital for industries that are not ecoefficient.(E) The profits may encourage companies to make further innovations in reducing production waste.ND,XF3. The passage implie
12、s that which of the following is a possible consequence of a companys adoption of innovations that increase its ecoefficiency?(A) Company profits resulting from such innovations may be reinvested in that company with no guarantee that the company will continue to make further improvements in ecoeffi
13、ciency. P suggestes ECO will increase profit, but No suggestion that these companies will then afandon ecoefficiency as a goal(B) Company growth fostered by cost savings from such innovations may allow that company to manufacture a greater number of products that will be used and discarded, thus wor
14、sening environmental stress.(C) A company that fails to realize significant cost savings from such innovations may have little incentive to continue to minimize theenvironmental impact of its production processes.ND(D) A company that comes to depend on such innovations to increase its profits and gr
15、owth may be vulnerable in the global market to competition from old-style eco-inefficient industries.ND(E) A company that meets its ecoefficiency goals is unlikely to invest its increased profits in the development of new and innovative ecoefficiency measures.同 A7.4 Reading Comprehension Sample Ques
16、tions3Line A recent study has provided clues topredator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth(5) fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea ta
17、r pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species.(10) In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil
18、samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two(15) extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea
19、 data. The explanation they consider(20) most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivoresin particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species.(25) Such thorough carcass
20、 consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.Questions 48 refer to the passage above.4. The primary purpose of the passag
21、e is to(A) present several explanations for a well-known fact(B) suggest alternative methods for resolving a debate(C) argue in favor of a controversial theory(D) question the methodology used in a study(E) discuss the implications of a research finding5. According to the passage, compared with Plei
22、stocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area(A) included the same species, in approximately the same proportions(B) had a similar frequency of tooth fractures(C) populated the La Brea area more densely(D) consumed their prey more thoroughly(E) found it harder to obta
23、in sufficient prey6. According to the passage, the researchers believe that the high frequency of tooth breakage in carnivores found at La Brea was caused primarily by(A) the aging process in individual carnivores(B) contact between the fossils in the pits(C) poor preservation of the fossils after t
24、hey were removed from the pits(D) the impact of carnivores teeth against the bones of their prey(E) the impact of carnivores teeth against the bones of other carnivores during fights over killsThe Official Guide for GMAT Review 12th Edition47. The researchers conclusion concerning the absence of dem
25、ographic bias would be most seriously undermined if it were found that(A) the older an individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fractures(B) the average age at death of a present-day carnivore is greater than was the average age at death of a Pleistocene carnivo
26、re(C) in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as did younger individuals(D) the methods used to determine animals ages in fossil samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individuals(E) data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot
27、 provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and present-day carnivores8. According to the passage, if the researchers had NOT found that two extinct carnivore species were free of tooth breakage, the researchers would haveconcluded that(A) the difference in
28、breakage frequencies could have been the result of damage to the fossil remains in the La Brea pits(B) the fossils in other Pleistocene sites could have higher breakage frequencies than do the fossils in the La Brea pits(C) Pleistocene carnivore species probably behaved very similarly to one another
29、 with respect to consumption of carcasses(D) all Pleistocene carnivore species differed behaviorally from present-day carnivore species(E) predator densities during the Pleistocene era were extremely high7.4 Reading Comprehension Sample Questions5Line Archaeology as a profession faces two major prob
30、lems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results(5) and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, re
31、sulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.(10) I would like to make an outrageoussuggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archaeological expeditions and governmental(15) authori
32、ties sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal(20) excavators grip on the market, thereby decreasingthe inducement
33、to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage,(25) which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has uniq
34、ue artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company.(30) Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.I refer to the thousands o
35、f pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of(35) one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as lmelekh handles have been fou
36、nd in abundance(40) more than 4,000 examples so far.The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalog the finds; as a result, they(45) cannot be found again and become as inaccessible
37、as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be(50) photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser cou
38、ld even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal(55) digging would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market. But the demand for the clandestine product would be substantially reduced. Who would w
39、ant an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated(60) stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it?The Official Guide for GMAT Review 12th Edition6Questions 911 refer to the passage above.9. The primary purpose of the passage is to
40、propose(A) an alternative to museum display of artifacts(B) a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession(C) a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have no such value(D) the governmental regulation of archaeological sites(E) a new system f
41、or cataloging duplicate artifacts10. The author implies that all of the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT(A) a market for such artifacts already exists(B) such artifacts seldom have scientific value(C) there is likely to be a continuing supply of such artifacts(D) museum
42、s are well supplied with examples of such artifacts(E) such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already cataloged in museum collections11. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?(A) Museum officials rarely allow scholars
43、 access to such artifacts.(B) Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.(C) Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.(D) Such artifacts are often damaged by variations in temperature and humidity.(E) Such artifacts often remain uncatalog
44、ed and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.7.4 Reading Comprehension Sample Questions7Line Traditionally, the first firm to commercialize a new technology has benefited from the unique opportunity to shape product definitions, forcing followers to adapt to a standard or invest in(5)
45、an unproven alternative. Today, however, the largest payoffs may go to companies that lead in developing integrated approaches for successful mass production and distribution.Producers of the Beta format for videocassette(10) recorders (VCRs), for example, were first to develop the VCR commercially
46、in 1975, but producers of the rival VHS (Video Home System) format proved to be more successful at forming strategic alliances with other producers and distributors to manufacture(15) and market their VCR format. Seeking to maintain exclusive control over VCR distribution, Beta producers were reluct
47、ant to form such alliances and eventually lost ground to VHS in the competition for the global VCR market.(20) Despite Betas substantial technological head start and the fact that VHS was neither technically better nor cheaper than Beta, developers of VHS quickly turned a slight early lead in sales
48、into a dominant position. Strategic alignments with(25) producers of prerecorded tapes reinforced the VHS advantage. The perception among consumers that prerecorded tapes were more available in VHS format further expanded VHSs share of the market. By the end of the 1980s, Beta was no longer in(30) p
49、roduction.Questions 1217 refer to the passage above.12. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?(A) Evaluating two competing technologies(B) Tracing the impact of a new technology by narrating a sequence of events(C) Reinterpreting an event from contemporary business history(D) Illustrating a business strategy by means of a case history(E) Proposing an innovative approach to business planning13. According to the passage, todays successful firms, unlike successful firms in the past, may earn the greatest profits by(A) investing in research to pro
