1、考试大论坛为您提供 英语四六级 考试资料：http:/ 遣词造句不言而喻，句子是语言交际的基本单位，英语写作的基础是句子的写作。一个句子表达一个完整的意思。因此，只有写出完整、正确和多变句子才是写好文章的关键所在。英语句式和汉语句式是不同的，所以考生有必要知道英语句子特定的组织规则。如果违反这些规则，考生就很可能写出一些 Chinglish 的句子。这样的句子非但不符合语法规范，而且还不能向读者准确地传递信息。因此，打好句子基础是提高英语写作水平的必经之路。现在的四、六级考试一般以给出主题句或中文提示的命题作文居多，考生如果能够按照题意和段落主题句写出十几个表达清晰、通顺自然、合乎语法规范的句
2、子，可以说基本上已经完成了这篇习作的大部分。但是，许多考生虽然已经掌握了一定的英语句法和修辞知识，可自己一动手就问题百出，平时学的句型似乎用不上，想用适当的句型来表达自己的思想却又找不到，最后，只能退而求其次，以汉语的思维方式，根据英语的句法结构，随思路的发展而拼凑一些似是而非、词不达意的句子。这样的文章，即使上下文连贯，也难得到及格的成绩。学生平时阅读量也不小，为什么还会出现这样的问题呢?究其原因，主要还是因为缺乏系统和扎实的造句训练，平时动笔少。所以，用心研究和掌握写好英语句子的要领，并多做练习，是十分必要的。句子写作原则一、要写完整的句子 (Integrity)所谓完整的句子，一是要求结
3、构完整，二是要求意义完整，要避免残缺句(fragment)和融合句(fused sentence)等。一个完整的句子是由至少包含一个主语和一个谓语的一组词构成的。这个句子不论长短只能有一个中心思想。因此，考生在写作中应该注意一定要写完整的句子而避免写一些不完整的句子。总的来说，考生在写作中应该避免以下几种情况：A. 避免残缺句残缺句包括从属分句和短语，它们仅仅是句子的一部分，不能独立存在。要想使这些从属分句和短语有意义，必须把它们附属在相应的句子中，而不能另成一句。1. 误用非谓语动词的残缺句(1) 误 Bill working as if his life depended on that
4、theme.正 Bill had been working as if his life depended on that theme.(2) 误 As being announced in todays papers, the Shanghai Commodities Fair is also open on Sunday.正 As is announced in todays papers, the Shanghai Commodities Fair is also open on Sunday.(3) 误 Why does he call home once a week? To kee
5、p in touch with his family.正 He calls home once a week to keep in touch with his family.考试大论坛为您提供 英语四六级 考试资料：http:/ 独立从句的残缺句(1) 误 After I finished my homework.正 After I finished my homework, I began to watch TV.(2) 误 Some people think one should read selectively. Because some books are beneficial to
6、 him and some books are harmful to him.正 Some people think one should read selectively because some books are beneficial to him and some books are harmful to him.(3) 误 There is still some likelihood of not succeeding in passing the exam. Although he tries very hard.正 There is still some likelihood o
7、f not succeeding in passing the exam although he tries very hard.3. 举例说明的残缺句(1) 误 I look forward to holidays. For example, Thanksgiving and Christmas.正 I look forward to holidays, for example, Thanksgiving and Christmas.(2) 误 Some students are not quite satisfied with some aspects. Such as its quali
8、ty and its price.正 Some students are not quite satisfied with such aspects as its quality and its price.(3) 误 I have many hobbies. Including tennis, chess, and golf.正 I have many hobbies, including tennis, chess, and golf.4. 以 who, that, which 引导的从句残缺句(1) 误 That good books can give us pleasure and k
9、nowledge.正 It is claimed that good books can give us pleasure and knowledge.(2) 误 There are some people. Who think that one should not hesitate to say no.正 There are some people who think that one should not hesitate to say no.B. 避免错误的省略用词精辟是写出漂亮英文句子的一个窍门，但不能随意省掉一些属于固定搭配的或有助于理解句意的词。通常这些词决定着句子语法结构的完整
10、和意义的完整，省掉就会出现句子不完整的现象，影响读者理解。常见的省略错误有：1. 错误地省略部分谓语，会使句子结构失去平衡。(1) 误 Cheerleaders always have and always will do their best to stimulate enthusiasm at the games.正 Cheerleaders always have done and always will do their best to stimulate enthusiasm at the games.2. 介词的省略有些词需要固定的介词与之搭配使用，当它们出现在并列结构中时，除非它
11、们所需的介词是一致的，考试大论坛为您提供 英语四六级 考试资料：http:/ 误 Mr. William has confidence and ambition for his son.正 Mr. William has confidence in and ambition for his son.(2) 误 There are not sufficient brands for students to choose.正 There are not sufficient brands for students to choose from.3. 比较级中必要词的省略(1) 误 Output o
12、f mobile telecommunications is 12 percent higher than the same period of last year.正 Output of mobile telecommunications is 12 percent higher than that of the same period of last year.(2) 误 The suggestion you made is more feasible than Mary made.正 The suggestion you made is more feasible than the on
13、e Mary made.C避免连写句当两个或两个以上的独立句子被错误地用逗号隔开或根本就没有标点符号相连时，就形成了连写句。有的书把用逗号分割成两个完整的句子而中间又无并列连词的句子叫逗号错接句，而把两个独立句子间无任何标点符号的句子叫融合句。改正这种句子可采用以下五种方法：1. 中间用句号使各句子独立(1) 误 There are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, we should not read them.正 There are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind. We
14、 should not read them.(2) 误 She wrote him a love letter he answered it in person.正 She wrote him a love letter. He answered it in person.2. 如果两个句子意思联系紧密，也可用分号分开，分号后用小写字母开头。(1) 误 I was sick with the flu, I still had to study for the test.正 I was sick with the flu; I still had to study for the test.(2
15、) 误 The exam was postponed the class was cancelled as well.正 The exam was postponed; the class was cancelled as well.3. 两个句子若平等重要，也可用并列连词 and，but，or，for，nor，yet ，so 等连成并列句。(1) 误 Tom decided to stop smoking he didnt want to die of cancel.正 Tom decided to stop smoking, for he didnt want to die of canc
16、er.(2) 误 She had a wig on, it looked more like a hat than a wig.正 She had a wig on, and it looked more like a hat than a wig.4. 可根据句子内容将其中的一部分用主从连词 because，when，while，since，even though，even if，as soon as，although ，but，when 和 if 等变成从句。(1) 误 Andy forgot the time he missed the final exam.正 Because Andy
17、 forgot the time, he missed the final exam. 或 Andy missed the final exam 考试大论坛为您提供 英语四六级 考试资料：http:/ he forgot the time.(2) 误 I am supposed to be working by myself, there are other people who I can interact with.正 Even if I am supposed to be working by myself, there are other people who I can intera
18、ct with. There are other people who I can interact with although I am supposed to be working by myself.5. 根据句子内容，可以用分号再加上诸如 consequently, therefore, likewise, furthermore, nevertheless 或 moreover 等连接副词和逗号。(1) 误 The item you requested is no longer available we are returning your check.正 The item you
19、requested is no longer available; therefore, we are returning your check.(2) 误 The house is too small for a family of four, it is in a bad location.正 The house is too small for a family of four; furthermore, it is in a bad location.或 The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore it is
20、 in a bad location.二、句子要符合规范 (Conformity)A. 语序的严格性英语语序，即主、谓、宾、定、状等句子成分的位置，与汉语有差别，但差别不很大。英语属形构法，其句子的形成主要靠结构上的空间搭架，而且素以结构严谨著称。首先要将主谓语确立下来，若有从句就要抓住连接词。不管多复杂的句子，只要把它们的位置固定了，其他的成分就会按关系就位。而汉语为意构法，往往根据意思、逻辑或时间等顺序安排。所以在写英语时一定要打破原来汉语的语序，按英语结构安排句子形式。考生在写作中应该注意以下的几种倒装形式：1. 由 so 引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一个人(或东西)的句子(肯定句)
21、I am quite willing to help and so are the others.Society has changed and so have the people in it.2. 由 neither，nor 引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一个人 (或东西)的句子(否定句)If you wont go, neither shall I.I have never been dishonest, nor do I intend to start being so now.3. 省略了 if，whether 的虚拟条件从句Should I have one million do
22、llars, I would use them for further investment with the view to earning more money.Be it difficult or not (= Whether it be difficult or not), I will make every effort to move along.Were she here, she would support this motion.4. 由 as，though 引导的让步从句中Try as I might, I couldnt solve this problem.Teache
23、r as he is, he is not capable of teaching everything.Difficult though it is, we wont lose heart.考试大论坛为您提供 英语四六级 考试资料：http:/ 以 never，little ，not only，not until，hardly，scarcely，under no circumstances，in no case 等词引起的句子Not only should the quality be improved, but the price should be reduced as well.Und
24、er no circumstances should one lose courage.Only in this way will this situation be reversed.Nowhere has the world ever witnessed such dramatic changes in peoples lives as in China.Never before has it occurred to me that it would be that difficult to make a decision.6当一个句子没有宾语而主语又比较长，常可将状语、表语和系动词提到主
25、语前面。To the list may be added the following reasons.Through the window came in wafts of intoxicating (醉人的) fragrance.Of utmost importance is public awareness of how important it is to protect our environment.Equally important, is ones ability to exert his potential.Especially popular are those sophis
26、ticated appliances.Typical of totalitarian regimes is their reluctance to move towards a democratic state.B. 句子的一致关系1. 谓语动词的五大特点句子的惟一标志是具有主谓结构，而主谓必须保持一致。充当谓语的动词总是无一例外地表现出人称、数、时态、语态、语气五大特点。我们在写谓语动词或动词词组时，这五个方面应保持一致，错误地改变这些成分的一致关系会使句子逻辑混乱、意义含糊不清。下功夫掌握谓语动词的特点，是写好句子的基本功，它和运用英语句型句式一样，具有头等重要的意义。1. 1 人称和数主
27、语人称有三个，即第一人称(I，we) 、第二人称(you ，单数和复数同形)、第三人称(he，she，it，they) ；数有两个，即单数和复数。谓语动词形式必须与句中主语在人称、数上保持一致。这方面最突出的问题表现在单数第三人称做主语时，谓语动词常常用错。如：误 Graduate education aim at making scientists.正 Graduate education aims at making scientists.误 Somebody hold that one should read selectively.正 Somebody holds that one s
28、hould read selectively.1. 2 时态在这方面，考生应该注意避免犯以下的错误： 时态前后不一致。误 Many students complained that the canteen service is terribly awful.正 Many students complained that the canteen service was terribly awful.误 She waits till the light changed, then crossed the street.正 She waited till the light changed, the
29、n crossed the street.考试大论坛为您提供 英语四六级 考试资料：http:/ 主句是将来时或对将来情况进行判断，条件状语从句和时间状语从句中的时态应该是一般现在时或者现在完成时，但是考生却也误用将来时。误 You will feel a lot better about yourself if you will work on solutions to your upsetting situations.正 You will feel a lot better about yourself if you work on solutions to your upsetting
30、 situations.误 As soon as situations will improve, they will be allowed to go abroad.正 As soon as situations improve, they will be allowed to go abroad. 把现在完成时和一般过去时相混淆，或用纯表示过去的时间状语来修饰现在完成时。误 I dont want to eat any more for I had enough.正 I dont want to eat any more for I have had enough.误 He has fin
31、ished his reading five minutes ago.正 He finished his reading five minutes ago. 一些动作转瞬即逝的动词(常表示起止动作)，不能表示持续。这些动词虽然可以构成完成时，但却不能用 for . ，how long . 来修饰。应改变句型，换成系表结构的完成时来表达。误 When he got to the cinema, the film had begun for ten minutes.正 When he got to the cinema, the film had been on for ten minutes.误
32、 His brother has joined the Army for 2 years.正 His brother has been in the Army for 2 years.1. 3 语态英文中的主动语态与被动语态用来体现主语与谓语之间的主动与被动关系。正确运用语态主要包括两个内容：一是正确的被动语态结构；二是正确的语态选择。虽然大家都学过被动语态的结构，但在写作时却常出现问题，特别是过去分词形式以及 been 或 being 的运用。误 The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are develop
33、ed and perfected now.正 The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are being developed and perfected now.误 The computer is reported in the newspaper to have developed since its advent.正 The computer is reported in the newspaper to have been developed since its advent.值得强调的是，有些同学用英语
34、写作时，却在用汉语思维，结果出现很多该用被动态却误用主动态的错误。如：误 As teachers, we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ought to say.正 As teachers, we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ought to be said.误 No conclusions have arrived at so far.考试大论坛为您提供 英语四六级 考试资料：http:/ No conc
35、lusions have been arrived at so far.但是，考生还应注意的是，英语中有时用主动来表示被动的用法，所以，考生在写作中应该注意避免犯这样的错误。如：误 Some people think that TV should be blamed for corrupting peoples mind.正 Some people think that TV is to blame for corrupting peoples mind.误 I do believe that not all books are worth being read; therefore, we
36、should read selectively.正 I do believe that not all books are worth reading; therefore, we should read selectively.此外，考生还应注意，如果可能，应尽量做到语态使用上的一致。如下面的这组句子，使用一致的语态会使句子显得更为协调。如：误 Little Ira went up to the stage and was given his certificate of merit by the principal.正 Little Ira went up to the stage and
37、 received his certificate of merit from the principal.1. 4 语气英语中语气有三种：直陈、祈使、虚拟。写作中语气的问题主要表现在虚拟语气上，而不同的情况下，我们应该用不同形式的虚拟语气，所以，考生应特别注意。如：误 I think it essential that a teacher is patient, humorous and knowledgeable.正 I think it essential that a teacher (should) be patient, humorous and knowledgeable.误 I
38、t is high time that the government takes effective measures to protect our environment.正 It is high time that the government took effective measures to protect our environment.2. 主语和谓语的一致关系主谓一致看似一个很简单的问题，但也是考生经常犯错的一个问题，因此，考生也应该特别注意以下几点：2. 1 如果主语是一个抽象概念，谓语动词应该用单数形式。误 Smoking cigarettes are hazardous
39、to your health.正 Smoking cigarettes is hazardous to your health.误 That we have made amazing achievements are an undeniable fact.正 That we have made amazing achievements is an undeniable fact.2. 2 当主语中包含有 and 时，如果它表示的是一个单一概念，谓语要用单数形式，否则用复数形式。误 To try and fail are better than not to try at all.正 To tr
40、y and fail is better than not to try at all.误 To mean to do something and to actually do something is two separate things.正 To mean to do something and to actually do something are two separate things.2. 3 如果主语是单数，尽管后面跟有 with，but ，like ，no less than，together with，as well as，in addition to 和 along wi
41、th 等引起的短语，谓语动词仍旧用单数形式。如：考试大论坛为您提供 英语四六级 考试资料：http:/ An expert, together with his assistants, are demonstrating how to operate this new machine.正 An expert, together with his assistants, is demonstrating how to operate this new machine.误 This problem, as well as what will be mentioned below, deserve
42、considering.正 This problem, as well as what will be mentioned below, deserves considering.2. 4 由 either . or，neither . nor，not only . but also 等修饰的主语，考生应该注意采取就近原则，即如果 or，nor ，but also 后面连接的主语是单数，谓语动词应该用单数形式，反之，则应该用复数形式。如：误 Not only students but also the teacher are not in favor of the exam-oriented
43、education system.正 Not only students but also the teacher is not in favor of the exam-oriented education system.误 Neither of the young men who applied for a position in the university were accepted.正 Neither of the young men who applied for a position in the university was accepted.2. 5 由 many a . 或
44、 more than one . 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。误 Many a person think that advertising exerts a negative impact on peoples purchasing decisions.正 Many a person thinks that advertising exerts a negative impact on peoples purchasing decisions.误 More than one student were caught cheating on exams.正 More than one
45、 student was caught cheating on exams.2. 6 集合名词既可跟单数动词，也可跟复数动词，这要根据它们的用法而定。当把一个集合体看成一个整体单位时，集合名词要求跟单数动词。如：(1) He has never thought that the audience watching his performance is so enormous.(2) The whole class reaches a consensus on whether they will go picnicking tomorrow.(3) The public are divided
46、in their opinion as to whether advertising should be banned or not.2. 7 number, variety, proportion, majority, population 等此有时用作单数，有时用作复数，主要从意思上来决定。如：误 The number of students using computers are on the rise these days.正 The number of students using computers is on the rise these days.误 A greater and
47、 greater number of students has begun to use computers in their study.正 A greater and greater number of students have begun to use computers in their study.误 A great variety of books is offered at various prices.正 A great variety of books are offered at various prices.误 I like teaching because there are a great deal of variety in this job.考试大论坛为您提供 英语四六级 考试资料：http:/ I like teaching because there is a great deal of variety in this job.3. 指代的一致性英语中很讲究指代的一致性，即代词(主格、宾格、所有格、反身代词、绝对物主代词以及关系代词、疑问代词等)要和它们指代的有关名词在人称、数(有时还包括名词的性)上保持前后一致，而且代词的指代必须十分清楚，否则就使人难以理解。掌握这一点其实并不难，但有些同学
