1、1考博作文资料背诵版（考试后整理）第一部分：写作的基本类型1. 体育类：competition, stamina, victory, glory, honor, achievement, dedication2. 工作类:cooperation, commitment, devotion, talent, ability, 3. 环保类:environment, resources, ecological balance, species extinction,4. 传媒：electronic media, on-line addict, communication, 5. 老年人: elde
2、rs, senior citizens, retired people6. 交通方式：means of transportation, public transit, traffic jams, accidents7. 娱乐：entertainment, diversion, recreation, leisure activities, a relaxed life8. 教育：education, sustainable development9. 文化:culture, convention, tradition, integrity, wisdom, intelligence, heri
3、tage 第二部分 基本策略第一个模板策略 1: 支持或者反对 : Theres a solid reason for the statement that 重要/ 获益/有害/不获益次段：原因/举例: Clearly, as I can see it, 主题词 plays a key role（threatens to do more harm than good）in our society, so we are supposed to emphasize its importance(threat) in our everyday life. One reason is that by
4、doing so, it is possible for us to 延伸 and 延伸. The other reason(example) is that we are more likely to 延伸 and 延伸. So it is safe to say that the central position(potential threat) of 主题词 cannot be ignored. 三段：让步比较/建议整改：Some people might point out that 延伸，hence the conclusion that 延伸. Even such possibi
5、lity exists, it doesnt run counter to the statement that 第二段观点. Such a conclusion might be conservative, but it is more realistic, persuasive and convincing. 四段：整改措施：In this issue, researchers and experts are supposed to take concrete steps: whatever approach they take, a feedback mechanism is centr
6、al of all things. For another thing, journalists are obliged to remind people of the central position of 主题词and the potential harm of 主题词. As for the citizens, it is important for them to watch out for the misconducts, extending their helping hands and foster rational values. But the best policy for
7、 them is to learn self-control. 修正了的第二个模板策略 2：既不支持、也不反对：To simplify the issue that whether we should, one has to take two aspects into consideration and give each of them due attention, one of them being 名词, the other being 名词. 次段：原因举例：Clearly, as I can see it, 主题词 plays a key role in our society, s
8、o we are supposed to emphasize its importance in our everyday life. One reason is that by 2doing so, it is possible for us to 延伸 and 延伸. The other reason is that we are more likely to 延伸 and 延伸. So it is safe to say that the central position of 主题词 cannot be ignored. 三段：平衡比较：Despite the statement th
9、at 总结第二段，therere two things to note. One possibility(example) is that 延伸. The other (instance) is that 延伸. Some readers might think that they are exceptions, but they do exist in our society and equally deserve our attention. 四段：To sum up, it can be concluded that while 第三段观点，第二段观点. Such a conclusio
10、n might be conservative, but it is more convincing, realistic and persuasive. 第三部分：第二段和第三段的写作思路1）重要有害要重视；2）挣钱省时担责任；3）方便快捷要安全；4）娱乐要注意健康；5）帮助别人成就自我；6）遵守法律和道德；7）发展兼顾文化环境第四部分 延伸句写作延伸句的基本理念：Therere, of course, five grounds with which a passage is censured, that is, it is impossible, irrational, inconsist
11、ent, immoral and technically at fault.-Aristotle 一篇文章受到质疑，共有五大原因：不可能、不合理、不一致、不道德、技术上有缺陷。-亚里斯多德写作经验 1：尽量单点延伸，不要什么都说，沿着“态度- 行为-结果-影响” 模式展开。写作经验 2：轻易不要吐露“利大于弊” 这类说法，这样会带来更多的模板背诵。写作经验 3：实证写作，二三段内容具体，最没有模板痕迹。写作经验 4：注意以下题材：1）时尚、2）广告、3）环境Money is important, and then many people give priority to its role. B
12、y doing so, they (always/sometimes/hardly/seldom)行为延伸 work in their spare time and make good money. For another thing, it is possible for them to pay for their living cost. 延伸句写作的说法态度行为结果影响一、挣钱物质（选三）(养老、兼职工作) 1. benefit greatly（little） from 主题词 because its reward is huge.可以从中获益，因为它的回报巨大2. obtain(pur
13、chase)some necessities such as(including)food and clothes 得到食品衣服3. be sheltered from bad weather or danger 有地方住，能不受天气困扰，不受伤害34. As economy improves, more people can earn handsome salary and obtain well-paid positions，enjoy a paid vacation.挣得丰厚的收入、得到好工作、享受带薪假期5. afford their living cost such as housi
14、ng(room rent 房租), private cars, tuition fee, gas, car repair, and medical care: 承受生活开销，例如买得起房（承受得起房租）车、上得起学、能修车（承受得起修车费） 、能买油（承受得起油钱） 、看得起病6. improve their living standards 改善生活水平，lead(live) an easy, comfortable and peaceful life 过上舒适的生活，enjoy their late years 安享晚年7. trade ones honor for dirty money
15、 为钱失去尊严，break a companys (national) rules 违法乱纪，leak the business secrets to the competitors 不向竞争对手泄露商业机密，risk their lives for money 为了金钱铤而走险二、时间（选一） （娱乐、上网、专职兼职工作、疲劳驾驶、酒后驾驶）1. They occupy much time that should have been spent(invested)on their (work)academic studies 占用很多本来应该花在学业上的时间2. stay up late a
16、nd neither sleep regular hours nor eat sensibly 熬夜、睡眠、饮食不规律3. Youngsters seldom concentrate on their academic studies 学习精力不集中 have a hard time finishing their assignment 没有时间完成学业 fail to follow up the courses学习跟不上 gradually lose their motivation to pursue study 失去学习兴趣 get poor test results 考试不及格4. i
17、ndulge in computer games 沉溺于电脑游戏，live in a world full of fantasies 生活在充满虚幻的世界里，escape from reality 逃避现实，feel lonely, be isolated from reality 感到孤独，脱离现实5. have little time to stay with their families or socialize 没有时间和家人呆在一起6. either idle their time or waste much money:耗费时间、浪费金钱，neither make the most
18、 of their spare time nor earn enough money 既没有充分运用时间、也没有挣多少钱7. they feel dizzy，suffer from headache(backache), and have dim sights 头晕、头疼、视线模糊，become distracted and less motivated 走神儿、萎靡不振、积极性不高，have little time to react 没有时间反应三、责任（养老、公务员考试、反腐倡廉）1. When were young, parents bring home bread and bacon
19、养家糊口(support a family), bring up (raise/nourish) the children 养育子女When theyre aging, we are obliged to take care of them 养老, respect the elders and love the young.尊老爱幼，set an example for the younger generation 为年轻一代做出表率42. They are avoiding their duties and shift them to other people. 逃避责任，并把责任推卸给别人
20、。3. keep social order,维护社会秩序 uphold social justice, 捍卫社会正义 expose social evils, 揭露社会邪恶 crack down crimes:打击犯罪 respect the old and love the young,尊老爱幼 practice filial piety, 恪守孝道 bless the good and punish the evil,赏善罚恶protect the property of the citizens 保护市民人身安全和财产安全safeguard the legal rights of cit
21、izens 捍卫公民的合法权益serve the citizens with heart and soul 全心全意为市民服务4. shoulder the responsibility instead of shifting them to others 承担责任provide a range of social services such as medical insurance and low income support提供社会保障donate food, clothes and money to the people in difficulty.向陷入困境的人们捐献食品、衣服和金钱c
22、omfort people with greeting and blessing 给绝望的人以鼓励和祝福financially support a child to further his education 帮助一个贫困儿童继续上学assist the disadvantaged groups such as the poor, the homeless, the disabled and the seniors.帮助弱势群体四、方便：convenience, efficiency, entertainment（传媒：网络、手机、电视、报刊杂志、E-book）1. send and rece
23、ive E-mails 收发信件 play computer games or chat on-line 网上聊天have an on-line conference 开网上会议, shop-on line 网购 2. have an easy access to obtain/download a wealth(bulk) of up-to-date(fresh/latest) information from social highlights, breaking news to entertainments through Google and Baidu; 通过谷歌和百度得到大量信息，
24、包括社会热点、爆炸性新闻和娱乐3. log in, type in our passwords, account number, and then order our favorite goods such as books, foods, and clothes.登录、输入密码和帐号，订购喜欢的商品如书籍、食品和衣服4. have an easy access to（download ）American sitcoms,(Hollywood) movies，on-line courses of Harvard, Yale and Stanford, CNN on-line news, aud
25、io and video programs.网上新闻、音频、视频 follow up the breaking news(scientific development) around the world 跟踪世界热点新闻5. be turned into fresh men, 精力充沛、calm their nerve and restore their souls 放松、恢复活力6. Through MSN, speed up communication, promote mutual understanding, shrink the distance between individual
26、s(people)加快沟通、促进相互了解、拉近彼此的距离7. speed up communication with other people, remove the barrier, enlarge friend circle, extend their information sources, turn ourselves into fresh men.扩大朋友圈、扩大信息源, 网上聊天改善市民们间的沟通，消除了他们之间的障碍8. Though seldom do we meet the leader of a country, participate in a war or travel
27、 to 5the Moon, we can still observe such experiences through the photos or live reports from Internet.尽管我们没有碰到过国家领导人、参战或者去月球旅行，我们仍然可以通过图片和网上的现场报道观察到这种经历。五、快捷：(交通、城乡差距、要会说“很方便”)Convenience, efficiency, entertainment1. We can have an easy access to a rich selection of goods in a shopping mall, while w
28、ithin ten minutes, we can reach a cinema only two streets away from my home.我们可以在商城里有丰富的商品可选；只需要十分钟，我们就能到达离家两街之隔的电影院。2. We can arrive at a cyber bar within a ten-minute walk. And we can sip a cup of Black ice in a Starbuck.只要十分钟步行就能到达一家网吧，可以在一家星巴克里饮用咖啡。3. Usually a city is well equipped with post of
29、fices, medical centers, schools and kinder gardens. So it is convenient for a city dweller to call EMS, have an easy access to medical care or tend their children. 城市里有医疗中心、邮局、学校、幼儿园，很容易就能叫特快服务，医疗条件好，能照顾孩子。4. A city is a place where many higher educational institutions concentrate. They provide city
30、 dwellers with better educational opportunities. 在城市里面有很多高等教育机构，他们为城市居民提供多种教育机会。5. Many museums are located in a city and provide a cultural setting for many visitors. People can expand their outlook and extend their knowledge there. 城市里面还坐落着很多博物馆，提供给来访者良好的文化氛围中，人们在那里可以开阔眼界、增长知识。6. obtain many job o
31、pportunities, earn handsome salary, obtain a well-paid position 得到工作机会、获得丰厚收入、找到好职位 六、安全（旅游的注意事项、行车安全、网络）1. feel overtired or dizzy，suffer from headache and have a dim sight 过度劳累、感到头晕、头疼、视线昏暗 even fall sleep while driving 开车时睡着了2. cannot concentrate on their driving behaviors and the emergency on th
32、e highway.开车精神不集中，不能注意公路上的紧急情况。3. When they wake up, they can have little time to react 没有时间做出反应4. come off the track while driving 串道 collide with other vehicles 其他车辆产生碰撞5. damage the vehicles of their own and put other peoples lives in grave danger, or vice versa 毁坏车辆、人身安全受到威胁6. plunge into a tota
33、lly strange environment 进入陌生环境（对什么都不习惯） 、be overcharged at a wholesale market(at an outlet/at an on-line shop.)在批发市场挨宰7. Hotel reservations or flights are sometimes cancelled, but the clerks give no 6explanation.航班、旅馆预订被取消，但是工作人员不解释get stuck in the airport because of bad weather or delayed flights 由
34、于航班延误和坏天气导致机场滞留 8. watch out for food poisoning, robbery, theft,警惕食品中毒、抢劫、盗窃safeguard burglar, deception or financial fraud. 警惕入室盗窃、诈骗和金融诈骗9. Sometimes some hackers will break into our computer system(on-line bank), steal our personal information, passwords and account numbers.黑客闯入电脑并盗取密码10. leak(gi
35、ve out) their personal information such as ID, cell phone numbers and address泄露个人信息，如身份证、手机号码、住址，expose their privacy to the spotlight隐私曝光，put their property and personal lives in grave danger(骗钱骗色)将自身财产、隐私和生命处在巨大的危险中11. be invaded by some computer viruses(a hacker), our system will probably crash,
36、Some important files will be deleted.病毒侵入电脑、瘫痪系统、文件被删除12. Sometimes when your order goods from a website, you often find that the delivered products dont meet your requirements (the delivered goods are not up to you standards).当你从网页上订货时，你会发现送来的商品不合乎你的标准。Worse still, you soon find that it is barely p
37、ossible for you to cancel your order, reject the products, ask for full amount of refund or lodge a compliant to the Consumers Association.更糟糕的是，你会发现几乎不可能取消订货或者不要这个商品、要求全额退款或者去消费者协会投诉。七、娱乐方式（娱乐、教育、旅游、养宠物、时尚）炫富1. stroll on the main street 逛街、go window shopping 只看不买,go hiking, sing songs at KTV, or cl
38、imb a hills 远足、慢跑idle time and get away from ones daily grind 打发时间、从无聊的生活中解脱出来2. It can broaden ones views, while it can also extend his knowledge, enrich his experience and draw on experiences from other people. 开阔眼界、增长知识、丰富阅历，从他人那里吸取经验教训3. one can avoid spirit sink 避免精神颓废 get away from ones daily
39、grind 摆脱无聊生活，calm ones nerve 放松 and meet new friends(enlarge friend circle)结识新朋友4. Many other opinions are available. For example, they can jog, swim or circle, while dinners and parties can bring people together, promoting mutual understanding between people.慢跑、旅游、骑自行车，远足和晚会能促进彼此之间的了解5. demonstrate
40、 ones personality such as hobbies, tastes and passion 展示个性、如爱好、品味和激情 lead the vanguard spirit 引领前卫精神6. 炫耀名牌产品：show off their brand names 满足虚荣心：satisfy their vanity,引发公众的眼球效应 spark eyeball effects among the general public 形成攀比 keep up with Joneses（浪费资财 squander their (parents) wealth(兼顾另一个主题词“啃老”)7.
41、没有展示出健康向上的个性：fail to demonstrate their talents, 7vigor and wisdom（没有展示出才艺、活力和智慧）8. 缺少品味：lack in spiritual and aesthetic(artistic)qualities9. 精神空虚：reveal their spiritual wasteland 八、身心健康（健康、吸烟、养老、体育健身活动）1. The breathe in fresh air, drink clean water, bask in the bright sunshine or eat clean food,呼吸新鲜
42、空气、饮用干净水，沐浴阳光下，吃干净食品，while you can enjoy a quiet setting and enlarge friend circle.享受安静的环境，扩大朋友圈2. avoid overeating and overdrinking 避免暴饮暴食sleep regular hours and eat sensibly 睡眠规律、饮食规律keep away from liquors and drugs 远离酒精和毒品3. stretch out our limbs, turn around our necks, and hop in place, be turne
43、d into fresh men 伸展四肢、扭扭脖子、原地跳一跳、也会精力充沛people can keep fit physically and mentally by jogging, swimming or playing basketball通过慢跑、游泳和打篮球保持身体健康In a gym, we can build up（shape）ones body by sit-ups, pull-ups, push-ups, rope skipping, weight lifting and Yuga.仰卧起坐、引体向上、俯卧撑、跳绳、举重、瑜伽4. live a normal life i
44、n order to avoid over- exhaustion, headache and insomnia避免过度疲劳、头疼和失眠By jogging, swimming or playing basketball, people can prevent heart attacks, hypertension(high blood pressure), pneumonia, diabetes or obesity，etc. 通过慢跑、游泳和打篮球，人们可以预防心脏病、高血压、肺炎、糖尿病、肥胖症people can(not) keep fit physically and mentall
45、y and relieve their pressure 能够缓解压力、焦虑和压抑, extend life span.延年益寿九、帮助别人 1. we can, on a bus, give our seat to an elder(a senior)or an expectant mother 让座 or show the way to a foreign traveler 指路2. provide food, clothes and money to the people in difficulty.给困难的人食品、衣服和金钱donate blood to a dying patient
46、 献血comfort people with blessings 用祝福给他人以安慰financially support a poor child to further his education.助学儿童assist the disadvantaged groups such as the old, the poor, the homeless and the disabled.救助弱势群体 secure their food and shelter 确保他们的食品和住处，3. obtain material support, mental comfort, or spiritual ba
47、ckup.别人可以得到物质支持、情感抚慰和精神支柱 win the best regard from those people 赢得对方的好感和爱戴bridge the gap between people, remove the barrier, rescue them from a grave danger, walk out of their difficulty, 消除彼此隔阂、帮他们走出困境build a harmonious society, fit into a harmonious human relationship 融入（共建）和谐社会4. become more opti
48、mistic, courageous and self-confident 自信8dare challenges 面对挑战 十、自我成就1. come up with pressure(stress), challenges, and hardship (failure/frustrations/setbacks)2. work hard(together)and stick to a goal 努力学习、坚持不懈read extensively, accumulate working experience, draw on experience from other people.博学强记、
49、积累工作经验、从他人那里吸收有用（有益）的东西think logically, creatively and independently 逻辑思维、创造思维、独立思考foster analytical and problem solving abilities 培养分析解决问题的能力3. be admitted to a college 上大学 obtain a well-paid position 得到一个薪酬丰厚的职位accumulate(build up/increase)ones wealth 积累财富improve their skills 改善技能 hold (grab/grasp) fast opportunities 把握机会shape future, shoulder the responsibility, further their cause 把握未来、承担责任、开展事业4. It can cultivate talent, confidence and self-worth. 培养能力、信心、自尊They can obtain wealth and attain social status. Through your help，they can become self-confident, cour
