1、研究生英语精读教程(第三版上),中国人民大学出版社,Unit Two,Cancer & Chemicals,1. Text,2. Exercises,3. Supplementary Reading,Cancer & Chemicals,-Are We Going Too Far?Marla Cone,Menu,Translation,implement v. carry out执行 proposition n. a suggested offer, arrangement or settlement提议，提案,Menu,Translation, 1 Last year, California
2、 governor George Deukmejian called together many of the states best scientific minds to begin implementing Proposition 65, the states Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act. This new law bans industries from discharging chemical suspected of causing cancer (carcinogens) or birth defects into
3、water supplies. Some claim it will also require warning labels on everything that might cause cancer., 2 A day of esotericscience and incomprehensible jargonwas predicted. But Bruce Ames, chairman of the department of biochemistry at the University of California at Berkeley, had plans to liven the p
4、roceedings.,esoteric adj. mysterious, taught to a select few, (of knowledge, interests, etc. ) limited to a small circle of people神秘的；局限于少数人的 jargon adj. the terminology of a profession, group, etc.行话,Translation,Menu, 3 Walking into the room, Ames looked like the quintessential scientist: wire-rimm
5、edbifocals, rumpled suit, tousled hair and a sallow complexion that showed he spent more time in his laboratory than in the California sunshine.,quintessential adj. of perfect example完美典型的 rim n. the outside edge or border of, esp. a round or circular object (尤指圆形或环形物品的 )外缘，框架 rumple v. disarrange (
6、clothes, hair, etc. )弄皱 tousle v. disarrange, esp. the hair弄乱 (尤指头发 ) sallow adj. yellow and unhealthy-looking (指皮肤 )病黄色的 complexion n. the natural colour and appearance of the skin, esp. of the face (脸部 )皮肤，肤色,Menu,As someone intoned about the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, Ames began to interject h
7、is own views.,intone v. recite (a prayer, psalm, etc. ) in a singing tone;speak with a particular tone吟诵 (祈祷文、赞美诗等 )；以特殊音调说话 carcinogen n. a substance which tends to produce a cancer in the body致癌物质 interject v. make a sudden remark between others突然插入说话,Translation,Menu, 4 “The whole world is chock-
8、full of carcinogens,“ Ames declared. “A beer, with its 700 parts per billion of formaldehyde and five parts per 100 of alcohol is a thousand times more hazardous than anything in the water. If you have beer on your breath, does that mean you have to warn everyone who comes within ten feet of you?“,f
9、ormaldehyde n. a type of colourless gas甲醛,Menu,Translation, 5 In an era when headlines shout about the latest cancer scare, Ames has a different message: the levels of most man-made carcinogens are generally so low that any danger is trivial compared with the levels of natural carcinogens.,Translati
10、on,Menu, 6 Ames is not a quack. At age 59, he is one of the nations most respected authorities on carcinogenesis. His resume is packed with honors, including the Charles. Mott Prize from the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation, one of the most prestigious awards in cancer research, and members
11、hip in the National Academy of Sciences.,quack n. a person dishonestly claiming to have special, esp. medical knowledge and practising a skill he does not have冒充内行之人 (尤指医术方面 )；江湖医生 prestigious adj. having or bringing prestige有名望的，有威信的,Menu,Even his critics say the Ames testhis simple, inexpensive la
12、boratory procedure that helps determine whether a substance might cause canceris a remarkable achievement.,Translation,Menu, 7 But Ames slaughters sacred cows. Hes taking on the environmental movement, which some have called the single most important social movement of the 20th century. In April 198
13、7, for instance, he and two colleagues, Renae Magaw and Lois Swirsky Gold, published a report in Science magazine that ranked various possible cancer risks.,slaughter vt. to kill (animals) for food屠宰 (动物 ) a sacred cow any person or thing regarded as above criticism or attack 神圣不可侵犯的人或物,Menu,Based o
14、n animal tests of nearly 1,000 chemicals, the data show that daily consumption of the average peanut-butter sandwich, which contains traces of aflatoxin (a naturally occurring mold carcinogen in peanuts), is 100 times more dangerous than our daily intake of DDT from food, and that a glass of the mos
15、t polluted well water in the Silicon Valley is 1,000 times less of cancer risk than a glass of wine or beer is.,aflatoxin n.黄曲霉毒素 silicon n.硅,Menu,Hes not advising people to stop consuming peanut-butter, beer and wine. What hes saying is that most cancer risks created by man are trivial compared wit
16、h everyday natural risks, and its not clear how many of these are real risks. Both types distract attention from such enormous risk factors as tobacco.,distract v. draw away (persons attention from sth.) 转移（一个人的注意力），使分心,Menu,Translation, 8 Amess cancer research began about 25 years ago over a bag of
17、 potato chips. Ames, then conducting research for the National Institutes of Health in Maryland, was reading the ingredients on the bag. It struck him that no one knew what each chemical did to human genes , and there was no easy way to find out.,ingredient n. a particular one of a mixture of things
18、 (混合的 )成分 gene n.基因,Translation,Menu, 9 At that time, scientists testing for carcinogenicity had to set up time consuming and costly lab experiments on rats and mice. Armed with the knowledge that bacteria are sensitive to substances that cause mutation, and that carcinogens were likely to be mutage
19、ns, Ames developed a carcinogen test using bacteria. The Ames test was hailed as a major scientific development and is now used worldwide.,mutation n. sudden inheritable divergence from ancestral type突变，变异,Menu,Translation, 10 One day in 1974 Ames, now teaching at Berkeley, suggested that some stude
20、nts test various household products. To his surprise, many common hair dyes tested positive, as did a flame retardant used in childrens pajamas. Almost overnight, Ames became a hero of environmentalists when his findings led to new regulations and bans on certain chemicals.,a flame retardant 阻燃剂 paj
21、amas n. (pl. )loose-fitting jacket and trousers for sleeping in宽松睡衣裤,Translation,Menu, 11 For the next decade public concern over carcinogens continued to rise. “Then,“ Ames says, “I started realizing something wasnt right.“ Too many natural substances also tested positive as carcinogens or mutagens
22、: fruit juices, brown mustard , celery , parsley .,mustard n.芥菜 celery n.芹菜 parsly n.欧芹,Menu,In fact, about half of all chemicals tested by Amesboth natural and man-madeturned out to be potentially carcinogenic when given in enormous doses to rats and mice.,Translation,Menu, 12 Ames at first assumed
23、 he had erred with his test. He hadnt. His error had been making the common, but naive, assumption that only man-made chemicals could be dangerous. “Why assume nature is benign?“ he now says.,err v. make mistakes; do or be wrong犯错，做错 benign adj. (of a disease) not dangerous to life, not malignant (指
24、病变 )无危险的，良性的,Menu,Translation, 13 The campaign supporting Californias Proposition 65 convinced Ames that he had a duty to explain this to the public. “When people said certain birth defects were caused by a part per billion of something in the water, I thought it irresponsible, “ he says. “Its just
25、playing with peoples fears. You can always find a part per billion of something in the water.“,Translation,Menu, 14 In testimonybefore a California senate committee, Ames noted that tap water, for instance, contains the carcinogen chloroform at about 83 ppb due to chlorination.,testimony n. a formal
26、 statement that something is true, as made by a witness in a court of law (法庭上见证人所作的 )见证 chloroform n. 氯仿 chlorination n. 使氯化，用氯气处理,Menu,But coffee contains two natural carcinogens at about 4,000 ppb each, while human blood averages 3,000 ppb of formaldehyde from normal metabolism.,metabolism n. pro
27、cess by which food is built up into living matter or by which living matter is broken down into simple substances新陈代谢，代谢作用,Translation,Menu,15 Some people assume Ames is a stooge for the chemical industry, which he is not. He does no consulting for the chemical, drug or food companies, or for law fi
28、rms. And he accepts no grants from business.,stooge n. any person who acts as a foil, (an underling, etc. ) to another陪衬；傀儡,Menu,Translation, 16 Environmentalists reject Amess arguments, saying that we are obligated to keep the total exposure to carcinogens as low as possible. “Somehow he thinks the
29、re has to be a choice,“ says Carl Pope of the Sierra Club. “If we had to choose between TCE a suspected cancer causing solvent in drinking water and public education on cigarette smoking, maybe hes right. But we dont have to make a choice.“,obligate v. compel a person, esp. legally to do sth.强制 (某人，
30、尤指依法 )做某事,Translation,Menu, 17 Amess reply:“You dont want every chemical company dumping their garbage out the back door. But the price you pay for living in a modern, industrial society is a few parts per billion of chemicals in the water. You can get rid of it, but at enormous cost. If you spend a
31、ll your time chasing trivia, you lose sight of the important risks.“,trivia n. (pl.) trifles; unimportant details 不重要的事，琐事,Menu,Translation,Exercises,. Comprehension,. Vocabulary,. Cloze,. Translation (English to Chinese),. Translation (Chinese to English),. Writing,Menu,. Comprehension,Answer the f
32、ollowing questions or complete the following statements by choosing the best alternative A, B, C or D under each. You are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.,1. Amess appearance at last years meeting showed that _. he liked to enjoy the California sunshine he was too busy to care for himself
33、 he was particular about his clothes he paid no attention to himself,Menu,Answers,. Comprehension,2. According to Ames, in our era man-made carcinogens are _. less dangerous than natural carcinogens as dangerous as natural carcinogens more dangerous than natural carcinogens the latest cancer scare3.
34、 “Ames slaughters sacred cows“ means that _. Ames often kills cows Ames likes to eat beef Ames doesnt believe in any religion Ames defies anything regarded as above criticism,Answers,Menu,4. What Ames really wants to say in his report in Science magazine is that _. daily consumption of the average p
35、eanut-butter sandwich is 100 times more dangerous than our daily intake of DDT from food a glass of the most polluted well water in the Silicon Valley is 1,000 times less of cancer risk than a glass of wine or beer is people should stop consuming peanut-butter, beer and wine most man-made cancer ris
36、ks are trivial compared with daily natural risks and its not clear how many of these are real risks,. Comprehension,Menu,Answers,5. Before Ames developed a carcinogen test using bacteria, scientists _. made their experiments on bacteria did not know that bacteria were sensitive to mutagens had known
37、 that bacteria were sensitive to carcinogens had spent much time and money making experiments on bacteria,. Comprehension,Answers,Menu,6. In 1974, Ames suddenly became a hero of environmentalists as _. he suggested that some students test various household products many common hair dyes tested posit
38、ive a flame retardant used in childrens pajamas tested positive his findings resulted in new regulations and laws on certain chemicals,. Comprehension,Menu,Answers,7. People tend to assume nature is benign because _. they believe only man-made chemicals could be dangerous Ames had erred with his tes
39、ts they are naive and ignorant about the Ames Test most natural substances have been tested negative as carcinogens or mutagens,. Comprehension,Answers,Menu,8. Environmentalists argument against Ames is that _. Ames is a stooge for the chemical industry Ames does consulting for the chemical drug and
40、 food companies or law firms Ames has erred in supposing that we have to make a choice between cancer risks More attention should be paid to TCE in drinking water than public education of cigarette smoking,. Comprehension,Menu,Answers,9. Amess reply to the environmentalists is that _. we have to pay
41、 for living in a modern industrial society we should not waste time on trivia at the expense of real risks we have to get rid of harmful chemicals in the water at any costs every chemical company should dump its garbage out the back door,. Comprehension,Answers,Menu,10. From the text we can infer th
42、at man-made carcinogens are _. no more harmful to the American public than a peanut-butter sandwich not more harmful to the American public than a peanut-butter sandwich more harmful to the American public than a peanut-butter sandwich harmful to the American public while a peanut-butter sandwich is
43、 not,. Comprehension,Menu,Answers,11. Ames has adopted a _ attitude towards Californias Proposition 65. watch-and-wait B. no-comment C. critical D. respectful,. Comprehension,Answers,Menu,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined wo
44、rd or phrase.,1. After his father died, Bill took on the management of the factory. got B. undertook C. organized D. held 2. Those students who have access to his esoteric discussions were impressed by the scope of his thinking. known by few B. known to all C. very lively D. quite popular,Menu,Answe
45、rs,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,3. The music of the radio distracted me from my reading. A. engrossed B. confused C. refrain D. diverted 4. Abraham Lincoln was quintessential American patriot. A. great B
46、. famous C. typical D. revered,Answers,Menu,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,5. Every now and then, the speaker interjected some witty remark. A. rejected B. criticized C. inserted D. jeered 6. Why do you ge
47、t angry over such trivial matters? A. of great worth B. of great benefit C. of little worth D. of little help,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,7. The youngest boy was laughed at for his naive re
48、marks. innocent B. witty C. amusing D. foolish8. The lady rumpled her skirt by sitting on the seat while flying. A. disordered B. disarranged C. creased D. crashed,Answers,Menu,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phras
49、e.,9. Thousands of people are needlessly slaughtered in road accidents in his country each year. wounded B. killed C. injured D. crushed10. I bought this cloth cheap because there is a small defect in it. A. spot B. dot C. flaw D. point,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,B. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.,11. Your job is not to make decisions but to _ the decisions we plete B. accomplish C. Implement D. affect12. Would you _ him among the worlds great statesmen? A. rank B. call C. name D. hail,
