1、科技英语阅读（EST Reading）课后习题答案(2011-12-13 18:37:16) 转载标签： 杂谈分类： 英语天堂 Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading1. Who is Bertrand Russell?Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic ph
2、ilosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral
3、monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly c
4、redited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century.2. What is Russells Paradox?Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not member
5、s of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russells discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and
6、 the philosophy and foundations of mathematics.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russells paradoxPart 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russells paradox on Gottlob Freges syste
7、m.Para. 2: Russells paradox dealt a heavy blow to Freges attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic.Para. 3: An illustration of Russells paradox in terms of setsPara. 4: Contradiction found in the set.Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russells paradox
8、 on his system and inability to solve it.Part 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russels paradoxPara. 6: Russells own response to the paradox with his “theory of types.“Para. 7: Zermelos solution to Russells paradoxPara. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundatio
9、n for all of mathematics?Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence between Russell and Frege on the paradoxVocabulary and Structure2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the i
10、nitial set of possibilities (“initial“ meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base)2) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of “weak“ in the OALD, with a distinct sense reserved for its use w
11、hen pertaining to that of solutions (definition)3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also prov
12、ided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow)4) Singapores continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has bee
13、n consistently rated by BERI as the worlds best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term)5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead)6) If there is no allowa
14、ble string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way)7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the for
15、m of newly found particles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form)8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as “ the discovery of numerical
16、relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. “ (serve)9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an i
17、mportant factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become)10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace)3.
18、 Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence.1) A simple way to describe topology is as a rubber sheet geometry topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed.2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have
19、floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead.3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted
20、changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented.4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computersin fact
21、, exponentially faster, in quite a literal sense.5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18
22、 of these stars.2) The full proof of Fermats Last Theorem is contained in these two papers.3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period.4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red.5) The imp
23、ortance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayess theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse Understanding1. C. A “3 percent margin of error“ means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the populati
24、on value.2. E. How is it that a survey of only 1,000 people can reach this level of accuracy?3. G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.4. A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are l
25、arger.5. F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is an understatement because opinions change.Section A Pre-reading Task1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set?This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery.2. Why was the set named
26、after Benoit B. Mandelbrot?The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller s
27、cales.3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered the Mandelbrot set?Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim.4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrots claim of discovery?Two math
28、ematicians said that they independently discovered and described the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrots efforts but also helped to guide them5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrots claim?
29、Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community. Section C Post-reading TaskLanguage in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.迭代函数 iterative fu
30、nction优先权之争 priority battle分形特征 fractal properties有意义 make sense以越来越小的规模重复同一模式 patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales混沌理论 chaos theory季刊 a quarterly journal数学界 the mathematics community波纹线 crisp lines会议公报 proceedings of a conference2. Join the following short sentences into longer
31、ones.e.g. a. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape .b. The shape can be subdivided in parts.c. each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called d. each part has a property of self-similarity.e.g. A fractal is generally “a rough or fragm
32、ented geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole“, a property called self-similarity.1) In addition to coining the term “fractal“ to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he a
33、lso introduced such concepts as “fractal dimensions“ and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z z2 + c.2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks
34、 with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intui
35、tively deducing the “perfected“ shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns.4) But the beauty in Mandelbrots models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurat
36、ely mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。5) But despite being the inspiration for such metaphysics, Mandelbrot, when asked if fractals dont point to a single rule underlying reality, has simply stated, “There is no single rule that governs the use of geometry. I dont think one exis
37、ts“.3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.1) He is best known for coining the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales.他主要是因为用分形这个概念来描述（海岸线，雪花，山脉和树木）等不规则形状等现象而闻名于世，这些不规则形状在越来越小的规模上不断重复同一模
38、式。2) A closer look reveals that the borders of the set do not form crisp lines but seem to shimmer like flames.如果再仔细观察，就可以发现集的边界并没有呈波纹线，而是像火焰一样闪光。3) Krantz introduced a new element into the debate, however, by stating that the Mandelbrot set “was not invented by Mandelbrot but occurs explicitly in t
39、he literature a couple of years before the term Mandelbrot set was coined.“但是，克朗兹在这场辩论中引入了一个新东西，他说曼德布洛特集不是曼德布洛特发明的，而是早在“曼德布洛特集” 这个术语出现几年以前就已经明确地在数学文献中出现了。4) Mandelbrot also suggested that even if Brooks and Matelskis publication had preceded his, they still could not be considered discoverers of the
40、 set, because they did not appreciate its significance.曼德布洛特同时也暗示即使布鲁克斯和马特尔斯基的论文先于他发表，但因为他们没有领会到其价值，仍然不能将他们看作是曼德布洛特集的发现者。5). In response to Hubbard and Douadys charge that he is stingy in granting credit, Mandelbrot says he has also been accused of overcitation.对胡巴德和杜阿迪指责他对论文中材料来源的说明上做得非常少，曼德布洛特回应说也
41、有人也指责过他过分引用别人的成果。4. Translate the sentences into English.1) 他的生活和工作过程正如使他成名的几何学一样，既不是线性的， 也不具备简单的形状。Like the geometry that made him famous, neither his life nor the course of his work was linear or simplistic in shape and form2) 曼德布洛特说在随后的的两年里他在多个领域中摸索，却没有明显的相联系的线索。Mandelbrot says he spent the next
42、two years groping, exploring first one field and then another, without any clear sense of the connecting thread.3) 更奇怪的是，他发现噪音周期与清晰传送周期的比率是恒定的，与用于绘制这个现象的时间大小无关。Stranger still, he found that the ratio of periods of noise to periods of clean transmission remained constant, regardless of the scale of t
43、ime used to plot the phenomenon.4) 通过查询一直到 1900 年的记录，他开始发现了一个令人惊异的模式，这个模式使他明白了他 10 年前有关线路噪声的研究工作。Using records dating back to 1900, he began to perceive an astonishing pattern one that hearkened back to his work on line noise a decade earlier.5) 尽管就正常销售而言，价格变化是无序的，而且没有人能够预测价格变化的准确数值，但变化本身却遵循着与变化幅度相关
44、的对称模式。Although price changes were erratic in terms of normal distribution and no one could predict the exact amount of any particular price change, the changes themselves followed a symmetrical pattern with regards to scalingUnit 2 PhysicsSection A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs an
45、d discuss the following questions.1. What is quantum physics?Quantum physics is the study of the behavior of matter and energy at the molecular, atomic, nuclear, and even smaller microscopic levels. In the early 20th century, it was discovered that the laws that govern macroscopic objects do not fun
46、ction the same in such small realms.http:/ Do you know anything about dark matter?Dark matter is a hypothesized form of matter particle that does not reflect or emit electromagnetic radiation. The existence of dark matter is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, such as stars and ga
47、laxies.A small percentage of the gravitational effects observed are from visible matter (some estimates are as low as 4% of total gravitational effects). The remaining 96% is presumed to result from dark matter or dark energy, though these terms are somewhat indicative of our ignorance of the exact
48、nature of these unknown quantities, as they have never been directly observed.One possible candidate for dark matter are theoretical particles known as weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), which are being searched for by the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment.3. What is dark ene
49、rgy?Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates space and exerts a negative pressure, which would have gravitational effects to account for the differences between the theoretical and observational results of gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark energy is not directly observed, but rather inferred from observations of gravitational interactions between astronomical objects, along with dark matter.The term “dark energy“ was coined by the theoretical cosmologist Michael S. T
