1、Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been gi
2、ven support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, w
3、ater, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution,
4、 “pure land“ reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials “the most suitable place for human survival.“ Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than
5、2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold “cattle“, there should be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing t
6、imber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China “
7、bee of Xiang“, and national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubic metres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and “three spent five Luo“, North cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral
8、resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 264 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary Riv
9、er Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of
10、three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivost
11、ok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the “Orienta
12、l Maginot line“ of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi论新中国初期人民监察通讯员制度及其实践新中国成立初期，以过去革命根据地人民监察实践为基础，逐步建立、发展和完善了人民监督的独特形式人民监察通讯员制度。20 世纪 90 年代以来，国内学术界开始了对这一问题的研究，已取得了一定成果，但仍不够深入和系统。研究新中国初期人民监察通讯员制度及其实践活动，对于当代监察制度建设具有重要的现实意义。一、新中国初期人民监察通讯员制度的历史演进(一)人民监察通讯员制度的源起中国共产党
13、在革命根据地和红色政权建设过程中，为了确保革命政权的廉洁性，维护工农大众的利益，苏维埃政权建立了人民监察机构。l931 年 11 月中华苏维埃工农检查人民委员会成立，标志着革命根据地监察制度的初步形成。在初期，由于不少地方的工农检查机构组织不健全，工作人员不固定，主要领导人普遍兼职，而且调动频繁，严重影响工作的开展。为改变这种状况，临时中央政府在总结实践经验的基础上，提出了一系列旨在加强工农检查机关的原则与措施。包括充实工农检查委员会的领导力量，加强地方各级工农检查机关的组织建设，实行主要负责人专职专责，建立专职的监察工作队伍。其中一项措施就是发展通讯员。1933 年 4 月，中央工农检查人民
14、委员会发布第三号训令，要求各级机关、企业、作坊、学校、社会团体、街道、村落中，推选并Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcom
15、e to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecolog
16、ical environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, natio
17、nal levels, water quality, soil pollution, “pure land“ reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials “the most suitable place for human survival.“ Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acr
18、es), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold “cattle“, there should be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such
19、as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant thr
20、oughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China “bee of Xiang“, and national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubic metres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and “three spent five Luo“, North cold water specialty f
21、ish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 264 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Rus
22、sia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the po
23、rt of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries;
24、to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a fam
25、ous treasure island, known as the “Oriental Maginot line“ of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi委任优秀分子为通讯员。通讯员不脱离生产，是群众性的义务监察人员，接受各级工农检察机关的指导，要求通讯员每月要通讯两次，能写信的用信，不能写字的或请人代写，或口头报告，至于所用的笔墨纸邮票等，由工农检察机关给予补贴。通讯员的任务是“替工农检察部调查和收集该地区苏维埃和其所属机关在职权上工作上生活上所发现的各种不好的事实和材料作报告”
26、。这一措施的实行，对于促进苏维埃政权各项政策的有效执行，防止官僚主义、腐败贪污现象的滋生蔓延，保证革命政权的清正廉洁，发挥了重要作用。解放战争时期，华北人民监察院于 1949 年 4 月初决定聘请通讯检查员，并拟定了聘请的办法。即凡各级职工会会员，农会会员，青年妇女团体团员，报社访员，企业、交通、财经机关中技术人员及其他公正人士，热心公务，愿担任通讯检查员以帮助检查工作者，经团体机关介绍后，由华北人民监察院审慎选聘之；凡受聘的通讯检查员，对行政、司法、企业、财经各部门之各级公务人员，遇有违法失职，贪污浪费、违反政策，侵害群众利益的行为时，应负责搜集材料，经其所属机关领导审查后，向华北人民监察院
27、以通讯方式报告，必要时得来院面报；凡受聘的通讯检查员在检查工作时应遵守保密原则，对工作任务及调查的材料，不得向外泄露；在通信举发及奉令检查事件中，要以公正廉明的作风，忠诚老实的态度，调查研究的方式，实事求是的精神，恪尽职责，如有虚造捏饰，挟嫌诬报，致生不良影响或欲便利私图者，一经查明属实，即行解聘，并追查责任。Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural econo
28、mic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! be
29、low, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the
30、total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, “pure land“ reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials “the most suitable place for human survival.“ Second, the en
31、richment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold “cattle“, there should be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, dev
32、eloping animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious her
33、bs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China “bee of Xiang“, and national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubic metres
34、, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and “three spent five Luo“, North cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 264
35、km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Leso
36、zavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to t
37、he North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX
38、 tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the “Oriental Maginot line“ of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi总的来看，民主革命时期的工农检查通讯员制度还不够全面与完整，具体条文还较原则和抽象，但它已成为新中国初期人
39、民监察通讯员制度的雏形。(二)新中国成立后人民监察通讯员制度的发展及终止1949 年 9 月 27 日，中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议通过了中华人民共和国人民政府组织法 ，规定在政务院下设人民监察委员会。这一机构成立之初，就将聘请监察通讯员列为主要工作之一。1950 年 5 月，中共中央发出关于全党全军进行大规模整风运动的指示 。当时开展整风运动目的在于克服中国共产党成为执政党后，一些党员滋长了的骄傲自满情绪和官僚主义、命令主义作风，加强和群众的联系。 “当着官僚主义和命令主义成为我们国家建设工作中的主要危险的时候，我们更应该充分运用人民监察机关的权力，进行广泛的监督与纠举” ，而“建立监
40、察通讯员的制度，就是吸收群众中的积极分子来共同参加监察工作的很好的办法” 。1950 年 7 月，中央人民政府政务院人民监察委员会决定在中央直属机关、各国营企业部门及全国性的团体(工、青、妇)内聘请工作人员，担任该委监察通讯员。其工作是：经常进行了解公务人员违反政策、法令，贪污浪费等损害国家人民利益以及官僚主义和命令主义等情况，并搜集此项材料，向监察委员会报告或协助其工作，以便及时纠正此种缺点与错误。聘任办法是：须由各机关团体推荐，经监察委员会审查合格后聘任。监察通讯员为义务职，但因工作上所必需之办公Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conferenc
41、e held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of a
42、griculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is cove
43、red with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, “pure land“ reputation, was heralded by the Un
44、ited Nations environmental officials “the most suitable place for human survival.“ Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internatio
45、nally recognized gold “cattle“, there should be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic mete
46、rs. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China “bee of Xiang“, and national Northeast black bee
47、 reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubic metres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and “three spent five Luo“, North cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical a
48、dvantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 264 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual
49、cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card
