2019版高考英语大一轮复习 步骤化写作增分 第一步 过词汇关（课件+试题+讲义）（打包6套）.zip

1第一步 过词汇关 第一讲 词汇如何写对[编写说明] 创设 4 步增分方案：过词汇关→过句子关→过段落关→过篇章关，每关又按“先写对→再写美”两层级设置课时。由词组句、连句成段、由段成篇，循序渐进，步步为营步步赢；先写对，再写美，符合一般考生的学习实际，保住基本分，才能得高分。第一步 过 词 汇 关第一讲_ 词汇如何写对词汇是语言的建筑材料，我们说话、写文章都离不开词汇。只有准确选词，文章才能优美。所以，要想写好文章，首先应从词汇着手。一、准确选词的两个原则1．规范所谓规范是指所选的词语应是合乎习惯的、现代的、通用的。语言是交流的工具，我们只有选用那些合乎习惯的、现代的、通用的词语，人们才会觉得顺耳，否则就会显得生硬、难懂。如：We rise early every day.我们每天很早起床。这里的 rise 虽也有“起床”的含义，但很正式，生活中不常用。不如改为 get up 更为通俗易懂。又如，汉语中表示“看书” “看电视” “看黑板”等都用到一个“看”字，因为这个字在汉语中通用。如果英语中我们都用 read 或 see 或 watch 或 look at 等来表达这些“看” ，则不符合英语的表达习惯，因此就是错误的。例如：Let’s go to see the movies.我们去看电影吧。Look at the blackboard, please.请看黑板。Don’t read in the sun.不要在阳光下看书。How many children like watching TV?有多少孩子喜欢看电视？2．贴切所谓贴切是指词义所表示的内容能准确表达思想，这就要求写作者应透彻地掌握每个词语的确切含义。在学习英语时，我们尤其要注意那些同义词和多义词，使用不当就会出错。例如：“他长得很高。 ”英语是 He is very tall.如果将 tall 误译为 high 则会使人理解为“他离地面很高” 。当然这里只列举了词义间的差别。在行文中用词贴切，还应注意语境和通篇的语体，使每个词在上下文中都自然和谐。二、用词不当常见的九种错误1．词性混用2误 She enjoys study English.例 1正 ①She enjoys English study. ②She enjoys studying English.误 Can you understand my speak？例 2正①Can you understand my speaking/words？②Can you understand me？误 When you through the valley, you may see a big pine tree.例 3正 When you go through the valley, you may see a big pine tree.2．代词指代不明误 She told my sister that she had passed the exam.例正①She told my sister that my sister had passed the exam. ②She had passed the exam and told this to my sister.3．介词误用误 In my surprise, he got the first prize.例 1正 To my surprise, he got the first prize.误 He came here to attend the meeting in car.例 2正 He came here to attend the meeting by car.误 He was hurt on his right foot.例 3正 He was hurt in his right foot.4．冠词误用例 1 误 We elected Li Hua the monitor of our class.3正 We elected Li Hua monitor of our class.误 Once upon a time, there was an one­eyed king.例 2正 Once upon a time, there was a one­eyed king.5．动词误用误 I forgot my keys in the car.例 1正 I left my keys in the car.误 It’s going to rain. Bring a raincoat with you.例 2正 It’s going to rain. Take a raincoat with you.6．误把不可数名词用作可数名词误 Workers have many interests in the new machine.例1 正 Workers have much interest in the new machine.误 It is such a nice weather.例2 正 It is such nice weather.7．误把可数名词用作不可数名词误 There is always traffic jam.例 1正 There is always a traffic jam.误 Let’s go out for walk.例 2正 Let’s go out for a walk.8．数词用法错误例 1 误 There are several hundreds people in the hall.4正 There are several hundred people in the hall.误 Thousand of students are planting trees in the hill.例 2正 Thousands of students are planting trees in the hill.误 More than five hundreds of taxi drivers are on strike.例 3正 More than five hundred taxi drivers are on strike.9．习惯用法错误误 The actor in this movie is very beautiful.例 1正 The actor in this movie is very handsome.误 I and my parents are working in the field.例 2正 My parents and I are working in the field.误 The reason is because he does not know what to do next.例 3正 The reason is that he does not know what to do next.三、用词的四大注意事项1．避免用汉语思维生造中国式英语(1)中英词汇意义差别许多学生由于不知道或不熟悉或一时想不起书面表达中所需要的词汇，便用他们自己所熟悉的英语单词，借助汉语思维生造出令人啼笑皆非、五花八门、中国式的英语。例如：◆将“今天早上”(this morning)说成是 today morning；◆将“一天早上”(one morning)说成 one day morning；◆将“跳水”(dive)说成 jump water；◆将“学费”(fee)说成 study money。(2)选词的误区①当学生们要表达“我的家乡发生了巨大的变化”时，大部分学生写成：My hometown has a large change.5My hometown has a great change.很显然，以上例句中的 large 和 great 是受汉语思维影响而产生的错误，应该改为：My hometown has changed a lot.Great changes have taken place in my hometown.②有些学生将“我的家乡变得更加美丽”写成：My hometown has changed more beautiful.殊不知 change 一词并非系动词，其后不能跟表语，应改为：My hometown has become/turned more beautiful.2．避免不理解而盲目选词由于对英语词汇理解不透，往往造成词汇上的用法错误，主要表现为：(1)画蛇添足◆运动会上，当他飞速冲刺时，我们都为他加油。At the sports meet, we cheered him on when he dashed quickly.本句中动词 dash 本身就是“急奔；猛冲”(to go somewhere very quickly and/or suddenly)的意思，再加上 quickly，显然是累赘多余的。(2)词性使用混乱◆做兼职工作总是影响学习。Doing a part­time job always effects study.本句中 effect 和另一个词 affect 都有“影响”的意思，但前者是名词，后者是动词。该句应使用动词 affect 作谓语。在英语中，由于词性不同，单词所起的语法功能也就不同。学生在英文写作时往往把名词和动词等混为一谈。(3)动态、状态不分◆我们结婚两年了。We married for two years.本句中 marry 是一个非延续性的动词，此处表示动作，不能与一段时间连用。我们可以说：We have been married for two years.3．英文有而汉语没有的变化(1)英语动词时态的曲折变化在汉语里没有相应的形式。◆他爸爸想去美国，可是没成功。[误] His father wanted to go to America but fail.[正] His father wanted to go to America but failed.(2)英语名词复数的曲折变化在汉语里没有相应的形式。◆老师给了我许多有益的劝告。6[误] The teacher gave me many good advices.[正] The teacher gave me many pieces of good advice.(3)代词的曲折变化最常见的错误是该用宾格的地方用主格。中国学生常常忽略 he 与 him, she 与 her 的区别，因为汉语里没有这种区别。如：◆这件事是我做的。[误] It is me that have done this work.[正] It is I that have done this work.4．中文无而英文有的现象(1)冠词是英语句子里的一个重要部分。当名词前没有所有格形式时，如果指一类东西中的一个或几个特定事物，要使用定冠词；如果指一类事物中任何一个，就用不定冠词。◆我们在随后的礼拜去了上海。[误] We went to Shanghai next week.[正] We went to Shanghai the next week.(2)在比较时，英语常用“that of”或“those of”以避免重复，即要把两样相比的东西对称地说出，而汉语却可以省略。◆他的藏书比我的多。[误] The books he has collected are more than me.[正] The books he has collected are more than those of mine.(3)英语中 and 用来连接动词短语或并列句，但连接其他词或句子等时，汉语可以省略与 and 具有同样意义与作用的连词。这一差异导致中国学生汉译英或使用英语写作时经常写出病句。英语中句与句之间的联系借助于连接词，缺少连接词，句与句之间就不存在其合理性。◆老师问了我一个问题，我不会回答。[误] The teacher asked me a question, I couldn’t answer it.[正] The teacher asked me a question, and/but I couldn’t answer it.(4)either .or; neither .nor; so (.) that 等都与汉语存在差异。汉语中相似的意思在英语中用不同的句法结构表示，这就给中国学生在汉译英或写作上带来了困难。◆他什么也不干，睡了一整天。He didn’t do anything but sleep all day.◆他不抽烟，也不喝酒。He neither smokes nor drinks.(5)汉语中注重关联词的使用，如“因为……所以……” “虽然……但是……”和“尽7管……还/仍” ，但英语却不能对等翻译。如：◆虽然他很小，但知道得很多。Though/Although he is young, he knows a lot.(＝ He is young, but he knows a lot.＝ Young as he is, he knows a lot.)(6)其他中文无而英文有的现象句子开头应大写；用单引号构成名词所有格形式和缩写，如：he’s ＝ he is 或 he has; we’re ＝ we are；中文没有不定式、动名词；中文没有虚拟语气。写作增分 ·步骤化先写 对 · 再写美 第一步 过 词 汇 关第一讲 词汇如何写对例 1 误 She enjoys study English.正 ① She enjoys English study. ② She enjoys studying English.例 2 误 Can you understand my speak？正 ① Can you understand my speaking/words？② Can you understand me？例 3 误 When you through the valley, you may see a big pine tree.正 When you go through the valley, you may see a big pine tree.例 误 She told my sister that she had passed the exam.正① She told my sister that my sister had passed the exam. ② She had passed the exam and told this to my sister.例 1 误 In my surprise, he got the first prize.正 To my surprise, he got the first prize.例 2 误 He came here to attend the meeting in car.正 He came here to attend the meeting by car.例 3 误 He was hurt on his right foot.正 He was hurt in his right foot.例 1 误 We elected Li Hua the monitor of our class.正 We elected Li Hua monitor of our class.例 2 误 Once upon a time, there was an one­eyed king.正 Once upon a time, there was a one­eyed king.例 1 误 I forgot my keys in the car.正 I left my keys in the car.例 2 误 It’s going to rain. Bring a raincoat with you.正 It’s going to rain. Take a raincoat with you.例 1 误 Workers have many interests in the new machine.正 Workers have much interest in the new machine.例 2 误 It is such a nice weather.正 It is such nice weather.例 1 误 There is always traffic jam.正 There is always a traffic jam.例 2 误 Let’s go out for walk.正 Let’s go out for a walk.例 1 误 There are several hundreds people in the hall.正 There are several hundred people in the hall.例 2 误 Thousand of students are planting trees in the hill.正 Thousands of students are planting trees in the hill.例 3 误 More than five hundreds of taxi drivers are on strike.正 More than five hundred taxi drivers are on strike.例 1 误 The actor in this movie is very beautiful.正 The actor in this movie is very handsome.例 2 误 I and my parents are working in the field.正 My parents and I are working in the field.例 3 误 The reason is because he does not know what to do next.正 The reason is that he does not know what to do next.1词汇如何写对[专 题 过 关 训 练 ]Ⅰ.选词填空1．He tried (managed, tried) to swim across the river, but failed.2．He was awarded (awarded, rewarded) the Nobel Peace Prize for his outstanding contribution to world peace.3．We arrived_at (arrived, arrived at) the railway station at noon.4．If you come across a(n) unknown (known, unknown) English word, you can refer to your e­dictionary to find its meaning.5．It is reported that by the end of next week the price will have risen (raised, risen) by about 10%.6．Whenever we are in trouble, we should never lose heart (heart, hearts)．7．Have you sent thank­you notes to the relatives from whom you received (received, accepted) gifts?8．Jack beat (won, beat) me in a contest held last week in our school.9．Please go to the office and fetch (take, fetch) me some chalk.10．How long have you known (recognized, known) Mr. Zhang?Ⅱ.判断正误1．①(×)Nothing happened since we parted.②(√)Nothing has happened since we parted.2．①(×)She is one of the most successful student in our school.②(√)She is one of the most successful students in our school.3．①(√)I was watching TV when someone knocked at the door.②(×)I was watching TV when someone knocked the door.24．①(√)Having learned English for 3 months, I can speak a little English now.②(×)Having learned English for 3 months, I can say a little English now.5．①(×)We gathered the wood, they set up the tent.②(√)We gathered the wood and they set up the tent.6．①(√)Because my car broke down on the way, I came late.②(×)Because my car broke down on the way, so I came late.7．①(×)Under the teacher’s help, I have made progress in my English.②(√)With the teacher’s help, I have made progress in my English./With the help of the teacher, I have made progress in my English.8．①(×)I didn’t go out, I stayed home and read.②(√)I didn’t go out; instead, I stayed home and read.Ⅲ.同义句转换1．我相信这会使每个人受益。I’m sure this will benefit everyone.①I’m sure this will be_of_benefit_to everyone.②I’m sure this will be_beneficial_to everyone.③I’m sure everyone will benefit_from this.2．如果你愿意再教我一次如何使用这个表达方式，我将不胜感激。I would thank you if you would like to teach me how to use the expression once more.①I would appreciate_it if you would like to teach me how to use the expression once more.②I would be_thankful/grateful if you would like to teach me how to use the expression once more.3．你必须充分利用你所学到的。You must use what you have learned well.①You must make_good_use_of what you have learned.②You must put what you have learned to_good_use.1第二讲 词汇如何写美在写对词的基础上，还需要把词汇写美，这样才能备受阅卷老师的青睐。写好词的标准是准确恰当、符合习惯、生动形象。英语的词汇相当丰富，同义词、近义词很多。因此，要力求语言地道、规范。一、词汇写美的四个原则1．短语优先原则在写作中，要想把词汇写美，就要注意挖掘自己现存的词汇潜力，多使用短语、习语来代替一些单词，这样在表达时更具有力度，能够增加文采。①我无法容忍他对我们说话的方式。I can not bear the way he speaks to us.在表达时，我们可设法用 no longer put up with 这一短语动词取代 not bear。I can no longer put up with the way he speaks to us.②他在课堂上没有听我讲。He didn’t listen to what I said in class.(一般)He turned a deaf ear to what I said in class.(较好)第二句中用短语动词 turn a deaf ear to 就比普通短语 not listen to 显得高级。③我突然有了一个好主意。Suddenly I had a good idea.(一般)Suddenly I came up with a good idea.(较好)All of a sudden a good idea occurred to me.(较好)2．表达手法多样化原则在表达相近或相同意思时，要尽量避免过多地重复使用某一个单词，应学会选择使用其他恰当的同义词或近义词或词组来表达，这样能让阅卷老师感觉到你词汇量丰富，表达2手法多样化。①我喜欢读书而我弟弟喜欢看足球比赛。I like reading while my brother likes watching football matches.(词汇重复)I am fond of reading while my brother enjoys watching football matches.(词汇多样)另外，我们可以利用单词的多种词性，或利用构词法进行词性转换。这样就会摆脱千人一面的窘境，也会给阅卷老师耳目一新的感觉。②虽然工人的数量大大减少，但是产量却稳步提高。Although the number of workers has decreased sharply, yet the output has increased steadily.(用动词词性)Although the number of workers has undergone a sharp ， yet the decreaseoutput has experienced a steady increase.(用名词词性)3．多用具体词汇原则写作中多使用具体、确切的词汇，少用笼统、概括性词汇；多用蕴含感情色彩的词语，少用中性词。如 good 指人时，我们可用以下形容词替换：kind, honest, generous, selfless, brave, warm­hearted, sympathetic, honorable, humorous, smart, gentle等；good 在指事物或事情时，我们可用以下形容词替换：great, fantastic, splendid, marvelous, excellent, wonderful, meaningful, enjoyable, nice 等。这样用词可表达得生动形象，给平淡无味的语句添加“美味” ，给评卷老师留下深刻印象。以下句子中的形容词虽然都可以用 good 代替，但远不如现有的形容词出彩。①他是一位热心的老师。He is a warm­hearted teacher.②我希望每个人都能玩得开心。I hope everyone can have a wonderful time.4．适当使用高级词汇原则在表达中使用高级词汇，能反映出一个考生内在的底蕴，体现考生运用语言的能力和水平。因此，我们要重视高级词汇的使用。在选择高级词汇表达语意时，就应做到避“简”就“繁” ，就是说尽量选择得体、规范、较长的词，少用常见、俗套的词。如：我们机会相当。大多数考生可能表达为“We all have the same chance.”，这句中的词汇都是司空见惯的词汇，读起来毫无新意，但是，如果表达为“We all possess the same opportunity.”就会给阅卷者一种印象——该考生词汇量大。二、词汇写美的两大注意点1．注意增加靓词的“出镜率” ，变消极词汇为积极词汇3阅读中能认识但写作中不会用的词汇属于消极词汇，写作中能运用自如的词汇为积极词汇，也就是平常所说的“第一反应词” 。积极词汇量的多少直接决定着英语作文表达水平的高低。现在很多考生的困难是，头脑中的很多词汇介于积极词汇与消极词汇之间；另外，很多背到的消极词汇如果较长时间不接触就会变成陌生词汇。因此在备考过程中，考生要做的事情就是迅速扩大消极词汇量并且保持接触的频度，力争使其变成积极词汇。很多考生作文驻足不前的一个重要原因是反复用初中学过的简单词汇，背了大量的靓词妙语而不用。这是一种懒惰的表现。建议大家在想到一个表达时，务必要想一想还有没有更好的表达方式，这就是我们平时常讲的“头脑风暴法” 。例如想表达“美丽的”这个含义，大家首先想到的是“beautiful” ，那么在下笔时，要想一想还有没有更出彩的表达，如“attractive”或“charming”等。再如表达“困难的”时，大家常用“difficult” ，那是不是用“tough”或“challenging”更与众不同呢？2．注意亮点词汇使用的场合写作时，在用词上不可随心所欲，决不能为追求“高级”而使用复杂但毫无把握的词语，也不能满篇堆积所谓的“高级”词汇，否则给人过分炫耀之嫌，得不偿失。一般来说，一篇文章能用好三五个高级词汇就可以了。另外，为能更好地“完成规定的写作任务” ，减少错误，特别提醒同学们在使用“高级词汇”时，一定要注意遵循“准确、恰当”的原则，并且要注意使用的场合，难词和生僻词汇并不一定就是高级词汇，例如：一大早我们买了一些圣诞礼物。Early in the morning we purchased some Christmas presents. (purchased 太过于书面化，改为 bought 更地道)附 写作中常用的 4 组高级写作词汇[第一组] 名词1．机会 chance→opportunity2．选择 choice→alternative3．课程 course→curriculum4．影响 effect→influence/impact5．后果 result→consequence6．缺点 shortcoming→drawback7．方法 way→approach8．职业 job→career/employment/profession9．老人 old people→the old/the elderly/the aged/senior citizens10．青少年 young people→youngsters/youths/adolescents [第二组] 动词及动词短语1．看见 see→catch sight of42．遇见 meet→come across3．遭遇 meet with→encounter4．拥有 have→possess5．提高 develop/improve→promote6．替代 replace→substitute7．面对 face→be faced with8．容忍 bear→put up with9．处理 do with→deal with/cope with10．决定 decide→determine/make up one’s mind11．考虑 consider→take into account/consideration12．应该 should→be supposed to13．理解 understand→make sense of/figure out14．使用 use→employ/make use of/take advantage of15．道歉 apologize→make an apology16．记住 remember→keep in mind17．发生 happen→occur/come about18．想起 think of→occur to/come up with19．感谢 thank→appreciate20．帮助某人 help sb.→do sb. a/the favor21．节省 save→set aside22．参观 visit→tour/pay a visit to23．分发 hand out→distribute24．站起来 stand up→get to one’s feet25．习惯于 be used to→be accustomed to26．一定 be sure to→be bound to27．为……做准备 prepare for→make preparations for/be prepared for28．反对 be against→object to29．厌烦 be bored with→be fed up with/be tired of30．忙于 be busy in (with)→be occupied in (with)/be buried in/be engaged in31．闻名 be famous for→have a reputation for32．感到舒心 feel comfortable→feel at ease33．美化学校 make our school beautiful→beautify our school34．置若罔闻 refuse to listen to→turn a deaf ear to535．成功做某事 succeed in doing sth.→make it36．想做某事 want to do sth.→seek/intend/desire to do sth.37．照看 look after→attend to38．尽力做某事 try one’s best to do sth.→spare no effort to do sth.39．向某人寻求帮助 ask someone for help→turn to sb. for help40．我认为 I think→in my opinion/as far as I’m concerned[第三组] 形容词1．令人惊奇的 surprising→amazing/astonishing/shocking2．贫穷的 poor→needy/poverty­stricken3．优秀的 excellent→outstanding4．明显的 obvious→apparent/evident5．常见的 common→universal6．充足的 enough→adequate7．勤奋的 hard­working→diligent8．可用的 useful→available9．艰难的 difficult→challenging10．坚强的 strong→tough11．重要的 important→vital/significant12．不可能的 impossible→out of the question13．有趣的 interesting→absorbing/striking/appealing14．小心谨慎的 careful→cautious15．幸运的 lucky→fortunate16．巨大的 large→enormous17．合适的 proper→appropriate18．丰富的 rich→abundant19．古老的 old→ancient20．唯一的 only→unique21．全部的 whole→entire22．富裕的 rich→wealthy23．有意义的 meaningful→rewarding24．许多的 many→a large quantity of[第四组] 其他(副词、连词、介词短语、数词)1．突然 suddenly→all of a sudden2．立即 immediately→in a flash63．有时 sometimes→occasionally/once in a while/from time to time4．另外；况且 besides→in addition/what’s more/moreover5．因此 so→therefore6．第一，首先 first→to begin/start with7．第二，其次 second→in addition/what’s more8．最终 finally→eventually9．但是 but→however10．大多数 most→the majority11．许多 a lot of→a large quantity/amount of/endless12．种类繁多的 all kinds of→a variety of/varieties of/various13．事实上 in fact→as a matter of fact/actually14．例如 for example→for instance15．几天前 a few days ago→the other day16．故意 on purpose→deliberately/by design17．因为 because of→on account of/due to/owing to/thanks to18．总之 in a word→to sum up/in conclusion/in summary19．由……构成 be made up of→consist of20．越来越多 more and more→an increasing number of21．因为 because→in that22．一……就……as soon as 从句→on/upon＋动名词23．如果 if→suppose/supposing/on condition that24．即将到来 coming soon→around/round the corner