1、非谓语动词作定语和状语 韦正洪,模块7 UNIT 4 语法,非谓语动词(Nonfinitive Verbs),高考语法,作定语和状语,谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。它有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。 e.g. He works. He takes care of the baby. He will go to Shanghai. He didnt go to Shanghai. He has gone to Shanghai. You are students. You look smart.,单谓语或动词短语,情态动词/助动词+ v.,系动词+表语,非谓语：主要包括不定式（to
2、do），ving形式以及过去分词（done）。无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语。e.g. He works. He wants to work here. He is working now. He has done his work. You are students, so you dont work in the factory. Being students, you dont work in the factory.,非谓语动词和谓语动词的识别 顾名思义，非谓语动词就是在英语中不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。近年来高考命题常常通过改变熟悉的句型
3、结构或利用一些“ 貌合神离” 的手段，加大考生辨别非谓语动词的难度。 一句话通常不能有两个或两个以上的谓语动词， 除非动词是并列谓语或者分别出现在主从复合或并列句中；一句话也不可能无谓语动词（谓语省略的情况除外）。,例1). At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _ down to eat our picnic lunch. (2005上海） A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat解析： 此题大家易受习惯心理影响选择分词，即 或项，而
4、and实际上作为并列连词并列的 是found及sat两个动作，而非并列providing与 sitting.,D,例2) Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. have been bought D. buying解析：此题学生最易错选的答案为或。依据上面陈述，填入或句子都有两个谓语动词，而此处两个动词并非并列谓语，也不是分别出现在主从句中，故答案有误。该题正确答案为，bought through a computer为一过去分词短
5、语作后置定语，句中只有一个谓语can be lower than。当然此题如改为Prices of daily goods which have been bought through也是正确的，因为这一动作出现在从句中。,B,小试牛刀1). If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better_ it youve got some big bills coming A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget2). Daddy didnt mind what w
6、e were doing, as long as we were together, _ fun. A. had B. have C. to have D. having,A,D,3) We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, _ that all children like these things. A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought 4). Five people won the “Chinas Green Figure” award, a ti
7、tle _ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection. A. being given B. is given C. given D. was given,A,C,非谓语,不定式（to do),分词,动名词(-ing),过去分词(-ed),现在分词(-ing),- ing 分词,-ed 分词,非谓语动词使用条件,一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。,She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her se
8、at.She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.,非谓语动词的句法功能,不定式和分词,都可充当:定语, 状语.,一. 非谓语动词作定语 不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。不定式作定语和被修饰的名词具有 “动宾关 系”, 即被修饰的名词是不定式的动作的承受 者; 如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式 动词后加上相应的介词。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. He was the last one to leave sch
9、ool yesterday. The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.,当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。1). Im going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything _(take) to your son? 2). Are you going to Beijing? Do you have anything _(take) to your son?,to be taken,to take,2. 现在分词作定语
10、和被修饰的名词具有“主谓关系”，即现在分词用主动式时，被修饰的名词正在执行其动作；现在分词用被动式时，被修 饰的名词正在承受其动作(即与名词是动宾关系),1)Please tell the children playing outside not to make so much noise.,2) The factory making (= that makes) such tools is a small one run by Tom.3)They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south.4) Barking dogs seldom b
11、ite.5) The building being built will be completed next year.,（=who are playing),进去分词作定语与其修饰的名词有“动宾关系”，表 示一个被动或完成的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。 1) Some of the experiments _ in the book are easy to perform. A. describing B. to be described C. described D. to describe 2) It is said that Beijing University was the f
12、irst institute of higher learning_ in China. A. established B. being established C. to be established D .having been established,C,A,Practise1). The wild flower looked like a soft orange blanket _ the desert. A. coving B. covered C. cover D. to cover. 2). There have been several new events _ to the
13、program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. A. add B. to add C. adding D. added 3). The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. being recorded,A,D,A,4). Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there
14、are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed5)The English exam is not difficult, is it?_. Even Tom _ to the top students failed in it. A. Yes; belongs B. No; belonged C. Yes; belonging D. No; belonging,C,C,6). The flowers _ sweet in the bota
15、nic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. （04上海） A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 7). A man is being questioned in relation to the _ murder last night. （04江苏） A. advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted,该题的谓语动词是 attract，“闻起来很香”用来作定语修饰主语 flowers。,“谋杀”只能被预谋，故该用过去分词作定语
16、表示被动。,B,C,3.分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：The question _ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.The question _ (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance.The question _ (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.,d
17、iscussed,being discussed,to be discussed,4.只有单个动名词能做定语，放在所修饰的名词前表示所修饰的名词的用途。 There is a swimming pool in the back yard. Only after repeated practice can we improve our teaching method.注：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别： 现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作。 flying fish 飞鱼 a running dog 走狗 a falling tide 落潮 a crying boy 哭着的孩子,(= a p
18、ool for swimming),(=a method for teaching),(=A boy is crying ),practice 分词作定语： 1). Do you know the man _(speak ) at the meeting? 2). Do you know the man _( praise ) at the meeting? 3). The building _( put ) up last now is our library. 4). The building _( put ) up now will be our new company.,5). The
19、 building _( put ) up next year will be our new company.6). There was an old temple _ ( stand ) at the top of the hill.7). There is a sports meeting _ ( hold ) next Tuesday.8). There was an old man _( live ) in the village.,二、非谓语动词作状语 能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。,1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原
20、因： Hehurriedhomeonlytofindhismoneystolen. （结果状语） Tomakehimselfheard,heraisedhisvoice. （目的状语） Allofusaresurprisedtoseehisrapidprogress. (原因状语),不定式短语放在句首多作目的状语，在句末多作原因状语，结果状语。,2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式：1). Given a chance, I can surprise the world. （条件状语）2). Comingintotheroom,hefoundhisfatherangry. （
21、时间状语）3). Beingtired,theywentonworking. 4). Havingbeenhitbythebigboyonthenose,the littleboybegantocry. 5). Heputafingerinhismouth,tasteditandsmiled, lookingratherpleased.,（让步状语）,（原因状语）,（伴随状语）,practice 分词作状语：1). When _(heat), water will be changed into vapour. While _ (heat) water, we can change it in
22、to vapour. 2) _(see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful. _ (see) from the hill, you will find the city beautiful. 3) Generally speaking, when _(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. If _(take) the drug according to the directions, you will be better soon.,heated,heatin
23、g,Seen,Seeing,taken,taking,3.分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。 1) Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 2) He being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 3) As he was an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 关于分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题，在试题中 可以看到各种不同的命题技
24、巧。,F,T,T,(True or false),例：Written in a hurry, _ . How can it be satisfactory? A. they found many mistakes in the report B. Sam made lots of mistakes in the report C. there are plenty of mistakes in the report D. the report is full of mistakes试题分析：这时一道非常典型的试题。四个选项均为完整的句子，初看起来似乎不容易领悟试题的意图。其实，本题的意图仍然是
25、考察分词作状语的知识。抓住试题意图就容易产生正确的思路哪个句子的主语能够同过去分词written的逻辑主语一致。沿着这个思路向前走，不难想到the report was written in a hurry, 试题的答案不言自明。,D,1). - Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day? - _ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting2). In order to make ou
26、r city green, _. A. it is necessary to have planted more trees B. many more trees need to plant C. our city needs more trees D. we must plant more trees,C,D,3). _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given4).
27、He sent me an E-mail, _ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope,given 作状语意为“考虑到”，意思相当于 considering。,注意 hoping 为伴随状语而非目的状语，真正的目的是后面的 to get 。,B,A,现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别 1). European football is played in 80 countries , _ it the most popular sport in the world . A. making B. makes
28、 C. make D. to make 2). He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left . A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found 现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果,A,A,三、考查连词之后加分词 分词短语常常可以用在某些连词如since, when, while, whenever, no matter how, once, until 等之后，可以看作是状语从句中的省略
29、现象。1). No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven will still attract people all over the world. A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performing,A,2). When _ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. A. compare
30、d B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared 3). The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun4) When _, the museum will be open to the public next year. A. completed C. completing C. being completed D. to be complete
31、d,C,D,A,注意点：1. 不定式在表语形容词后作状语，用主动形式表被动意义。This question is difficult _ (answer).Do you think him easy_ (work) with?We find this rule hard _ (remember).,2. 有些分词已经转变为独立成分， 含有“泛指”意义，在句中常作插入语。如：generally speaking, judging from, talking of, supposing that, considering, compared to., given.,Given their inex
32、perience, they have done a good job.,注意点： 3. 独立主格结构：名词/代词分词,独立主格结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。,1）. Weather permitting, well go outing tomorrow.2）. There being no interesting programs, he turned off the TV set. 3）All things considered, the plan should be put off.4）. He rushed into the room, his face covered with
33、sweat.,As there was nobody， he had to go alone. There _ nobody, he had to go alone. If time permits, I will go to see you. Time _ , I will go to see you. As the worked had been finished, he went to bed. The work_,he went to bed.,being,permitting,当存在不同主语时，可以用V-ing形式的独立主格结构。,独立主格结构。,finished,例：The key
34、_，she went through her handbag carefully. A. hadnt been found B. having not been found C. not having been found D. wasnt found试题分析： 选项A、D均为谓语形式，选择其中的任何一项 前半部分便成为一个分句，与后面的分句必须使用 连词。以表示前后分句的逻辑关系，因此全部排除。 选项B是现在分词的完成被动式，凡非谓语动词的否 定形式，not必须加在最前面，因此也应排除。not having been found同其逻辑主语the key构成独立主 格结构，作原因状语。本试题
35、中句子的主语 she不能 充当分词的逻辑主语。,C,四、非谓语动词时态形式的确定 弄清非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作之间的先后关系是解题的关键所在。一般来说，非谓语动词的时态有以下三种形式。,在谓语表示的动作之后,与谓语表示的动作同时发生,在谓语表示的动作之前,to do,doing 或to be doing,to have done 或having done,1). - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official. A. t
36、o have left B. to have C. to have been left D. to be left 2). Aids is said _ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. (2006湖北) A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been ( = It is said that Aids have been the biggest health challenge to
37、 both men and women in),A,D,3). The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to produce in the cells inside human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused 4). You must make every effort to find the person _ the car. A. who damaged B. damaging C. damaged D. that dam
38、aging,A,C,讨论：此题为什么不能选B？,五、非谓语动词语态形式的确定 非谓语动词的被动语态通常有以下几种情况：,动词不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词,to be done,to have been done,being done,having been done,being done,having been done,及物动词的过去分词既表示被动又表示动作已完成, 个别动词的过去分词只表示完成(多数为不及物动词),He insisted on being sent to hospital.He insisted on sending her to hospital.,对比下列句子,T
39、he voices and tenses of the Infinitive1).It is an honor for me _( ask) to give a lecture here.2). The theory of relativity is hard for us _( understand).3). As we seem _( miss) the train today, we may as well go back to the hotel. 4). There are always one or two problems _( think) about. 5).We thoug
40、ht it wrong for her _ ( punish).,to be asked,to understand,to have missed,to think,to be punished,判断句子正误并改正：,1). Being ill, his classmate sent him to hospital.2). To get there in time, he told me to get up early.3). Broken by Jim, I cant use the cup.,4). To learn English well, a lot of practice must
41、 be done.5). Seeing from the hill, the city is more beautiful.6). Heating , water will boil.7). Getting there, the door was found opened.,将下列状语从句改为非谓语短语作状语：1). Because she was moved by the hero, she decided to study harder.,2). When he found the door locked, he went home.,3).He started early in orde
42、r that he could get there on time.,将下列非谓语短语改写为状语从句,1). Not knowing her address, I cant write to her.2). Entering the room, I saw a strange sight.3). Scolded by the teacher, he was very sad.,4).Not knowing where to go, he asked a policeman . 5). Hearing her friend was bad- ly hurt, she burst into tears.6). Knowing his team had won, he became happy at once.,
