1、,高级英语 精品课程 第二册,长江师范学院外国语学院,Unit 2 Marrakech,By George Orwell,Objectives of Lesson Two,To familiarize with the background knowledge of George Orwell, Morocco, French colonies, Marrakech; Jews To learn expository writing; To analyze the theme and the writers opinion of colonialism.,Background Knowledg
2、e,George Orwell Morocco Marrakech French Colonies Jews Analysis of the text,Orwells Political point,Orwell was a keen critic of imperialism , fascism ,Stalinism, and capitalism. His works are concerned with the sociopolitical conditions of his time, notably with the problem of human freedom. His wor
3、k is marked by a profound consciousness of social injustice, an intense dislike of totalitarianism（极权主义）, and a passion for clarity in language. As in Animal Farm, Nineteen eighty-four,Orwells Rules for writers,Never use metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in pri
4、nt. Never use a long word where a short one will do. If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. Never use the passive voice where you can use the active. Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. Break any of thes
5、e rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.,Definition of Colony 1. a. emigrants or their descendants in a distant territory but remain subject to or closely associated with the parent country. In politics and in history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a ge
6、ographically-distant state (or city, in ancient times). b. A territory thus settled. 2. A region politically controlled by a distant country; a dependency. 3. A group of people who have been institutionalized in a relatively remote area,Colonize vt. e.g. Britain colonized Australia. Colonist (殖民地居民，
7、 移民）， colonialism, colonialist, Colonization, colonizationist (主张开拓殖民地者） Colonial country Colony （殖民地， 居住区）e.g. the artists colony in New York city,Six Scenes to expose the evils of colonialism,Scene 1: The burial of the poor inhabitants (para 1-3)The idea: Life is cheap. People are so poor that the
8、y can not afford proper burials. Scene 2: The begging of bread of an employee (para 4-7)The idea: Life is poor. People cant afford proper food. Scene 3: Living condition of the Jews (para 8-15)The idea: Jews live in great poverty and under prejudice. Scene 4: Cultivation of soil (para 16-18)The idea
9、: Hard way of making a living. Scene 5: Life of women (para 19-21)The idea: Miserable life of old women, no better than a donkey Scene 6: the soldiers (para 22-26)The idea: The negroes attitude towards the whites,Why did the writer choose these scenes? What do you think they represent? Do you think
10、these scenes are effective to achieve the writers purpose? What else would you add? What is the tone of the writer throughout the text?,Scene 1: The burial of the poor inhabitants (para 1-3) Life is cheap. People are so poor that they can not afford proper burials.,Words and Expressions wail: to cry
11、 out in mourning or lamentation 悲伤地哭号The wind wailed through the trees chant: a simple liturgical song in which a string of syllables or words is sung to each tone bier: a platform or portable framework on which a coffin or corpse is placed hack: to break up (land) with a hoe, mattock, etc. oblong:
12、adj. longer than broad; elongated hummocky: adj. full of or looking like low, rounded hills 布满小丘的 derelict: adj. deserted by the owner; abandoned; forsaken prickly pear: any of a genus of cactus plans having cylindrical or large, flat, oval stem joints and edible fruits 仙人掌 (属),Paragraphing & Interp
13、reting,the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back in a few minutes later.The cloud of flies flying to the corpse and then coming back to the restaurant shows the unsanitary conditions of the city the taxis and the camelsmodern means of transportation along
14、side the old and backward means of transportation When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot and two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like the broken brick.The list of action verbs are all single-syllabic, sho
15、wing the quick speed and simple burying procedure,Are they really? Do they ? Or are they individual as bees or coral insects?A list of rhetorical questions added force to authors denunciationThey rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless
16、mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. alliteration, showing the monotonous life. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.,Scene 2: The begging of bread of an employee (para 4-7) Life is poor. Pe
17、ople cant afford proper food.,Words and Expressions gazelle: n. any of various small, swift, graceful antelopes of Africa, the New East , and Asia, with spirally twisted, backward pointing horns and large, lustrous eyes. 瞪羚 hindquarter: n. either of two hind edges legs and loins of a carcass of veal
18、, beef, lamb, etc. (pl.) the hind legs of a four-legged animal nibble: to eat (food) with quick bites, taking only a small amount at a time, as a mouse does.The fish were nibbling at the bait butt: to strike or push with the head or horns; ran with the head,navvy: (BrE) an unskilled laborer, an on c
19、anals, roads sidle: to move sideways, esp. in a shy, fearful or stealthily manner stow: to pack or store away, esp. to pack in an orderly, compact manner municipality: a city, town, etc. having its own incorporated government 自治市,Paragraphing & Interpreting,An Arab navvy working on the path nearby l
20、owered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us.Although the laborer was hungry, he was not used to begging. Therefore he moved slowly and shyly.I could eat some of that bread.This is an indirect request and expresses a desire to eat some of the bread . The word “could” suggests politeness and unc
21、ertainty.,I took off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags.The word “stow” and “secret” show that the navvy looks at the piece of bread as something precious. He is afraid of loosing it.This man is an employee of the municipality.This simple statement is very import
22、ant. It serves to convey a deeper meaning. “Even an employed laborer goes starving, so you can imagine the plight of the poorer people.,Scene 3: Living condition of the Jews (para 8-15) Jews live in great property and under prejudice.,Words and Expressions ghetto: n. (in certain European cities) a s
23、ection to which Jews were formerly restricted; cluster: to gather or grow in a cluster or clusters skull-cap: n. a light, closefitting, brimless cap, usually worn indoors. infest: to overrun or inhabit in large numbers, usu. so as to be harmful or bothersome; swarm in or over. Fly-infested warp: to
24、become bent or twisted out of shape frenzied: adj. full of uncontrolled excitement clamour: v. n. (to) make a loud confused noise or shout; cry out self-contained: adj. having within oneself or itself all that is necessary; self-sufficient, as a community,Impossible-hard to deal with, sth. That cann
25、ot happen e.g. It was not an impossible scheme.His bad temper makes life impossible for all the family.He is an impossible person to work with.Inflation is an impossible problem. Grope to feel or search about blindly e.g. In the darkness, I groped for the door handle.Throughout the ages men have gro
26、ped after the meaning of the Universe and their own role in it.The lecturer paused, groping for the most effective word to express his meaning.They had to grope their way through a mist that was rapidly turning into a thick fog.,Paragraphing & Interpreting,(para9) the houses are completely windowles
27、s.Windowless because the houses sit so close to each other that it is inconvenient to have windows.Sore-eyed children cluster , like clouds of flies.A simile, comparing clusters of children to clouds of flies. The repeated use of flies shows the unsanitary conditions and the prevalence of diseases i
28、n colonial countries(para 11) Fruitsellers, potters, silversmiths, blacksmiths, butchers, leather-workers, tailors, water-carriers, beggars, porters There is a list of jobs here including that of beggar.,whichever way you look a good job Hitler wasnt here.It was lucky for the Jews that Hilter had no
29、t come to this place. If he had, the Jews would have been exterminated as they were in Poland and other Europeans countries.(para 15) In just the same way, a couple of hundred years ago, poor old women used to be burned for witchcraft when they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a sq
30、uare meal.a square meal: a decent substantial meal Analogy is used here. It means that these peoples accusation of the Jews was as absurd and irrational as the accusation of the witchcraft.,Scene 4: Cultivation of soil (para 16-18) Hard way of making a living.,Words and Expressions conspicuous: adj.
31、 attracting attention by being unexpected, unusual, outstanding Chances are that : (oral) it is possibleChances are that he has heard the news. ones eyes take in: see, look atI was too busy taking in the beautiful furniture to notice who was in the room.Her eyes were taking in nothing but the expens
32、ive hats.It was amusing to see his surprise as he took in the new car.,Foreign Legionnaires: France organized a foreign legion shortly after the conquest of Algiers in 1830, enlisting recruits who were not French subjects. Its international character and the tradition of not revealing enlistees back
33、grounds have helped to surround the Foreign Legion with an aura of mystery and romance wring: v. to get or extract by force, threats, persistence, etc; extortwring money from sb. 勒索某人 back-breaking: requiring great physical exertion; very tiring; nerve-racking desolate: adj. uninhabited; deserted, f
34、orlorn,Paragraphing & Interpreting,The author is extremely bitter and ironical. Instead of openly blaming the white colonialists who dont pay the least attention to the people who suffer from poverty and hunger, he pretends that they have a sound reason to ignore such people just because they have t
35、he color of the earth. (para 16) a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.synecdoche: a white-skinned European is always fairly conspicuous. It is only because of thistourist resorts.“This” here stands for the fact that people always miss the peasants laboring in the fields because they have the co
36、lor of the earth and are a lot less interesting to look at. (para 17) What does Morocco mean to a Frenchman?. Or to an Englishman? Question and answer both elliptical. This paragraph means that this colonial country arouses peoples interest for various reasons except true concern for the people livi
37、ng in poverty (para 18) This is as much as the strength of the animals is equal to.The animals yoked to the plough had just enough strength to plough the soil to a depth of about four inches.,A passage from Invisible Man -Ralph Ellison,I AM An invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunt
38、ed Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquidsand I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me. Like the bodiless heads you see sometimes in circus sidesh
39、ows, it is as though I have been surrounded by mirrors of hard, distorting glass. When they approach me they see only my surroundings, themselves, or fragments of their imagination-indeed, everything and anything except me. (Prologue ),Sentences to show the hard work,(para 17) the reality of life is
40、 an endless back-breaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil. (para 18) Most Morocco is so desolate that no wild animal bigger than a hare can live on it. Huge areas which were once covered with forest have turned into a treeless waste where the soil is exactly like broken-up bric
41、k. Nevertheless a good deal of it is cultivated, with frightful labor. (para 18)Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, work their way slowly across the fields, tearing up the prickly weeds with their hands.,Scene 5: Life of women (para 19-21) Miserable of old women, no better tha
42、n a donkey,Words and Expressions file: a line of persons or things situated one behind another 纵队 mummify: v. to dry up (become a mummy) register: v. record 记录, 登记to register the birth of a baby / to register the names of absent studentsThe court stenographer registered the trial proceedings. damnab
43、ly: adv. In a damnably mannerto be damnably treated 遭到虐待 packsaddle: a saddle designed to support the load carried by a pack animal 驮鞍,bridle: n. a head harness for guiding a horse; it consists of stall, bit and reins halter: n. a rope, cord, strap, etc. usually with a a headstall, for trying or lea
44、ding an animal, with or without a rope （缰绳）（马）笼头 gut: （usu. Pl.) the bowels; entrails 内脏 have the guts to do sth. 有胆量做某事 plight：n. condition or state of affairs; esp. now, an awkward, sad, or dangerous situation tip: v.t to pour sth. from one place or container into anotherShe wiped out the flour an
45、d tipped it into a bowl,The comparison of fate between the donkey and the women,Donkey Women no bigger than a St. Bernard dog tiny, mummified Overloaded, working for weeks vast of load of wood A willing creature accepted status as a beast of burdenWhen dead, tipped into a buried simply, dumped into
46、a ditch, thrown to dogs hole, no name, no graveyardPeople feel enraged at nobody feels sympathetic for them, unnoticedBy describing the fate of donkey the authors purpose is to arouse the sympathy and anger of the readers for “people”, People are also cruelly treated but they are not noticed, simply
47、 invisible,Paragraphing & Interpreting,(para 19)All of them are mummified with age and the sun, and all of them are tiny. Years of hard work and heat of the sun have dried up the old women. They look like mummiesShe accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.She took it
48、 fro granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community, shat she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.(para 20) though they had registered themselves on my eyeballs I cannot truly say that I had seen them.His eyes must have recorded the scene but he did not consciously obs
49、erve what was happening (for he did not see the old woman carrying the heavy load of firewood),It carries a load whichtoo much for a fifteen-hands mule.fifteen-hands mule: a mule about 60 inches or f feet high.(para 21) This kind of things makes ones blood boil.metonymy. The cruel treatment of the donkey makes one very angry.People with brown skin are next door to invisible.People with brown skins are almost invisible.It is generally owing to some kind of accidentIf people ever notices the old women, it is a sheer chance.,
