1、Lesson Two,Marrakech,Aims,To know the writing technique of exposition. To learn the methods in developing an expository writing,esp. the use of examples. To appreciate the language features,Teaching Contents,1. Exposition 2. George Orwell 2. Detailed study of the text 3. Organizational pattern 4. La
2、nguage features 5. Exercises,Time allocation,1. Background information (15 min.) 2. Detailed study of the text (120 min.) 3. Structure analysis (15 min.) 4. Language appreciation (15 min.) 5. Exercises (15 min),Exposition,Exposition is perhaps the type of writing that is most frequently used by a st
3、udent, a scientist, or a professional. Exposition - expounding explaining,Exposition,An expository paper explains or explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.,Exposition,Descript
4、ion - deals with appearances and feelingsNarration - deals with events and experienceExposition - deals with processes and relationships,Exposition,Things can be explained by,Definition,The key to a definition is concreteness. One has to give concrete facts to make a definition effective.,2. Listing
5、,We must have enough number of items to be listed. Then, if possible, arrange the items in the graded order of increasing importance.,3. Examples,Its the simplest, the most common, best method.,4. Classification,We have to follow a system consistently. The categories of division should be mutually e
6、xclusive. There should be no overlapping. One item can belong to one category and only one.,5. Comparison and contrast,We liken one thing to another by pointing out their similarities (comparison) We emphasize the difference between the two. (contrast),6. Analysis,We may discuss the cause and effect
7、 of a historical event, its nature and its significance in history.,Exposition,The writer appeals to a readers understanding with verifiable facts and valid information, explaining and interpreting that materials so that the reader will accept his point of view or explanation. Thus he must organize
8、and develop his thought objectively and present it with honesty and completeness so that the reader will have confidence in what he is saying.,Exposition,1. generally the writer makes a statement of the central thought or of his purpose quite early. This statement is sometimes called the “thesis“, a
9、nd may even be the title of the piece. 2. Sometimes the writer may first present and develop his facts and make his general statement as a conclusion at the end.,The Text,It is an exposition, a political essay. Orwell leaves no doubt about his feelings concerning colonialism and its results. He has
10、shown the reader how millions of people can be ignored and treated as less than human.,Theme -,The suffering and misery of the colonial people in Marrakech The writer gives descriptions by examples. The objective presentation of examples show that the people in colonial countries are poverty-stricke
11、n.,George Orwell,A British novelist and essayist between the two world wars *image-1* http:/etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/o/orwell/george/He is mush praised in the west partly because of his anti-communist point of view. He was born in India, father, a so called empire-builder -serving the British g
12、overnment abroad.,George Orwell,He received good education in Britain and studied in the most famous school “Eden“.,George Orwell,He travelled widely. Marrakech is one of the places he travelled to. His travel made him take a hostile attitude toward imperialism. He showed deep sympathy for the poor
13、and became a firm supporter of socialism.,George Orwell,He joined Spanish War. He was seriously wounded. The Spanish socialist forces divided into faction. The faction he belonged to was persecuted. So he became so pessimistic and depressed, which led him toward anti-communist attitude.,George Orwel
14、l,Animal Farm - a political fable *image-2*Each animal represents a certain human character, meant to criticise Stalins socialism.,George Orwell,In reading his works, several aspects draw our attention: 1. His works show sharp powers of observation and deep sympathy for suffering people. 2. His work
15、s give a deep sense of conviction and urgency.,George Orwell,3. The use of English is clear, simple and direct, with no formality of embellishment. (addition/decoration) He said his ideal was to write prose like a window pane. _ as clear as glass,Detailed study of the text,Marrakech *2image-3,4,5*,D
16、etailed study of the text,As the corpse The opening paragraph is very dramatic. The choice of this scene and the words he uses implies much more than what appears on the surface. 1) dirty 2) poor,in a cloud -,a large number of small things moving through the air as a mass a cloud of insects,crowd -,
17、It suggests 1) the lack of order 2) people are not terribly concerned about the funeral.,all men and boys, no women,According to Muslim law, Muslims must respect women, and for this reason girls and women used to be kept in the house, where they could be safe. When they went out, they wore the veils
18、 to cover their faces. But this law has become a kind of excuse to discriminate against women.,pomegranates -,refers to the fruit of the pomegranate tree, a native of Asia. It is a round reddish fruit with a mild flavour. The word comes to English from the old French. pome - apple granate - having m
19、any seeds,chant -,1. a word or group of words that is repeated over and over again, usually by more than one person. 2. a religious prayer or song that is spoken or sung on only a very few notes so that there is not much variation in it.,appeal to -,If something appeals to you, you find it attractiv
20、e or interesting attract / interest / fascinate These books are designed to appeal to children. The idea of becoming director of the factory appealed to him.,identify -,recognise; be able to name Can you identify your umbrella among a hundred others? Schoolboys could identify almost every car as it
21、passed by.,derelict building-lot,It would be an ugly, forgotten, abandoned place where a building was begun but never finished. “derelict“ - comes from the Latin word meaning “to abandon”,#2,How people are buried in Marrakech wail a short chant hack an oblong hole (dig without care) dump the body fl
22、ing over it a little of the dried-up earth The fact shows the human life has no value at all.,The thesis,-“All colonial empire.“ It is the colonial empires that make the people so poor. Empires are built up by treating the people in the colonies like animals. This thesis is going to be supported by
23、more illustrations and examples.,Rhetorical questions,- What sort of audience Orwell had in mind when he wrote this essay? - Clearly he is writing to readers of his own race and general class . So if you say yes, why dont they appear to be so?,undifferentiated -,You cant differentiate one brown stuf
24、f from another, because they look just the same. If they do have individuality, it is irrecognizable, just like insects, like bees.,regularity -,a state or situation in which things happen repeatedly There is no regularity about his work. He makes the same stupid suggestion with great regularity. Hi
25、s heart beats with the regularity of a clock pendulum.,a gazelle -,*image-7* gazelle a hoofed mammal with a slender neck and ringed horns. Gazelles are famous for their grace and beauty, and are native to Africa and Asia,mint sauce -,*2imge-8 mint sauce* an English specialty made of a combination of
26、 chopped mint leaves, vinegar, and water. Its traditionally served with roast lamb.,stow -,to put, hide away in safe place If you stow sth. somewhere, you put it neatly away in a place where it can be kept until it is needed. = store stow away = hide,stow ,We stowed all the boxes in the attic.Potato
27、es must be stowed in a cool dark place.My jewellery is safely stowed away in the bank. His baggage was safely stowed away in the plane.,# 815,The writer described the plight of the Jews, an poorest minority in a colonial country. Their fate could be worse than that of the natives.,quarters -,apartme
28、nt (room/house) residential area for particular kind of people the doctors quarters servants quarters officers quarters confined to quarters sleeping quarters,ghettoes or ghettos,Orwell uses ghettos here in the traditional sense of a portion of a city populated almost exclusively by Jews.A ghetto is
29、 a part of a town or city in which many poor people or many people of a particular race, religion, or nationality live in isolation from the majority group in the town or city.,ghettoes or ghettos,Its about this black kid growing up in the ghetto. - ghetto life in European cities - slums and ghettos
30、,overcrowding -,adv + v ing dry-cleaning over-eating updating downgrading,sore-eyed -,Eyes are infested from 1. malnutrition 2. lack of medical care 3. unhygienic condition,skull-cap -,a close-fitting brimless cap It is often worn indoors and often by Orthodox Jews. Men who strictly practice Judaism
31、 are never supposed to have their heads bared. There must be some piece of cloth etc. between man and God.,infest -,When insects, rats or other animals infest a plant, area, they spread in a large numbers and cover the area, usually causing damage. overrun; swarm; pack; crowd; teem; flood; fill; be
32、thick with fly-infested - full of flies The back yard was infested by rats.,booth -,a stall for selling goods public telephone booth an announcer booth a motion picture projection booth,prehistoric -,ancient; out-of-date or old-fashioned His ideas on morals are really prehistoric. (derog or humor) I
33、s Simons prehistoric car still working?,lathe -,a machine for shaping wood, metal,warp -,to cause to bend, curve, or twist out of shape The hot sun warped the boards.Some gramophone records warp in very hot weather.,frenzied adj.,full of uncontrolled excitement Will this push him too far and lead to
34、 a frenzied attack? She was climbing now with a sort of frenzied haste. - a frenzied mob of over a thousand student - make frenzied efforts,self-contained -,self sufficient A self-contained community is one in which all or nearly all the needs of the community are met from within. There is little ne
35、ed to go outside for material or cultural desires. The Jewish ghettos are self-contained not only by preference but also by necessity, since Jews may have been unwelcome outside.,a good job -coll. BrE,a fortunate state of affairs This restaurant is not cheap, so its a good job youve brought plenty o
36、f money. Hes gone, and a good job too.,Thats only for show -,The Jew only pretends to work as a poor labourer. show - n. sth false or superficial, pretenceI make a show of interest, but I really couldnt have cared less. He put on a good show, but he didnt deceive anyone. He is not really ill; he is
37、just putting on a show.,witchcraft -,Orwell is probably referring to many occasions in the 1600s in both England and America when innocent women were tried and often burned or otherwise punished for witchcraft. By the very nature of the charge it was impossible for the accused to defend herself, jus
38、t as it was for the Jews. And like the Jews witches served as scapegoats for the ills of society that couldnt be explained. Such trials reached their peak in America at Salem, Massachusetts.,# 1617,Have you already sensed out the tone? Orwell here is extremely bitter and ironical. He didnt openly cr
39、iticize the white colonialists who paid no attention to the people who suffer from poverty and misery. Instead, he pretends that they have a sound reason to ignore such people. The people simply cannot be seen because they are of the color of the earth.,In a hot country,You dont even see the labore
40、ploughing the field. South of Gibralter - all countries or ear in North Africa East of Suez - the middle-east Asian countries,It is only because of this,“This” here stands for the fact that people always miss the peasants laboring in the fields because they have the color of the earth. It is only be
41、cause of this reason that these poor starved countries are accepted as tourist resorts.,What does Morocco mean .,Morocco being a French colony, to many Frenchmen Morocco has no more meaning than a place where they might find a government job, buy an orange grove with their money or invest his money.
42、 To an Englishman Morocco means nothing but a romantic, mysterious country which he has read in the novels. Camels, castles are the romantic bits in his mind by the novels.,erode -,wear away; eat into If rock or soil erodes or is eroded by the weather, sea or wind, it cracks and breaks so that it is
43、 gradually destroyed. Rain and rivers eroded the soft sand-stones.,desolate -,barren; (of a place) in a ruined and neglected state 1. If sth is desolate, it is empty of people and lacking in comfort. 2. If sb. is desolate, they feel very sad, lonely and without hope. The forest was left desolate by
44、the fire. After the war the town was a desolate place. She has been desolate since losing her job.,desolate -,v.- The land was desolated by floods. We were desolated by the death of our good friend.,lucerne -,*2image-9* named from the French “Luzerne“ (glow worn - from its shiny seeds) is more commo
45、nly called alfalfa. It is widely cultivated and used as forage.,fodder - n.,rough food for cattle or horses, gathered from the fields and stored spike - n. long pointed piece of metal with an outward or upward point harrow - n. heavy frame with metal teeth or disks for breaking up ground after ploug
46、hing,This is as much equal to,The animals yoked to the plough had just enough strength to plough the soil to a depth of about four inches. They could not make deeper furrows.,get at,to reach Marrakech is very dry. Even at a depth of 30 or 40 feet there is only but a trickle of water.,Para 19.,Misera
47、ble life of women,I suppose that ,The author gave the old woman a little money. The response was a shrill wail for she was greatly surprised. The old woman was fully accustomed to her miserable existence and to not being taken notice of by any one, so she almost considered the author to be doing som
48、ething unnatural by giving her the money.,She accepted her ,She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the society, that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.,St. Bernard dog -,*2image-10*A Saint Bernard dog is a large, strong dog, the breed of which comes fro
49、m Switzerland. These dogs are often used as a patrol dogs in the mountains. The name comes from the monks of the Saint Bernard monastery who made use of the breed.,fifteen-hands mule,A mule about 60 inches or 5 feet high,infuriate - v.,fill with fury or rage outrage; aggravate; enrage; provoke,Comparison,Donkey and Woman Both are overloaded. Both are willing creatures. Both are small. Both are ill-treated. Both have an miserable end.,
