1、The Trial That Rocked the World By John Scopes,Unit 10,The Trial That Rocked The World,The Monkey Trial,The Scopes Trial,The State of Tennessee VS Scopes,John Scopes Evolution Trial,Questions for Students to Study in Unit 10,1.What do you know about the trial? 2.What role does religion play during t
2、he trial? 3.Who is the man who started it all? 4.What do you know about fundamentalism? 5.What is the nature of the trial? 6.The man behind the Scopes Trial. 7.The result and the significance of the trial.,1.To get acquainted with the author and the American social background of the monkey trial and
3、 events related to this worldwide trial; 2.To learn American legal systems and get familiar with some legal terms; 3.To develop interest in the study of aptly employed rhetorical devices by the author; 4.To cultivate the ability to appreciate and analyze the original writings and the techniques adop
4、ted in this text.,I. Learning Objectives,II. Teaching Tasks,1. Pre-reading questions 2. Background knowledge 3. Type of literature 4. Macro-structure of the text 5. Detailed Study of the text 6. Rhetoric devices 7. Follow-up discussion 8. Exercise and Homework,1.Pre-reading questions,1) How do you u
5、nderstand the title? 2) Do you know why the Scopes Trial was also called the Monkey Trial , the Evolution Trial ? * 3) What result do you expect to read about the trial ?,The Scopes/Monkey Trial,The Scopes trial, also known as the “Monkey Trial,” is one of the most famous courtroom dramas in United
6、States history. The press ( H.L Mencken) dubbed it the Monkey Trial because, according to popular belief, evolution meant that humans were descended from monkeys.,2.Background Knowledge,1) The AuthorJohn Scopes and Some Relevant Information Associated with the Trial 2) Social Background 3) American
7、legal system 4) William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow 5) Charles Darwin 6) Fundamentalism,Brief Introduction of the Trial,In 1925, a biology teacher named John Scopes was arrested for teaching evolution in defiance of(无视，不顾) Tennessee state law. His trial became an epic event of the twentieth cent
8、ury, a debate over free speech that spiraled使螺旋形上升into an all-out duel between science and religion. Featuring (to give special attention to) two of the centurys greatest orators, attorneys Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan, the Scopes trial was Americas first major media event, with hundre
9、ds of reporters and live nationwide radio coverage dispersing the sensational news. Outside the courthouse, a circus atmosphere prevailed as a chimpanzee in a suit and hat vied with fire-and-brimstone preachers for the crowds attention. Monkey Trial explores the dramatic moment when a new fault line
10、 opened in society as scientific discoveries began to challenge the literal truth of the Bible.,1) John Scopes and Some Relevant Information Associated with the Trial,John Scopes, a high school biology teacher charged with illegally teaching the theory of evolution in the “Monkey Trial” (the trial o
11、f the century), and the author of Centre of the Storm (1967).,“A mans fate, shaped by heredity and environment and an occasional accident, is often stranger than anything the imagination may produce.” - John Scopes,1) John Scopes （19001970）,John Scopes was the Rhea County science teacher and athleti
12、c coach who willingly became a defendant in the trial. Scopes had accepted his first teaching position in Dayton after graduating in 1924 from the University of Kentucky, where he was taught evolution. He was accused of breaking the law, and was the defendant in the case. Scopes was only twenty-four
13、 at the time of the trial. He had boyish looks, reddish hair, and wore horn-rimmed glasses. He was described as modest, friendly, helpful and shy. As the last principal in this trial, he decided to write a story describing the high lights of the trial.,2) The Social Background,The early 1920s found
14、social patterns in chaos. Traditionalists, the older Victorians, worried that everything valuable was ending.Younger modernists no longer asked whether society would approve of their behavior, only whether their behavior met the approval of their intellect. Intellectual experimentation flourished.,T
15、he Americans danced to the sound of the Jazz Age, showed their contempt for alcoholic prohibition, and debated abstract art and Freudian theories. In response to the new social patterns set in motion by modernism, a wave of revivalism developed, becoming especially strong in the American South.,In t
16、he summer of 1925, history was made in the small town of Dayton, Tennessee. The issue at hand was the “Butler Law,“ which forbid the teaching of evolution in public schools.,PUBLIC ACTS OF THE STATE OF TENNESSEE PASSED BY THE SIXTY - FOURTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY 1925 CHAPTER NO. 27 House Bill No. 185 (By
17、 Mr. Butler),3)American legal system,The legal system in the U.S. originated from the English system of common law, unwritten law in which precedent判例 plays an important role. However, as the U.S. developed, its own system of written statutes and codes evolved. American law is now based on a blend混和
18、of written legal decisions and of legislation. There are two types of American law: civil law and criminal law. Civil law covers suit诉讼between individuals (companies as well as people are “individuals”) insurance claims, divorces are examples of matters handled under civil law. Criminal law covers c
19、ases brought by the state against individuals; criminal offences range from traffic tickets to major crimes like hijacking and murder.,Executive, the Legislative and the Judicial. A pyramid structure: Supreme CourtAppellate Courts 受理上诉的法院; 高等法院Trial CourtsFederal Court (Superior Courts orCommonwealt
20、h Courts)State Court (trial courts or courts of commonplea),The Legal System of the U.S.A. (Courts),population: 5,689,283 area: 109,153 km2 capital: Nashville,The Tennessee State: a History of Conflicting Ideas,Before the War of Independence: the colony of Spanish, French, and English explorers and
21、part of Carolina and Louisiana; the 16th state in 1796 During the Civil War: 1861 - receding from the Union (being one of the confederate states); 1866 - first to be readmitted to the Union) After the Civil War - racially segregated to establish “white supremacy” In 1900 - ratifying the 21st Amendme
22、nt of the Constitution of the United States, giving women the vote.,In 1925 - the Scopes trial (an infamy of ignorance and bigotry it bears unto this day). Its further influence was reflected in the passing of a 1973 bill prohibiting the teaching of evolution as a fact rather than a theory. During t
23、he Civil Rights Movement - in 1952, the University of Tennessee admitted four African Americans to its graduate school; Memphis State University began desegregation in 1955; 1959, nonviolent protests in Nashville was held on the part of African Americans. It did not admit a governor of the Republica
24、n Party until 1971; in 1974, the States first African American congressman came to the political arena.,4) William Jennings Bryan,Bryan, William Jennings (1860-1925), was born from a middle-class family in Salem, Ill., and graduated from Illinois College in Jacksonville and the Union College of Law
25、in Chicago. He was a noted American leader, orator and statesman. A Democrat, he ran unsuccessfully for President of the United States three times (3 times a nominee for the presidency); Secretary of State (1901-1925). Just before his death (1925) Bryan figured as one of the prosecuting attorneys an
26、d a states witness against the teaching of Darwinian evolution in the the famed Scopes trial held at Dayton, Tennessee.,5) Clarence Darrow,Darrow, Clarence Seward (1857-1938), was the most famous American lawyer of the early 1900s. He was clever and eloquent, and earned a worldwide reputation as a b
27、rilliant criminal defense attorney. He acted professionally in many cases against monopolies or on the side of labor; he pleaded for the Negro defendants in the Scottsboro trial (1932). He was also the president of the American League to abolish Capital Punishment. John Scopes was the only client th
28、at Darrow ever volunteered to represent-doing so at no charge.,William Jennings Bryan,Clarence Darrow,6) Charles Darwin,Charles Darwin ( 180982), English naturalist and biologist who became famous for his theories on evolution. Darwin believed that through millions of years, all species of plants an
29、d animals had evolved from a few common ancestors. Darwin set forth his theories in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Presentation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. He gathered facts that supported the idea of evolution, and he proposed that evolution o
30、ccurred through a process called natural selection. Darwins theories shocked most people of his day, who believed that each species had been created by a separate divine act. His book, which is usually called simply The Origin of Species, presented facts that disputed this belief. It caused a revolu
31、tion in biological science and greatly affected religious thought.,Anecdote,Once Darwin came across a very beautiful young lady on a ball. The lady challenged Darwin: Do you think Im also descended from monkeys?” Darwin glanced at her and replied: Definitely! But the difference is that you are desce
32、nded from a very charming monkey.,7) Fundamentalism,It is also fundamentalist Christianity a term to describe strict adherence to Christian doctrines based on a literal interpretation of the Bible in America. It emerged as a reaction to liberalizing trends in American Protestantism during the first
33、two decades of the 20th century. From the 1890s to the Scopes “Monkey Trial“ of 1925, Fundamentalism found its first stage of development. In its second phase, it passed from public view, but never actually disappeared or even lost ground. It has enjoyed considerable growth since 1970s.,Date: July 1
34、0-25, 1925 Setting: Rhea County courthouse in Dayton, Tennessee ( site of the trial) Event: Monkey Trial between Darwinism & fundamentalism Background of the Trial:a. Charles Darwins Origin of Species (published in Nov. 1859)- the theory of natural selectionb. the Butler law (the anti-evolution law
35、)outlawing the teaching of evolutionc. the ACLU (fledgling organization devoted to individual rights) offering to pay court costs for any Tennessee teacher willing to test the anti-evolution law in the courts.,8) The Scopes Monkey Trial,Biographies of Key Figures in the Scopes Trial,John Scopes (the
36、 defendant representing scientific Darwinism ) Tennessee State (the prosecuting side representing fundamentalism) John Washington Butler -Author of the Anti-Evolution Act George Rappalyea- The Man Behind the Scopes TrialWilliam Jennings Bryan- The Visiting Prosecuting Attorney Clarence Darrow -The M
37、ost Famous of the Defense Attorneys H.L. Mencken-The Reporter from Baltimore Maynard Metcalf-A Scientific Expert Brief Notes on Other Trial Participants Ben G. McKenzie , Prosecutor A. Thomas Stewart, Prosecutor Arthur Garfield Hays , Defense Attorney Dudley Field Malone , Defense Attorney John Rand
38、olph Neal, Defense Attorney Judge John T. Raulston,John Scopes , Clarence Darrow & William J. Bryan,Scopes, Neal and Rappalyea beneath “Read Your Bible”banner,Anti-evolution league stand in Dayton,Judge Raulston standing with the Scopes jury,They exchange courtroom greetings.,Bryan (speech during tr
39、ial),Darrow addressing the jury and spectators,Judge Raulston delivers a ruling,Opening statements pictured the trial as a titanic struggle between good and evil or truth and ignorance. Bryan claimed that “If evolution wins, Christianity goes.” Darrow argued, “Scopes isnt on trial, civilization is o
40、n trial.”,Darrow examines Bryan,John Scopes in the Courthouse,Dayton Scene During the Trial,What were the basic arguments?,Darrows argument: (a) Creationism conflicts with modern science, so it must be incorrect.(b) The Bible contains illogicalities, contradictions, and impossibilities, so it cannot
41、 be taken literally.(c) Since evolution and the Bible can be reconciled, there is no conflict between science and religion.,Bryans argument:,(a) God can override (ignore) the laws of nature with miracles. (b) Gods revealed truth supersedes (replace) scientific evidence. (c) When man cannot explain o
42、r understand the Bible, it shows that mans wisdom is inferior to Gods, not that the Bible is untrue. (d) The science of the day was not conclusive about evolutionfor example, different scientists gave estimates of the earths age ranging from 24 million to 300 million years.,“As a case, it is not as
43、much a legal landmark as a social landmark. It was a clash between traditionalism and its values and modernism and its values. It remains an issue. Darwinism and evolution challenge the notion that we are special as a species.“ - Douglas Linder of the University of Missouri-Kansas City law school, w
44、ho teaches a seminar on famous trials. Today, the trial is noteworthy for the legal, scientific, religious, philosophical and political questions it raised - questions that will remain for a long time to come.,The nature of the trial : conflicts of various ideas,a. Fundamentalism vs. liberalism (per
45、sonal freedom ) b. Creationism (the belief in a god who is the absolute creator of heaven and earth, out of nothing, by an act of free will) vs. evolutionism (the idea of man evolving from other species) c. Traditionalism (A philosophical system which makes tradition the supreme criterion and rule o
46、f certitude) vs. modernism (loss of faith in any belief) d. Rationalism (the idea that the human reason is the sole source and final test of all truth ) vs. irrationalism (a system emphasizing intuition, instinct, feeling, or faith rather than reason ),The Site of the Trial: Dayton, Tennessee Its sp
47、ringtime in Dayton, Tennessee, population around 6,000. The annual strawberry festival, with its parades and street vendors, gives the town a festive air.,Today, the battle between Darwinism and creationism continues in a nation built around the separation of church and state.,3. Type of Literature,
48、It is narration interspersed with flashbacks.,4. The Macro-structure of the Text,Part I (Para.1): A general layout of the trial ( when, where, who, what, why) Part II ( Para.2-9): Direct and indirect causes bringing about the trial and the introduction of the key figures attending the trial Part III
49、 (Para.10-34): Process and result of the trial Part IV (Para.35-38) Influence of the trial,5. Detailed study of the text,Para 1. 1. What can you infer from the first sentence? 2. What did William Jennings Bryan do before he served as the leading counsel for the prosecution? 3. According to the autho
50、r, what had brought about his trial?,Para 2. 1. Who were present at the trial? 2. Did the trial attract a lot of public attention? How do you know? 3. Paraphrase “ well show them a few tricks.” 4. Identify and explain the figure of speech embedded in Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder”,
