1、1第五讲 英语句子的主语主语是英语句子中一个主要语法成分，常出现在句首（但出现在句首的并非总是主语，见课本 48 页例 8） 。这一讲我们将学习英语句子主语的形式选择、意义选择和主谓一致三个方面。一、主语的形式选择主语表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么” ，是谓语的陈述对象，由名词性的成分来充当，说明人物、地方、行为、事件、事实等。英语中除了名词和代词（47 页例 1-3）之外，名词性的成分还包括：（一） “定冠词 the+形容词” ，可起名词作用，表示某一类的人或事物。课本 51 页练习 2：The blind often have sharp hearing.The wise are thos
2、e who know themselves.The Chinese love peace.The good in him outweighs the bad. （二）动词的非谓语形式（不定式或动名词）可起名词作用。在英语中，当动词不是用作句子谓语，而是用于充当其他语法功能的时候，动词就会以非谓语形式出现，主要有三种：不定式（Infinitive） 、分词（Participles）和动名词（Gerund ） 。其中，可以充当主语的非谓语形式是不定式和动名词。1、不定式作主语（1）当不定式作主语时，如果较短，可直接出现在常规的主语位置，如：课本 47 页例 6：To leave or stay i
3、s a question hard to answer. To say something is one thing, to do it is another. （2）但是如果不定式充当的主语较长而谓语较短时，常用“it”作形式主语，而把真正的不定式主语放在谓语的后面。如课本 51 页练习 3：Itll be a crime to stay anywhere else.Its always a good ides to get a second opinion.It would be wrong not to take this problem into consideration.（3）有时
4、，不定式的前面可以有一个连接词、连接代词或连接副词（包括 whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how） 。不定式的这种结构在句中主要起宾语作用，如：He will tell us how to use the library. 他将告诉我们如何使用图书馆。但也可以作主语，如课本 47 页例 7：What to buy for dinner is not decided yet.Where/Where/How/Who to prepare the dinner is not decided yet.2、动名词作主语（1）动名词与现在分词同形，但主要起
5、名词作用，在句中可充当主语，如课本 47 页例 5：Learning English grammar is by no means easy.Seeing is believing.Reading French is easier than speaking it.（2）在一些习惯表达中，常用形式主语“it” ，而将作主语的动名词短语放在后面，多见于某些形容词或名词之后，其他情况一般不用 it 作形式主语代替作主语的动名词。如：2It is no use telling him not to worry.It is no good talking about that.It is worthw
6、hile trying again.It is a water of time trying again.（3）当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构（这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语） 。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如： Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.*动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较：Smoking is not good for health. It is n
7、ot good for you to smoke so much（三）主语从句1、句子也可以起名词作用，在句子中充当主语，形成主语从句。判断主语从句时，可先找到句子的谓语，谓语前面的从句就叫做主语从句。如课本 47 页例 4：Who murdered Joan/Why Jack murdered Joan/When Jack murdered Joan remains unknown.Why he left wasnt important.That she became an artist may have been due to her fathers influence.2、借助形式主语
8、it，主语从句放在后面。（1）由 that 引导的主语从句可以放在主语的位置，这时 that 不可以省略。例如：That prices will go up is certain.that 主语从句放在句首的情况不是很常见，绝大部分主语从句都借助形式主语 it，主语从句放在后面。如：It is strange that he knows nothing about it.It is a pity that he cant swim.It happened that he wasnt in that day.It is said that there has been an earthquake
9、 in India.在口语中，用 it 做形式主语时，主语从句的 that 可以省略。（2）wh- 疑问词引导的主语从句，可以放在句首（第一组） ，也可以借助形式主语it（第二组） 。第一组：When hell be back depends much on the weather.How it was done was a mystery.Whether well succeed remains to be seen.第二组：It is uncertain whether the game will be held.Its a puzzle how life began.It doesnt
10、matter much where we live.Is it known where he went？注意：疑问词后面的语序应为正常的陈述语序。课本 54 页课后练习 1c-f；练习 6c-f。二、主语的意义选择3除了形式上的多样性之外，英语句子的语义类型也是多种多样的，包括动作的执行者、动作的承受者、动作得以完成的工具、事件的原因、地点、谈论的话题等等。请看课本 48页例 9-例 14：Jack murdered Joan with a gun.Joan was murdered by Jack with a gun.A gun killed Joan.Cancer deprives ma
11、ny people of their lives.The hall can seat 50 people for a conference.Learning Chinese Kongfu is by no means easy.在实际的语言使用中，我们可以根据自己的意图来选择主语的意义类型。一般来说，主语通常总是某种已知给定的信息，是后面谓语部分的评述对象。请看课本 52-53 页课内练习 5：The bees swarmed in the garden. The garden swarmed with bees.练习 6。请先看课本 53-54 页课内练习 7。Last week I wen
12、t to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any
13、attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. “I cant hear a word!” I said angrily. “Its none of your business,” the young man said rudely. “This is a private conversation!”再来看课本 57 页课后练习 7。Night found the lost child in a forest.The verdict came after a detailed reading of numero
14、us charges against the mayor.Over 100 people died in the hurricane attack.The new stadium can hold 20,000 people.The Rockets lost a second game to the Spurs this season.课本 52 页课内练习 4。三、主谓在数方面的一致英语中主语在数方面的特征会决定谓语动词的形态标记。换言之，主语和谓语在数方面必须保持一致。有三个基本原则（参见课本 49 页）：（一）意义一致原则（notional agreement）主语在意义或概念上是单数，
15、谓语动词用单数；若主语在意义或概念上是复数，谓语动词用复数。如：The police1 were searching for the lost child.（54 页课后练习 1b）The committee 2has/have decided to close the restaurant.The Government3 has/have been considering further tax cuts.1 常见形式为 the police，复数意义，警察部门，警方。如：Hundreds of police in riot gear struggled to control the vio
16、lence.2 可数名词，可接单数动词或复数动词。3 常见形式为 the Government，指政府，内阁，可接单数动词或复数动词。4Our family is a happy one. The family are early risers. The public are (is) requested not to litter.（二）语法一致原则（formal agreement）主语的人称和数决定谓语动词的形式。如：Jack works in a factory.Jack and Joan work in a factory.I love / She loves music. Is y
17、our mother a worker?The work is important. To serve the country is our duty.How and why he left was a sad story.The children are taken good care of.They have gone to Chengdu.Plastics and rubber never rot.What he says and what he does do not agree.Both Tom and I are fond of medicine.The worker and wr
18、iter has come.A cart and horse was seen in the distance.Truth and honesty is the best policy.Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity.Many a fine man has died for it.A great many parents were present at the meeting.Only a
19、 word or two is (are ) needed.One or two reasons were suggested.A year and a half has passed.One and a half tons of rice are sold.More than one person was (were) absent.More students than one have been there.More than one hundred students have attended the concert. There is only a small quantity of
20、paper (books) left.Large quantities of water are needed.This kind of apple is sweet.5A woman with two children has come.I as well as they am ready to help you.This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year. He was one of the boys who were praised.He was the only one of the boys who was
21、praised.*注意：有些英语名词是以-s 结尾，形式上看起来似乎是复数，但实际上它们是不可数名词，这些名词主要表示学科和疾病等。如： economics（经济学） linguistics（语言学） mechanics（力学、机械学） statistics（统计学） electronics（电子学） logistics（后勤学） physics（物理学） genetics（遗传学） mathematics（数学） politics（政治、政治学） diabetes（糖尿病） mumps（腮腺炎） measles（麻疹）rabies （恐水症；狂犬病） 这些名词做主语时，动词用单数形式，例如：
22、 Economics is Sues favorite subject经济学是苏最喜欢的学科。 Many people assume that measles is very harmful disease许多人认为麻疹是一种非常有害的疾病。课本 54 页课后练习 1a。课本 56 页课后练习 4。（三）就近一致原则（adjacency-based agreement）谓语与靠近的名词、代词（有时不一定是主语）在“人称、数”上一致。例如：What he does or what he says does not concern me. Neither you nor I am wrong. N
23、ot you but your father is to blame.Not only you hut(also) he is wrong.In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people. There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk.Neither she nor I were there. (意义一致)(非正式)Neither she nor I was there. (就近一致)(正式)No one except his own supporters agree with him.（依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则；但语法上， “No one ”才是主语，谓语要改成“agrees”。写作中一般要依 “语法一致”原则。 ）课本 50 页课内练习 1，55 页课后练习 2，练习 3，练习 5，练习 8.
